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| Title: | 韋伯倫效應視角下的太空科技競爭與合作：中國航天計畫與美蘇太空合作的啟示
The Competition and Cooperation of Space Technology through the Lens of the Veblen Effect: the Lessons from China’s Space Program and US-Soviet Space Cooperation |
| Authors: | 詹宏傑
Chang, Hung-Chieh |
| Contributors: | 陳秉逵
Chen, Ping-Kuei
詹宏傑
Chang, Hung-Chieh |
| Keywords: | 炫耀性消費
韋伯倫效應
國家地位
大國競爭
太空計畫
Conspicuous consumption
Veblen effect
National status
Great power competition
Space program |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-11-03 14:49:16 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究探討國際政治中，國家基於地位與認可動機所從事的炫耀性消費(conspicuous consumption)行為。本文以「韋伯倫效應」(Veblen Effect)為分析架構，並以中國航天計畫作為個案，分析地位尋求者如何透過規模龐大、成本高昂的炫耀性消費，滿足對國際地位與厚認可的需求。本文假設，獲取國際地位與聲望等厚認可是推動中國發展航天科技的關鍵因素。為驗證此一假設，本文挑選中國航天發展歷程較具代表性的計畫項目進行分析與整理。雖然地位屬於位置財的一種，且具備「零和」(zero-sum)特性，導致國家在追求地位的過程中，國際環境容易轉變為競爭性對峙；然而，從冷戰以來的國際關係發展來看，主要大國雖透過太空計畫爭取地位，卻未因此引發實質性的暴力或衝突，但值得注意的是，儘管太空科技常被用作國家間爭奪地位的工具，歷史經驗卻顯示，它並未必然導致暴力衝突，甚至在某些情況下發揮了緩和作用。從美蘇「阿波羅－聯盟號測試計畫」(Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, ASTP)到美俄國際太空站(ISS)的合作，都顯示太空科技在高度不信任與對立的環境下，仍可能成為促進合作的橋樑。基於此觀察，本文進一步主張，太空科技作為一種韋伯倫財，除了是國家競逐國際地位的工具外，也具備降低安全困境與衝突風險的潛力，能在特定條件下促進大國之間的合作。
This study examines the phenomenon of conspicuous consumption in international politics, whereby states pursue prestige and recognition through costly and large-scale projects. Using the Veblen Effect as the analytical framework, it takes China’s space program as a case study to explore how status-seeking states engage in such conspicuous consumption to fulfill their demand for international status and recognition. The paper hypothesizes that the pursuit of prestige and acknowledgment has been a key driver behind China’s development of space technology. To test this hypothesis, the study analyzes and reviews representative projects in the history of China’s space development.
Although status is a form of positional good with a zero-sum nature—often turning international interactions into competitive rivalries—the trajectory of international relations since the Cold War suggests otherwise. While major powers have indeed competed for status through space programs, such rivalries have not necessarily led to violent conflict. On the contrary, historical experience indicates that space technology, though frequently used as a tool of status competition, does not inherently generate conflict and, in some cases, can even help ease tensions. From the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) to the International Space Station (ISS), U.S.-Soviet and later U.S.-Russian cooperation illustrates how space technology can serve as a bridge for collaboration, even under conditions of mistrust and rivalry.
Building on these observations, this paper argues that space technology, as a form of Veblen good, not only functions as an instrument of conspicuous consumption for states competing for international status, but also carries the potential to mitigate security dilemmas and reduce the risk of conflict. Under certain conditions, it may thus promote cooperation among major powers. |
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報章雜誌
人民日報(1970a)。毛主席提出「我們也要搞人造衛星」的偉大號召實現了！我國第一顆人造地球衛星發射成功衛星重一百七十三公斤，用二○·○○九兆週的頻率，播送《東方紅》樂曲。人民日報，第1版。
人民日報(1970b)。歡呼偉大領袖毛主席的偉大號召實現了歡呼我國第一顆人造地球衛星發射成功。人民日報，第1版。
人民日報(1970c)。毛主席林副主席周總理收到霍查謝胡同志的賀電。人民日報，第2版。
人民日報(1970d)。毛主席林副主席周總理收到孫德勝黎筍長徵範文同同志的賀電。人民日報，第2版。
