Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31953
|
Title: | 兒童合作與分享行為之實驗分析 An Experimental Analysis of Children’s Cooperative and Sharing Behavior |
Authors: | 葉淑敏 Yeh, Shu Min |
Contributors: | 林其昂 樊沁萍 Lin, Brian Chi-Ang Fan, Chinn Ping 葉淑敏 Yeh, Shu Min |
Keywords: | 實驗經濟學 囚犯困境 最後通牒 合作 分享 認知發展 experimental economics prisoner’s dilemma game ultimatum game cooperation sharing cognitive development |
Date: | 2007 |
Issue Date: | 2009-09-14 12:36:17 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 為瞭解兒童在認知發展行為的表現,本研究招募國小一年級學童56名,五年級學童32名參與實驗進行。應用囚犯困境賽局與最後通牒賽局之架構設計兩個遊戲,來檢測兒童在合作與分享行為之表現。分析受試者之背叛比率、提供數量、拒絕比率等實驗資料,來檢測年齡、性別以及長幼關係是否會造成顯著影響。
實驗結果發現: (1)年齡較大兒童較傾向較合作且拒絕比率較低,這個結果和認知發展理論的結論一致。 (2)受試者資料在性別效果的假設檢定結果都不顯著。 (3)年齡較小兒童的平均提供數量都大於一半,這個結果和最後通牒賽局的理論預測相反。(4)對手為不同年齡時的背叛比率和拒絕比率都比對手為同年齡時低,這個結果支持國小開設混齡教育課程。 This paper studies children’s behavior in an ultimatum game and a prisoner’s dilemma game with 56 children of age 7 and 32 children of age 11. With the experimental data of defect ratio, offer quantity and rejection ratio, we tested the age, sex and seniority effects under these two games. The experimental findings are as follows. (1)The older children are more cooperative and have lower rejection ratio than younger ones. These results are consistent with the developmental psychology theories. (2) We observe no significant sex effect in the three tests. (3) For younger children, the average offer quantity is higher than fifty percent, this is different from theoretical prediction and literature results.(4)We found that for pairs consisting of subjects of different ages, The defect ratio and rejection ratio are lower than pairs of the same age subjects. This evidence may provide support for mixed-age education program for some courses in elementary school. |
Reference: | 中文部份 李昌叡(1991)。幼兒分享行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。 李茂興譯(1996)。合作:社會活動的礎石。(Argyle,M.原著)。台北:巨流。 沈六 (1993)。群育的科學基礎-利社會行為之發展。訓育研究,32(2),53-63。 林學君(1996)。幼兒圖畫書中利社會行為之內容分析。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。 林翠湄譯(1995)。社會與人格發展。(D. R. Shaffer 原著,1994)。台北:心理。 高敬文、幸曼玲(2000)。幼兒團體遊戲。台北:五南。 張春興(1996)。教育心理學:三化取向的理論與實踐。台北:東華。 陳皎眉(1996)。性別認同與性別角色。兩性關係。台北:空中大學。 黃蕙君(2001)。認知行為取向的讀書治療對促進兒童利社會行為之個案研究。國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。 楊建成(2007)。最後通牒賽局理與研究簡介。社會科學論叢,1(2),1-22。 樊沁萍(1996)。國民小學德育教材設計-實驗賽局論之應用。思與言,34(1),264-281。 英文部份 Bar-Tal. D., Raviv.A & Sharabany.R.(1977). Cognitive basis of the development of altruistic behavior. paper presented at the study of behavior development. Pavia. Italy. September. Bond, M. H. (1996a). Chinese values. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.208–226). Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press. Bond, M. H. (Ed.). (1996b). The handbook of Chinese psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Camerer, C. F. (2003). Behavioral game theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Camerer, C. F. & Fehr, E. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using experimental games: A guide for social scientists. In J. Henrich, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, C. Camerer, E. Fehr, & H. Gintis (Eds.), Foundations of human sociality. Oxford University Press. Camerer, C. F. (2006). Behavioral Economics. Mimeo Cooper, D. J., Kagel, J. H., Lo, W. & Gu, Q. L. (1999). Gaming against managers in incentive systems: Experimental results with Chinese students and Chinese managers. American Economic Review, Vol.89 (4), pp.781–804. Cushman, K. (1993). The whys and hows of the multi-age primary classroom. Multiage resource book (pp.20-25) Peterborough:The Society for Developmental Education. Damon, W. (1975). Early Conceptions of positive justice as related to the development of logical operations. Child Development, Vol.46, pp.301–312. Damon, W. (1988). The Moral Child-Nurturing Children’s Natural Moral Growth. New York:A Division of Macmillan Inc. Davis, D. D. & Holt, C. C. (1993). Experimental Economics, Princeton University Press, U. S. A. Eckel, C C. & Grossman, P. (2001). Chivalry and Solidarity in Ultimatum Games. Economic Inquiry, Vol.39, (2). (April)., pp.171-188. Enright, R.D., Bjerstedt, A., Enright, W. F., Levy, V. M., Lapsley, D. K., Buss, R. R., et al. (1984). Distributive justice development:Cross-cultural, contextual, and longitudinal evaluations. Child Development, Vol.55, pp.1737-1751. Fan, C. P. (2000). Teaching children cooperation-an application of experimental game theory. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Vol.41 .pp.191-209. Flood, M. M. (1952). Some Experimental Games, Research Memorandum RM-789, RAND Corporation. Flood, M. M. (1958). Some Experimental Games, Management Science Vol.5.pp.5-26. Ford, B. E. (1977). Multiage grouping in the elementary school and children’s affective development: a review of recent research. The Elementary School Journal. Vol. 78, pp.149-159. Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N.E., & Sefton, M. (1994). Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior, Vol.6, pp.347-369. Fu, T. T., Kong, W. H. & Yang, C. C. (2007). Monetary Stakes in Ultimatum Games:An Experiment with Nation-Wide Representative Subjects. Mimeo. Goffin, S. G. (1987). Cooperative behaviors : They need our support. Young children , Vol.42 , pp.75-81. Grant, J. (1993). Questions and answers about multiage programs. In D. Summer (Ed)., Multiage resource book pp.17-19. Peterborough: The Society for Developmental Education. Guth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarz, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol.3, pp.367–388. Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., Liday, S. (2000). Children’s bargaining behavior:differences by age, gender, and height. Working Paper, University of Oregon. Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., Liday, S. G., & Vesterlund, L. (2003). Trust in children. In E. Ostrom & J. Walker (Eds.), Trust, reciprocity and gains from association: Interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research (pp.143–154). New York:Russell Sage Foundation. Harsanyi, J.C. (1977). Morality and the theory of rational behavior. Social Research Vol.44, pp.623-656. Hemesath, M., & Pomponio, X. (1998). Cooperation and culture: Students from China and the United States in a prisoner’s dilemma. Cross-Cultural Research, Vol.32 (2), pp.171–184. Henrich, J. (2000). Does culture matter in economic behavior? Ultimatum game bargaining among the Machiguenga. American Economic Review, Vol.90 (4), pp.973–979. Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., et al. (2001). In search of homo economics: Experiments in 15 small-scale societies. American Economic Review, Vol.91(2), pp.73–79. Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155–165). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. (1982). On expectations and monetary stakes in ultimatum games. International Journal of Game Theory, Vol.25, pp.289–301. Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., K., Shachat, & Smith, V. L. (1994). Preferences, Property Rights and Anonymity in Bargaining Games, Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 7, (3), (November), pp. 346-380. Hoffmann, R., Tee, J.Y. (2006). Adolescent-adult interactions and culture in the ultimatum game. Journal of Economic Psychology 27. P.98-116. Kachelmeier, S. J., & Shehata, M. (1992). Culture and competition: A laboratory market competition between China and the West. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol.19(2), pp.145–168. Keynes, J. M. (1963). Essays in Persuasion. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Kohlberg, L., (1969). Stage and sequence: the cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In: Goslin, E. (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Rand-McNally, Chicago. Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral Development and Behaviour (pp. 31–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kohlberg, L. (1986). A current statement on some theoretical issues. In S. Modgil & C. Modgil (Eds.), Lawrence Kohlberg. Philadelphia, PA: Falmer. Lin, B. C.-A. (2006). A sustainable perspective on the knowledge economy: a critique of Austrian and mainstream views. Ecological Economics Vol.60 (1), pp.324-332. Lin, B. C.-A. (2007). A new vision of the knowledge economy. Journal of Economic Surveys Vol.21, (3), pp.553-584 Mill, J. S. (1965). Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy (edited with an introduction by W.J. Ashley, first published in 1848). New York: Augustus M. Kelley. Montessori, M. (1967a). There absorbent mind. New York: Dell. Murnighan, J. K., & Saxon, M. S. (1998). Ultimatum bargaining by children and adults. Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol.19, pp.415–445. Nisbett, R. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. London: The Free Press. Piaget, J., (1928). The child’s conception of the world. Harcourt, Brace, New York. Rosenhan. D. (1970). Some origins of concern for others. In P. Mussen. J. Langer & M. Covington (Ed.).,Trends and Issues in Developmental Psychology. New York:Holt. Rinehart & Winston. Roth, A. E., Prasnikar, M., Okuno-Fujiwara, V., & Zamir, S. (1991). Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo: An experimental study. American Economic Review, Vol.81, pp.1068–1095. Roth, A. E. (1995). Bargaining experiments. In J. H. Kagel & A. E. Roth (Eds.), The handbook of experimental economics. (pp.253-348). Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press. Solnick, S. J.(2001). Gender differences in the ultimatum game. Economic Inquiry, vol. 39, (2),(April), pp.189-200. Underwood, B., & Moore, B. S. (1982). The generality of altruism in children. In Eisenberg (Ed.), The Development of Prosocial Behavior. N. Y. : Academic Press. Van Den JBergh, J. C. J. M. (1996). Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development: Theory, Methods and Applications. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wadsworth, B. J. (Ed.). (1993). Piaget’s theory of cognitive and affective development : Foundations of Constructivism (5th Ed.).. New York: Longman Publishers. Windmiller, M. (1980). Introduction. In M. Windmiller, N. Lambert, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Moral development and socialization (pp.1–33). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 行政管理碩士學程 94921033 96 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094921033 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [行政管理碩士學程(MEPA)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Size | Format | |
index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 494 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|