政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/31396

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/31396

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | Items with full text/Total items : 113822/144841 (79%)
Visitors : 51786588 Online Users : 290

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

Scope

please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results

please goto advance search for comprehansive author search

Adv. Search

Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer

Goto mobile version

政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > Department of Diplomacy > Theses > Item 140.119/31396

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/31396

Title:	美國用兵索馬利亞(1992-1994年):媒體與民意之研究
Authors:	陳玉芝 Chen Yu-chih
Contributors:	張亞中陳玉芝 Chen Yu-chih
Keywords:	索馬利亞恢復希望行動美國外交政策民意媒體
Date:	2001
Issue Date:	2009-09-14 10:07:01 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	摘要美國在國際社會中所扮演的角色，因世局的變動而轉移，由立國之初的孤立主義到積極參與國際事務，而今更躍居自由世界的領導地位，因此美國外交政策的動向自為世人所關切。而影響美國外交政策的因素很多，如民意輿論、利益團體、政黨、行政部門、國會、大眾播媒體、總統聲望等等。在美國民主自由開放的國家，大眾傳播媒體對外交政策的影響，更隨著資訊事業的蓬勃發展而加重其份量，大眾傳播媒體如何正確地向人民報導政府的外交政策，又如何將民意反映於外交政策上是一重要的工作責任。在美國外交政策制定中，大眾傳播媒體尤其有舉足輕重的影響力，因而使得民意在何種條件下，會支持或不支持行政當局的因素，在決策者做決策時倍受重視。本研究認為，在美國未來的維持和平與人道干涉行動中，民意所扮演的角色是必要受到限制的。民意對於國際事件反應的主要來源，基本上消息是來自電視媒體，如果民眾持續對國際危機的反應，主要根據影像的傳送，則民眾的反應中只有純粹的情緒層次，而欠缺對於美國執行危機任務其中複雜與危險全盤的理性了解。在美國以民為本的民主社會中，民意對於外交決策佔有相當的影響力，政府中的決策人士亦重視民意與輿論，在民意不支持甚至反對行政當局的情況之下，容易造成美軍草率的撤軍，使任務失敗，例如此次的索馬利亞恢復希望行動（Operation Restore Hope），便可以由本論文印證。近年來，學術界有許多不同的論證探討了美國未來人道干涉的角色，但本研究著重在「探討民意與美國海外用兵兩者間的關係」，重點在研究索馬利亞個案（1992-1994）。且必須回顧美國先前的海外用兵經驗，其中最值得借鏡的是「越戰」與「波斯灣戰爭」。戰爭後期在國內輿論大力反戰的聲浪中結束的越戰，行政當局記取了在越戰的慘痛教訓，對未來美國處理海外用兵時的新聞媒體表現，予以管理，故在爾後的波斯灣戰爭中，便對當前影響民意最巨的新聞媒體，實行新聞檢查制度。儘管美國涉入各個海外危機的理由各不相同，但行政當局與媒體和民意之間的關係，必須有良好的溝通，不但有利於軍事任務的成功達成，且可以成為一個可供日後處理海外危機的依據。
Reference:	參考書目一、中文書籍冉亮，《場外戰爭－公關與遊說》，(台北：時報出版公司，民國76年9月30日) 。加爾布雷斯(John Kenneth Galbraith)著，劉北城譯，《權力剖析》，(台北：時報出版公司，民國81年)。宋楚瑜，《美國政治與民意》，(台北市：黎明文化事業公司，民國67年) 。余致力，《民意與公共政策－理論探討與實證研究》，(台北：五南圖書公司，民國91年) 。胡幼偉譯，《解讀民調》，(A Journalist’s Guide to Public Opinion Polls)，(台北：五南圖書公司，民國89年) 。彭芸，《政治傳播－理論與實務》，(台北：巨流圖書公司，民國75年) 。張良任，《尼克森的越南政策》，(台北：台灣商務印書館，民國72年) 。翁秀琪，《大眾傳播理論與實證》，(台北：三民書局，民國81年3月) 。歐陽瑜，《多數與少數之間》，(台北：民意學術專刊，民國78年夏季號) 。 New Approach to Effects Analysis (Nelson-Hall, Chicago, 1981). Lester H. Brune, “The Somalia Intervention,” in The United States and Post-Cold War Interventions: Bush and Clinton in Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia, 1992-1998 (Claremont, California, 1999). Linksy, Martin. Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W. Norton, 1986). Malek, Abbas. ed., News Media & Foreign Relations: A multifaceted Perspective(New Jersey, Ablex, 1997). Markakis, John. National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 楊月蓀譯，《不可靠的新聞來源，透視新聞真相》，(台北：正中書局，民國84 年) 。 McCombs, Maxwell. and Einsiedel, Edna. and Weaver, David. Contemporary Public Opinion: Issues and the News, (New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991). McLean, Denis. Peace Operations and Common Sense (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996). Mermin, Jonathan. Debating War and Peace: media coverage of U.S. intervention in the post-Vietnam era (Princeton U. Pr. 1999).Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995). Minear, Larry. And Scott, Colin. and Weiss, Thomas G. The News Media, Civil War, and Humanitarian Action (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1996). Mueller, John E. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. (New York: Wiley, 1973). 阿龍生(James Aronson)著，涂裔輝譯，《危機四伏的美國新聞界》，(Deadline for the media)，(台北：台灣中華書局，初版，民國62年10月) 。 Neuman, Johanna. Lights, Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996). Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion-Our Social Skin, (University of Chicago, 1984). Nordenstreng, Kaarle. and Griffin, Michael. eds., International Media Monitoring (New Jersey, Cresskill, 1999) Raboy, Marc. and Dagenais, Bernard. ed.,, Media, Crisis and Democracy: Mass Communication and the Disruption of Social Order, (SAGE publications, 1992). Paletz, David L. and Entman, Robert M. Media-Power-Politics. (New York, 1982). 