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    題名: 國際競爭法的調和
    The Harmonization of International Competition Law
    作者: 謝孟珊
    Meng-Shan Hsieh
    貢獻者: 吳秀明
    Wu,Shiow-Ming
    謝孟珊
    Meng-Shan Hsieh
    關鍵詞: 國際競爭法
    國際反托拉斯法
    國際卡特爾
    國際結合
    調和
    歐盟競爭法的位階
    世界貿易組織
    國際競爭網
    美國政府與歐體執委會關於競爭法適用協定
    積極禮讓
    消極禮讓
    歐體與美國政府間關於積極禮讓原則在其競爭法執行適用上的協定
    紐澳自由貿易協定條約
    紐澳更緊密經濟關係貿易協定
    台澳雙邊競爭法合作協議
    台紐雙邊競爭法合作協議
    台澳紐三邊競爭法合作協議
    台法競爭法合作協議
    歐洲競爭網
    亞太經濟合作會議
    歐盟
    北美自由貿易協定
    聯合國限制商業活動會議
    貿易與競爭政策互動工作小組
    經濟合作暨發展組織
    同儕檢視制度
    國際程序方案原則
    international competition law
    international antitrust law
    international cartel
    international merger
    harmonization
    UNCTAD
    APEC
    NAFTA
    WTO
    ICN
    Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices
    Agreement between the Government of the USA and the Commission of the European Communities regarding the Application of their Competition laws
    positive comity
    Agreement between the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America Regarding the Application of Positive Comity Principles in the Enforcement of Their Competition Laws
    New Zealand-Australia Free Trade Agreement Treaty
    Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
    United Nations Conference on Restrictive Business Practices
    the Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy
    peer review
    the principle of international procedural initiatives
    日期: 2004
    上傳時間: 2009-09-17 14:31:22 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 不論是反全球化或是支持全球化，我們都無法否認，全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制，市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念，而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而，全球化和市場經濟體制的發達，貿易壁壘的消除，也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展，反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題，而是國際問題。
    國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種，一是阻礙國際貿易的發展，二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況：1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉； 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力，影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉；3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況：1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本，不利國際合併之進行，並造成國際緊張；2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。
    面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題，各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲，此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響，以保護本國利益，國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用（extraterritorial application）」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題，反而還帶來了新的問題，並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法，不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件，各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次，避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度，似乎也有需要。
    本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代，貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。
    全文一共分為六章，第一章為緒論，為本論文做出開端，闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題，並提出研究範圍與目的。
    第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約，著眼於美國和歐盟，澳洲和紐西蘭，以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容，其具體成效，成功失敗之因素，以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討，和未來走向之研究。
    第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織，研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和，屬於競爭政策的宣導；NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範；歐盟不但具有實體規範，並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。
    第四章為國際組織，將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織，但是對於競爭議題也相當重視；WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展，並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性；OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視，本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。
    第五章為全球性的競爭法規範，討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則（Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices）」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範，雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法，但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現，因此在某一角度而言，「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗，然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一，唯最後這樣的理想並未實現，因此我們有必要去問，DIAC的失敗因素為何？是基於其實體內容的設計問題，或是制度面的設計問題？或者是因為其他的外在因素？
    最後，在第六章的結論，本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失，並且提出建議。
    Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays.
    International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries.
    Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed.
    The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade.
    This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay.
    The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is.
    The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world.
    The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues.
    The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors?
    At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.
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    • 新聞資料
    1. Stephen Labaton, The World Gets Tough on Fixing Prices, N.Y. Times, June 3,2001,3.
    2. 自由電子新聞網，中華民國91年8月3日：http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2002/new/aug/3/today-e4.htm
    3. 自由時報電子新聞網，2004年1月6日：http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2004/new/jan/6/today-p5.htm
    • 其他
    1. 83/546/EEC: Commission Decision of 17 October 1983 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/30.064 - Cast iron and steel rolls) Official Journal L 317 , 15/11/1983 p. 0001 - 0018
    2. Alden F. Abbott, Competition Policy as a Welfare-Enhancing Complement to Trade Liberalization: A United States Perspective, The Speech for the Conference on “The Future Development of Competition Framework” by Fair Trade Commission, Ⅰ-2-12 ~Ⅰ-2-13 (Taiepi, Taiwan, October, 28 ,2003).
    3. Case C-198/02, 9 Sept. 2003.
    4. Case 6/64 [1964] ECR 585.
    5. Case 14/68 Wilhelm v. Bundeskartellamt [1969] ECR 1 at 15.
    6. Case 253/78 [1980] ECR 2327.
    7. Case 253/78 & 1-3/79 Procureur de la Republique v. Giry et Guerlain [1980] ECR 2327 at 2374-5.
    8. Case C-126/97 Eco Swiss China Time v Benetton International [ 1999 ] ECR I-3055 at 3092.
    9. Case 14/68 [1969] ECR 1.
    10. Case 127/73 Belgische Rdio en Television v SABAM [1974] ECR 51.
    11. Case C-327/91, France v. Commission [1994] ECR I-3641, [1994] 5 CMLR 517.
    12. Case 253/78 & 1-3/79 Procureur de la Republique v. Giry et Guerlain [1980] ECR 2327 at 2375.
    13. Charles S. Stark, Chief, Foreign Commerce Section, Antitrust Division, The U.S.-EC Antitrust Agreement and International Cooperation in Merger Control, Address Before the First Annual European Community Merger Control Symposium, Brussels ( Oct. 13, 1992 ).