人民日報(1970e)。毛主席林副主席周總理收到金日成崔庸健同志的賀電。人民日報，第2版。
人民日報(1970f)。光榮歸於偉大領袖毛主席，首都軍民熱烈歡呼我國第一顆人造地球衛星發射成功。人民日報，第2版。
人民日報(1984a)。我國發射一顆試驗衛星 取得了重要成果。人民日報，第1版。
人民日報(1984b)。四化建設的重大成就，航天技術的新飛躍標誌；我國發射的試驗通信衛星成功定點，中共中央國務院中央軍委致電祝賀；衛星定點於東經一百二十五度赤道上空，通信、廣播和電視傳輸等試驗正常。人民日報，第1版。
人民日報(1984c)。航天事業的新飛躍（社論）——熱烈祝賀我國同步衛星發射成功。人民日報，第1版。
人民日報(1984d)。集智攻關奔向世界新技術高峰；聶榮臻致函張愛萍祝賀試驗通信衛星發射成功。人民日報，第1版。
丁偉(2003)。國務院新聞辦公室舉行記者招待會，我國靠著自己的力量完成首次載人航天飛行。人民日報，第2版國內要聞。
何黃彪(1984)敢向天穹掛“新星”——我國首次發射通信衛星目擊記。人民日報，第3版。
朱增泉、王建民(2003)。中國飛船———中國載人航天工程總設計師王永誌訪談錄。人民日報，第5版中國首次載人航天飛行特刊。
匡永成(1984)。衛星通信好處多。人民日報，第5版。
李國利(2024)。國家勛章和國家榮譽稱號獲得者丨王永志：永志不忘強國夢。新華社，新華社北京9月13日電。
社論(2003)。偉大祖國的榮耀（社論）———祝賀我國首次載人太空飛行圓滿成功。人民日報，第1版要聞。
席志剛(2023)。中國航天「921」工程決策內幕。老年生活報。https://epaper.qingdaonews.com/lnshb/html/2023-02/27/content_18751_7372529.htm
國防科學技術工業委員會(2003)。神舟飛天舉世矚目 繼往開來再鑄造輝煌。人民日報，第11版。
祖甲(1984 a)。什麼是通信衛星？人民日報，第3版。
祖甲(1984 b)。定點通信衛星是怎樣發射的？人民日報，第3版。
新華社(1970)。新華社四月二十五日訊 新聞公報。新華社。
楊武敏(1984)。我國航天技術又一新成就試驗通信衛星發射成功衛星進入預定軌道，運行情況良好，工作正常，人民日報，第1版。
陳一鳴、徐寶康、孫東民、曹鵬程、孫偉、張永興、楊新鵬、李景衛、黃曉東、王芳、史克棟、李新烽、王如君(2023)。「神舟」五號發射成功 國際社會反應熱烈。人民日報，第3版。
張桐勝(2023)。飛天夢想今朝成真。人民日報，第1版。
黃國柱、奚啟新(2003)。中央軍委主席江澤民16日清晨給中國載人航天工程總指揮李繼耐打電話，祝賀我國首次載人航天飛行獲得圓滿成功。新華社。
奚啟新(2023)。「神舟」五號飛船將如期發射；飛船和長征二號F運載火箭正加緊研製生產，航天員訓練進展順利。人民日報，第1版。
孫承斌(2003)。「太空船著陸成功！」。新華社。
楊健(1999)。江澤民為飛船題名；中共中央國務院中央軍委來電熱烈祝賀；我航天史上又一里程碑；我國載人航天工程試驗飛船飛行成功。人民日報，第1版要聞。
賈西平、廖文根、樊如鈞(2003)。我國進行首次載人太空飛行「神舟」五號太空船發射成功；胡錦濤到現場觀看並發表重要演說；黃菊吳官正一同觀看吳邦國溫家寶賈慶林曾慶紅李長春羅幹等在北京觀看發射實況。人民日報，第1版。
劉程、奚啟新、廖文根(2023)。「神舟」五號飛船發射準備進展順利；我國基本建成高安全高可靠載人航天研製試驗體系。人民日報，第2版。
劉裕國、顧兆農、陳傑、趙京安、宋學春、袁亞平、餘清楚、蔡小偉、趙鵬(2023)。一箭飛天衝九霄，千年夢圓在今朝；全國各地群眾喜慶載人飛船成功發射。人民日報，第1版。
熊錚彥與郭殿成(1984)。張愛萍就試驗通信衛星發射成功發表談話；我國運載火箭和衛星通信技術進入世界先進行列。人民日報，第3版。
Dorfman, Z. (2024). Moscow’s Spies Were Stealing US Tech — Until the FBI Started a Sabotage Campaign. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/08/04/us-spies-soviet-technology-00164126
Durdin, T. (1970). COMMUNIST CHINA ORBITS SATELLITE; SPACE GAINS SEEN. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/26/archives/communist-china-orbits-satellite-space-gains-seen-success-of-rocket.html
Finney, J. W. (1970). U.S. Not Surprised by Launching of Chinese Satellite. The New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/26/archives/us-not-surprised-by-launching-of-chinese-satellite.html
Gadd, A. (2021). The US Cooperates With Russia in Space. Why Not China? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-us-cooperates-with-russia-in-space-why-not-china/#:~:text=Russia%2DU.S.%20cooperation%20in%20space,of%20losing%20its%20leadership%20position
Sergeyev, K. (2024). The end of an era: US prepares to sever space ties with Russia, threatening Roscosmos's future. The Insider. https://theins.ru/en/society/272819
Time. (1970). China: The East Is Red. Time Magazine. https://time.com/archive/6876886/china-the-east-is-red/
評論
McClendon, G. H. (2019). The Price of Prestige: Conspicuous Consumption in International Relations. By Lilach Gilady. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Perspectives on politics, 17(4), 1249-1251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759271900272X
Musgrave, P. (2019). The Price of Prestige: Conspicuous Consumption in International Relations. Political Science Quarterly, 134(1), 176-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12884
網路資料
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中國航天科技集團有限公司，2008，航天員、宇航員和太空人的區別。中國航天科技集團有限公司。上網日期2025年6月2日，檢自：https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n148/n272/n4785/c103523/content.html