鄭貞銘，《民意與民意測驗》，(台北：三民書局，民國90年1月) 。 Powell, Colin L. My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995) Reston, James. The Artillery of the Press (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996). Ricks, Charles W. The Military-News Media Relationship: Thinking Forward (Carlisle Barracks, Penn.: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, December 1993) Rosenblum, Mort. Who Stole The News? Why We Can’t Keep up With What Happens in the World and What We Can Do About It. (John Wiley & Sons, 1993). Rotberg, Robert I. and Weiss, Thomas G. ed., From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises (Washington, D.C.: The 鄭貞銘，《美國大眾傳播》，(台北：台灣商務印書館，民國66年) 。 Brookings Institution, 1996). Samatar, Ahmed I. ed., The Somali Challenge (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994). Schudson, Michael. The Power of News (Harvard University, 1995). Seib, Philip. Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy (Westport, 1997). Sobel, Richard and Holsti, Ole R. The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam: Constraining the Colossus. Paperback (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). Sommer, John G. Hope Restored? Humanitarian Aid in Somalia 1990-1994 二、中文期刊 (Washington, D.C.: Refugee Policy Group, November 1994). Strobel, Warren P. Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s Influence on Peace Operations (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997). Thompson, Loren B. ed., Defense Beat: The Dilemmas of Defense Coverage (Lexington, 1991). Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). United Nations. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia, Reference Paper (New York: U.N. Department of Public Information, April 1995). Wanta, Wayne. The Public and The National Agenda: How People Learn About Important Issues, (New Jersey, Mahwah, 1997). 王婷玉，〈沈默螺旋論〉，《民意月刊》，民國77年5月，頁10-12。 Wyatt, Clarence R. Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War. (University of Chicago, 1993). Yankelovich, Daniel and Harman, Sidney. Starting with the people (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988) 五、英文期刊 Badsey, Stephen. “The Media and UN Peacekeeping Since the Gulf War,” The Journal of Conflict Studies, vol xvii, no. 1, Spring 1997. Binder, David. “Anatomy of a Massacre,” Foreign Policy 97 (Winter 1994-95). Blumenthal, Sidney. “Why Are We in Somalia,” The New Yorker (October 25, 1993). Burk, James. “Public support for peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing 何思因，〈美國總統的聲望〉，《問題與研究》，第31卷，第4期，民國81年4月，頁24-29。 the casualties hypothesis,” Political Science Quarterly, 114, no. 1, 1999. Clarke, Walter. and Herbst, Jeffrey. “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention,” Foreign Affairs, 75, no. 2 (March/April 1996). Cooling, Norman L. “Operation RESTORE HOPE in Somalia: A tactical action turned strategic defeat,” Marine Corps Gazette, Sep 2001. Cohen, Herman J. “Intervention in Somalia,” in Goodman, Allan E. ed., The Diplomatic Record 1992-1993 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995). Crocker, Chester. “The Lessons of Somalia: Not Everything Went Wrong,” Foreign Affairs, Volume 74, (May-June 1995). Dauber, Cori. “The Practice of Argument: Reading the Condition of Civil-Military 周煦，〈美國的波士尼亞政策〉，《美歐月刊》，第10卷，第11期，民國84年11月，頁4-60。 Relations,” Armed Forces and Society, 24, no. 3, Spring 1998. Dauber, Cori. “Image as argument: The impact of Mogadishu on U.S. military intervention,” Armed Forces and Society, 27, no. 2, 2001. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. and Segura, Gary M. “War, Casualties, and Public Opinion,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42, no.3, 1998. Grimmett, Richard F. “War Power Resolution: Presidential Compliance,” CRS Issue Brief (Washington, D.C.: Comgressional Research Service, November 25, 1996). Hamrick, Sam. “The Myth of Somalia as Cold War Victim,” Foreign Service Journal, February 1993. 