    14. Commission of ECSC, the EEC and Euratom, First Report on Competition Policy (1974), Brussels-Lexumbourg, April 1972.
    15. Commission report to the Council and the European Parliament on the application of the Agreement between the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America regarding the application of their competition laws （Oct.8, 1996）. Available on line: http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/international/com479_en.html ( last visited on 2/16/2005)
    16. Comments of the Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association, on the Draft Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the European Communities on the Application of Positive Comity Principles in the Enforcement of Their Competiton Laws, at 3. available on line: http://www.abanet.org/antitrust/comments/1997/comity3.html
    17. Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities.
    18. Communication from Kenya on behalf of the African Group, Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial conference, The International Between Trade and Competition Policy, WT/GC/W/300, August 6, 1999.
    19. Communication from Kenya, Preparation for 1999 Ministerial Conference, Contribution to Preparatory Process, WT/GC/W/233, July 5, 1999.
    20. Communication from the Republic of South Africa, WT/WGTCP/W/138, October 11, 1999.
    21. Competition Policy in the New Trade Order Strengthening International Cooperation and Rules, Report of the Group of Experts, European Commission ( Brussels, July 1995).
    22. Dresser / Ingersoll Rand, Case No. IV/M121 (Dec. 18, 1991), CITED IN o.j. c 86/15 (1992),[1992] 4 C.M.L.R. 349; Divestiture Resolves Division Concerns Over Proposed Merger of Pump Operations, 63 Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep (BNA) No. 1584, 418 (Oct. 1, 1992).
    23. Draft International Antitrust Code
    24. DuPont de Nemours / ICI, Case No. IV / M214 (Sept. 30 , 1992) CITED IN o.j. c 7/13 (1993); In Re Omperial Chemical Industries PLC, 5 Trade Reg. Rep (CCH) ¶ 23,417 (1993); 58 Fed. Reg. 37,944 (1993).
    25. ECJ case 68/88- Commission v. Greece [1989] ECR 2965 .
    26. Enforcement of New trans-Tasman Competition Laws, Jt. Statement by the New Zealand Commerce Comm’n and the Australia Trade Practice Comm’n, reprinted in Appendix 6 of the Trade Practice Comm’n Annual Report 117-120 (1989-90).
    27. Frederic Jenny, Competition, Trade and Development Before and After Cancun, The Speech for the Conference on “The Future Development of Competition Framework” by Fair Trade Commission (Taiepi, Taiwan, October, 28 ,2003).
    28. ICPAC Final Report
    29. Joel I. Klein, Assistant Attorney General For Antitrust, U.S. Department of Justice, A Reality Check on Antitrust Rules in the World Trade Organization, And a Practical Way Forward on International Antitrust, Address before the OECD Conference on Trade and Competition ( June 30, 1999 )
    30. Joint Report by the Committee on Competition Law and Policy and the Trade Committee, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, June 1994. OECD/GD (94) 63
    31. Joint Statement on CER: By the CER 20th Anniversary Forum 2003
    32. Mehta, The Role of Competition in Globalized Trade Environment, Speech before the 3rd WTO Symposium on Competition Policy and the Multilateral Trading System, Geneva ( April, 17, 1999 ).
    33. Microsoft Settles Accusations of Monopolistic Selling Pratices, 67 Antitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA) 106 (July 21, 1994).
    34. Report of the International Competition Policy Advisory Committee to the Attorney General and Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust ( ICPAC Report ) (2000).
    35. Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, availeble on line: http://r0.unctad.org/en/subsites/cpolicy/docs/CPSet/cpset.htm ( last visited on July 4, 2005)
    36. Sir Leon Brittan, Competition Policy in the European Community: The New Merger Regulcation, Address Before the European Community Chamber of Commerce, New York, 11 ( Mar. 26, 1990 ).
    37. Statement of the Honorable Pierre S. Pettigre, Minister of International Trade, Address before the Joint Meeting of the Canadian Club of Toronto, the Canadian Institute of International Affairs and the Toronto Board of Trade ( November 26, 1999).
    38. Testimony of Andrew B. Steinberg, senior vice president, general counsel and corporate secreetary, The SABRE Group, INC., Fort Worth, TEXAS. Before the Antitrust Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee (Oct. 2, 1998.). Available on line: http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/abstein.htm ( last visited on 2/16/2005 )
    39. United States v. Gillette Co., 1990-2 Trade Cas. ( CCH ) ¶ 69,142 ( D.D.C. 1990) (consent decree); Warner-Lambert/Gillette O.J. L. 116/21 (1992).
    40. 行政院，赴大陸地區參加「兩岸競爭法律制度研討會」暨相關參訪活動報告（2000年12月）。
    • 網頁資料
    1. APEC官方網站：http://www.apecsec.org
    2. EU網站：http://europa.eu.int/index_en.htm
    3. ICN網站：http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org
    4. 聯合國網站：http://www.un.org
    5. NAFTA網站：http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx
    6. OECD網站：http://www.oecd.org/home/
    7. WTO網站：http://www.wto.org
    8. 美國FTC 網站: http://www.ftc.gov
    9. 美國國務院網站： http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/trade/glossdi.htm#groupd
    10. index mundi網站：http://www.indexmundi.com/
    11. Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law網站：http://www.mpiv-hd.mpg.de/en/hp/eprofil.cfm
    12. 經濟部網站http://www.moea.gov.tw
    13. 公平會網站：http://www.ftc.gov.tw
    14. 經濟部國際貿易局網站：http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/fsci/
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學研究所
    90651013
    93
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0906510131
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[法律學系] 學位論文

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