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中國航天科技集團，2022，三十而立！中國載人航天加速駛向星辰大海！國家航天局，上網日期2025年5月25日，檢自：https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6840917/content.html
中國載人航天，2023，中國載人航天工程簡介，中國載人航天，上網日期2025年5月17日，檢自： https://www.cmse.gov.cn/gygc/gcjj/
中國載人航天，2008，俄羅斯聯盟號系列(TMA)太空船簡介，中國載人航天，上網日期2025年5月17日，檢自：https://www.cmse.gov.cn/kpjy/htzs/xtfc/200809/t20080911_37292.html
尚前名，2020，載人航天：只有頭部國家才有資格玩，新華網，上網日期2025年5月26日，檢自： http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-12/08/c_1126834242.htm
宋澤濱，2020，毛澤東與「東方紅一號」衛星（一）：我們也要搞人造衛星，學習強國，上網日期2025年5月1日，檢自： https://www.xuexi.cn/lgpage/detail/index.html?id=17557625286402736358
法國國際廣播電台，2020，“戰狼”外交是怎樣煉成的？世界報詳解，法國國際廣播電台，上網日期2025年3月9日，檢自： https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20200504-%E6%88%B0%E7%8B%BC-%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E6%A8%A3%E7%85%89%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A0%B1%E8%A9%B3%E8%A7%A3
邱麗芳，2020，解碼-中國太空日：東方紅一號飛天記，人民日報，上網日期2025年2月22日 http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-04/24/c_1125897682.htm
張馨方，2021，強國飛天路，從夢想到現實，中國載人航天，上網日期2025年5月20日，檢自： https://www.cmse.gov.cn/xwzx/zhxw/202104/t20210423_47718.html
張艷芳，2024，發射成功！看神舟十八號載人飛船的技術「絕活」，新華網，上網日期2025年5月17日，檢自： http://www.news.cn/science/20240426/911ac69cd0704863acc4912bf3d3d504/c.html
楊俊文，2020，東方紅50年 | 回憶「東方紅一號」衛星研究中的一些事，中國科學院國家空間科學中心，上網日期2025年5月1日，檢自： http://www.nssc.cas.cn/ztzl2015/zgkjkxzl2015/DFH50/202005/t20200507_5574147.html
劉華秋，2014，鄧小平外交思想永放光華，求是網，上網日期2025年3月9日，檢自： https://news.12371.cn/2014/08/15/ARTI1408082493450926.shtml
劉鍇、楊雲起、王曉薇、汪藝，2022，全球連線｜天宮對話，點亮東盟青少年的「航天夢」， 上網日期2024年12月6日，檢自： http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.news.cn/2022-11/02/c_1129096569.htm
Chen, D. (2024). China’s Space Capability and What This Means for the West. Retrieved 2025 May 17 from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/Space/2024-06-03-2%20Chinas%20Space%20Capability%20and%20what%20it%20means%20for%20the%20West.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Cheng, D. (2006). Dragons in Orbit: China’s Space Program Merits Greater Attention. Retrieved 2025 May 17 from https://spacenews.com/dragons-orbit-chinas-space-program-merits-greater-attention/
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Chivvis, C. S., & Cuéllar, M.-F. T. (2024). U.S.-China Relations for the 2030s: Toward a Realistic Scenario for Coexistence. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2025 April 11 from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/us-china-relations-for-the-2030s-toward-a-realistic-scenario-for-coexistence?lang=en&utm_source=chatgpt.com
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信件手稿
趙九章，1964。給周恩來總理的信。中國科學院。
錢學森，1965。建議早日制訂我國人造衛星的研究計畫並列入國家任務。中國科學院。
討論文件
Daniels, M. (2020). The History and Future of US China Competition and Cooperation in Space. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Luzin, P. (2024). Russia’s Space Program After 2024 , EURASIA Program
Zhang, Y. (2010). The Cold War, Space Exploration, and the Sino-US Relationship, 1956-1970. In. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
112253008 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112253008 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
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| 300801.pdf | 1859Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
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