周煦，〈美國民意與外交〉，《美國月刊》，第1，第1，民國75年，頁28-33。 Helman, Gerald. and Ratner, Steven. “Saving Failed States,” Foreign Policy, no. 89 (Winter 1992/93) Hoge, James, Jr, “Media Pervasiveness” Foreign Affairs (July/August, 1994). Holguin, Lina Maria. “The media in modern peacekeeping,” Peace Review, 10, no. 4, 1998. Jakobsen, Peter Viggo. “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?” Journal of Peace Research, 33, no.2. (March 1996). Jeffrey, Clark. “Debacle in Somalia” Foreign Affairs, Volume 72: no.1. Kenney, George. “The Bosnia Calculation,” New York Times Magazine, April 23, 楊逢泰，〈美國在索馬利亞的人道使命〉，《美國月刊》，第8卷，第9期，民國82年9月，頁4-8。 1995. Kiras, James, “Mogadishu! Heroism and Tragedy,” Peacekeeping & International Relations, 25, no. 5, (Sep/Oct 1996). Klarevas, Louis J. “The polls-trends: The United States peace operation in Somalia,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, no. 4, 2000. Kobut, Andrem. and Toth, Robert C. “Arms and the People,” Foreign Affairs, (November/December 1994). Kovach, Bill. “Do The News Media Make Foreign Policy?” Foreign Policy, (Spring 1996). Lian, Bradley. and Oneal, John R. “Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public 劉必榮，〈南斯拉夫戰爭與美國外交政策〉，《美歐月刊》，第7卷，第7期，民國81年7月，頁54-63。 Opinion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37, no. 2, June 1993. Livingston, Steven. and Eachus, Todd. “Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered,” Political Communication 12, no. 4 (October-December 1995). Mandelbaum, Michael. “The Reluctance to Intervene,” Foreign Policy, no. 95 (Summer 1994) Mermin, Jonathan. “Television News and American Intervention in Somalia: The Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 112, no. 3, 1997. Moore, David W. “Public: Get Out of Somalia,” Gallup Poll Monthly (October 1993). 劉智予，〈戰火新聞疲勞轟炸，電視觀眾失去胃口〉，《新聞鏡周刊》，第118期，民國80年2月4日－2月10日。 Ostrom, Charles W. Jr. and Job, Brian L. “The President and the Political Use of Force,” American Political Science Review, 80, no. 2 (June 1986). Powlick, Philip J. “The Sources of Public Opinion for American Foreign Policy Officials.” International Studies Quarterly 39, 1995. Russet, Bruce. and Nincic, Miroslav. “American Opinion on the Use of Military Force Abroad,” Political Science Quarterly, 91, no. 3 (Fall 1976). “Senate Urges U.N. Force Be Deployed in Somalia,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 50, no. 32 (August 8, 1992 ). Senator Abraham, “U.S. Troops as Peacekeepers” Congressional Record (January 31, 1996). 鄒念祖，〈美國的索馬利亞政策〉，《問題與研究》，第33卷，第3期，民國83年3月，頁23-38。 Schraeder, Peter J. “From Ally to Orphan: Understanding U.S. Policy toward Somalia After the Cold War,” in Scott, James M. ed., After the End (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998). Sharkey, Jacqueline. “When Is a Picture Too Graphic to Run?” American Journalism Review (December 1993). Sigelman, Lee. “As Time Goes By: Daily Opinion Change During the Persian Gulf Crisis,” Politics Communication 10, no. 4 (October 1993). Stevenson, Charles A, “The evolving Clinton doctrine on the use of force,” Armed Forces and Society, 22, no. 4, summer 1996. The Economist, “Does it matter where you are?” vol. 332, no. 7874, 1994. 鄒念祖，〈聯合國秘書長在索馬利亞和平行動中的角色〉，《問題與研究》，第33卷，第5期，民國83年5月，頁1-19。 Towell, Pat. “Suffering Spurs Unprecedented Step As U.N. Approves Development,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 50, no. 47 (December 5 , 1992) United Nations, The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia, Reference Paper (New York: U.N. Department of Public Information, April 1995) “UN Peacekeepers Keep the Press Out,” Time, May 23, 1994. U.S. Department of State Dispatch, “Building a consensus on international peace- keeping,” vol. 4, no. 46, 1993. Waal, Alex de. “U.S. War Crimes in Somalia,” New Left Review (1998: 230). 六、英文報紙 Carmody, John. “The TV Column,” Washington Post, February 3, 1995, D4. 三、中文論文 Cohen, Roger. “In Bosnia, the War That Can’t Be Seen,” New York Times, December 25, 1994, 4E. “CNN Diplomacy?” Washington Post, January 31, 1995, B2. Donatello, Larch. “Marines Begin Shooting Inquiry” The New York Times (March 5, 1993), p. A6. “Effect of Slain Soldier’s Photo,” USA Today, October 7, 1993, 7A. Grove, Lloyd. “The Fog of War-and Words,” Washington Post, October 17, 1993, C1. Gordon, Michael R. “TV Army on the Beach Took U.S. by Surprise,” New York Times, December 10, 1992, A18. Harris, John F. and Marcus, Ruth. “U.S. Sends Military Police: Scenes of Violence 王榮霖，《美國報界對民意形成之探討－波灣個案》，(淡江大學美國研究所，民　 Prompt a Shift in Troop Policy,” Washington Post, September 22, 1994, A31. Henry, Neil. “War Guts Capital of Somalia,” Washington Post, January 30, 1991, A7. John Lancaster, “Aspin Outlines Goals in Somalia,” Washington Post, August 28, 1993. A2. Katz, Lee Michael. “Graphic Photos from Somalia Gave ‘Urgency’,” USA Today, October 13, 1993, 8A. Kurtz, Howard. “As Landing Delivers Dearth of Drama, Only CNN Stays with Coverage,” Washington Post, September 20, 1994, A16. Kurtz, Howard. “TV Viewers Join Military Critics of Media Spectacle on Beach,” Washington Post, December 10, 1992, A33. 　國80年) 。 Kurtz, Howard. “Bosnia Overload: Is The Public Tuning Out?” Washington Post, September 13, 1993, D1. Kurtz, Howard. “Deaths Spur Media Retreat from Somalia,” Washington Post, July 17, 1993, A11. Kurtz, Howard. “No American Journalists Reporting From the Scene,” Washington Post, October 6, 1993, A13. Kurtz, Howard. “Administration Acts to Soothe News Media,” Washington Post, September 16, 1994, A30. Krauss, Clifford. “Mission to Somalia: A Few in Congress Advising Caution,” New York Times, December 7, 1992, A13. 王明雄，《越戰時期大眾傳播媒體對美國外交政策的影響》，(淡江大學美國研究 Lewis, Paul. “War in Somalia a Major Test for New UN Leader,” New York Times, January 12, 1992, A8. Mitchell, Alison. “first marines leave Somalia, A Signal to the U.N.” The New York Times (January 20, 1993), p. A3. Oberdorfer, Don. “Dispatch From a Place Near Hell,” Washington Post, August 23, 1992, C1. Oberdorfer, Don. “Week of Publicity and Policy-Making Started Off with a Chilling Headline,” Washington Post, August 9, 1992, A26. Oberdorfer, Don. “State Department Backtracks on Atrocity Reports: Calls for Action on Serb Camps Rise,” Washington Post, August 5, 1992, A1. 所，民國75年) 。 Oakley, Robert. “Mission Accomplished in Somalia,” Washington Post, March 21, 1993, G7. Parmelee, Jennifer. “Chaos Reigns in Somalia,” Washington post, December 27, 1991, A1. Parmelee, Jennifer. “Somalia Reach Peace Accord,” Washington Post, March 28, 1993, A1. Pedrick, Claire. “Somali Rebels Form Interim Regime,” Washington Post, January 29, 1991, A9. Perlez, Jane. ”Marines Met by a Host of Journalists and Photograhers,” New York Times, December 9, 1992, A1. 黃朝榮，《越戰期間美國新聞界與戰局關係之研究》，(政治作戰學院政戰新聞所， Perlez, Jane. “As Fighting in Somalia Rages on, African Neighbor Seeks a Truce,” New York Times, January 6, 1992, A2. Powell, Colin. as cited in Gertz, Bill. “Aspin’s Decision on Tanks was Political: Report Says He Gave in to U.N.” The Washington Times (October 1, 1995). Richards, Keith. “Envoy Finds Somalia in Dissolution,” Washington Post, January 7, 1992, A9. Richburg, Keith. “Pests Amid Famine: In Somalia, News Crews Are on the Job and in the Way,” Washington Post, October 13, 1992, E1. Richburg, Keiht. “Aidid’s Urban War, propaganda Victories Echo Vietnam,” Washington Post, October 6, 1993. A12. 民國74年)。 Richburg, Keiht. “In War on Aidid, UN Battled Itself,” Washington Post, December 6, 1993. C10. Simon, Paul. and Kassebaum, Nancy. “Save Somalia from Itself,” New York Times, January 2, 1992, A21. Sciolino, Elaine. and Jehl, Douglas. “As U.S. Sought a Bosnia Policy, The French Offered a Good Idea,” New York Times, February 14, 1994, A1 “Somalia: Inattention Led to U.S. Deaths,” Washington Post, October 17, 1993. Strobel, Warren P.“TV Images May Shock But Won’t Alter Policy,” Christian Science Monitor, December 14, 1994. Vogel, Steve. “Army ‘Fire Department’ Keeps Watch on World,” Washington Post, 程家瑞，《美國傳播媒介影響民意之分析》，(中國文化大學美國研究所，民國79 August 25, 1995, A21. Williams, Pete. “Let’s Face it, This Was the Best War Coverage We’ve Ever Had,” Washington Post, March 17, 1991, D1. Yardley, Jonathan. “In Somalia, a Picture-Perfect Military Maneuver,” Washington Post, December 14, 1992, B2. 　年) 。四、英文書籍 Ansolabehere, Stephen. and Behr, Roy. and Iyengar, Shanto. The Media Game: American Politics in the Television Age. (New York: Macmillan, 1993). Arnett, Peter. Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994). Bailey, Thomas A. The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1948). Bennett, Lance W. and Paletz, David L. ed., Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. (University of Chicago Press, 1994). Bradbury, Mark. The Somali conflict: prospects for peace (Oxford: OXFAM , 1994.) Clarke, Walter (Editor), Herbst, Jeffrey (Editor) Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Westview Press, 1997). Corner, John. and Schlesinger, Philip. and Silverstone, Roger. “The Media and War,” in International Media Research: A Critical Survey, (New York, Routledge, 1997). Cumings, Bruce. War and Television (New York, 1992). Davis, Phillip A. “Hill Backs Sending Troops,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 50, no.47 (December 5, 1992). Dennis, Everette E. “Reporting the News From Abroad,” in Of Media and People, (SAGE publications, 1992). Drew, Elizabeth. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994). Dunnigan, James F. and Macedonia,Raymond M. Getting it Right: American Military Reforms After Vietnam to the Gulf War and Beyond (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1993). Durch, William ed., UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996). Durch, William J. “Introduction to Anarchy: Humanitarian Intervention and State- Building in Somalia,” in UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s, Durch, William J. ed., (New York: A Henry L. Stimson Center Book, 1996). Foyle, Douglas C. Counting the Public In: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy. (Columbia University Press, New York, 1999). George, Alexander L. Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993). Graber, Doris A. Mass Media and American Politics (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1994). Hess, Gary R. Presidential decisions for war: Korea, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.) Hess, Stephen. International News and Foreign Correspondents (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996). Hirsch, John L. and Oakley, Robert B. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1995). Holsti, Ole R. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996). Iyengar, Shanto. and Kinder, Donald R. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion (University of Chicago, 1987) Johnson II, Douglas V. The Impact of The Media on National Security Policy Decision-Making. (October 7, 1994). Jowett, Garth S. and O’Donnell,Victoria. “Propaganda in Action: Three Case Studies,” in Propaganda and Persuasion, (SAGE publications, 1992). Kegley, Jr, Charles W. and Wittkopf, Eugene R. ed., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998). Kellner, Douglas. The Persian Gulf TV War. (Westview, 1992). Kennamer, J. David. ed., Public Opinion, The Press, and Public Policy, (Westport, Connecticut London, 1992). Kernell, Samuel. Going Public: News Strategies of Presidential Leadership. (University of California, San Diego, 1993). Kohut, Andrew. and Toth, Robert C. The United States and the Use of Force in the Post-Cold War Era (Queenstown, Maryland: The Aspen Institute, 1995). Larson, Eric V. Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations (Santa Monica, CA:RAND, 1996). Lemert, James B. Does Mass Communication Change Public Opinion After All? A
Description:	碩士國立政治大學外交研究所 87253012 90
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0087253012
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
index.html	0Kb	HTML2	440	View/Open

All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - Feedback