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| Title: | 從標準必要專利權人之策略看各國政府應對
Discourse on Multiple Nations' Governments Based on the Strategies of Standard Essential Patent（SEP）Holders |
| Authors: | 林沛瑩 |
| Contributors: | 宋皇志
Sung, Huang-Chih
林沛瑩 |
| Keywords: | 標準必要專利
揭露義務
FRAND授權義務
Standard-Essential Patents
Disclosure Obligations
FRAND licensing obligations |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-11-03 14:26:27 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 物聯網的快速發展使標準必要專利的影響從傳統資通訊（ICT）領域擴展到車聯網、智慧製造、智慧家庭等多元產業。然而，這也帶來諸多問題，包括供應鏈中的權利金承擔、FRAND原則解釋與執行不明確、資訊揭露不足及談判程序不明等。這些問題不僅影響權利人與實施人之間的交易，也對各國中小企業及新興產業的競爭力與經濟安全造成不利影響。對台灣而言，作為全球ICT價值鏈的重要零組件供應者及OEM製造基地，過去曾面臨權利人濫用獨占地位、違反FRAND承諾等問題，在物聯網產業蓬勃發展下，這些挑戰將日益嚴峻。
本研究旨在探討標準必要專利爭議在標準制定組織之揭露義務與FRAND授權義務下是否有發揮作用，抑或使問題加劇。而為避免國家產業經濟受影響，政府是否該直接介入監管或從旁協助。
透過比較各國政府在應對標準必要專利挑戰時的政策，可以觀察出「硬法監管」與「軟法協助」兩種主要模式。共同方向是提升資訊透明度與可預測性、建立中立第三方必要性審查機制、協助判斷FRAND原則，以利促進早期紛爭解決以降低交易成本。
而針對台灣產業，特別是代工廠與中小企業在標準必要專利授權談判中面臨的弱勢地位，本研究建議採取以「軟法」為核心的協助策略，在鼓勵創新與維護產業競爭力之間取得平衡，透過軟性政策協助企業應對日益複雜的全球標準必要專利競爭環境。
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has expanded the influence of standard-essential patents (SEPs) from the traditional information and communication technology (ICT) to diverse industries such as Internet of Vehicles, Smart Manufacturing, and Smart Homes. However, this expansion also brings many challenges, including royalty of supply chains, unclear interpretation and enforcement of the FRAND (Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory) licensing, insufficient information disclosure and negotiation procedures. These issues not only affect transactions between patent holders and implementers but also adversely impact the competitiveness and economic security of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and emerging industries worldwide. For Taiwan, as a key supplier of critical components and an OEM manufacturing base in the global ICT value chain, problems such as patentees’ abuse of monopoly power and breaches of FRAND licensing have occurred in the past. With the booming IoT industry, these challenges are set to intensify.
This study aims to explore whether SEP disputes have been effectively addressed under the disclosure obligations of standards development organizations and the FRAND licensing obligations, or whether these issues have deteriorated. To prevent adverse effects on the national industrial economy, it also considers whether the government should intervene directly with regulation or provide auxiliary support.
By comparing government policies across countries in response to SEP challenges, two main approaches emerge: “hard law regulation” and “soft law assistance.” Both share the goals of enhancing information transparency and predictability, establishing neutral third-party essentiality review mechanisms, and aiding the interpretation of FRAND principles, thereby promoting early dispute resolution and reducing transaction costs.
Regarding Taiwan’s industry, especially the disadvantaged positions faced by contract manufacturers and SMEs in SEP licensing negotiations, this study recommends adopting a “soft law”-centered assistance strategy. This approach seeks to balance encouraging innovation and maintaining industry competitiveness by using flexible policies to help enterprises navigate the increasingly complex global SEP competitive environment. |
| Reference: | 一、中文文獻
（一）專書論著
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（二）期刊論文
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（四）碩士學位論文
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（五）網路資料
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二、英文文獻
（一）期刊論文
1. Geradin, Damien & Rato, Miguel, Can Standard-Setting lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of FRAND, 42 (2006), Available at SSRN:. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=946792
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（二）司法判決
1. Panasonic v. OPPO, ACT_545551/2023; UPC_CFI_210/2023.
2. Huawei v. ZTE, Case C-170/13, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), July 16, 2015, http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=165911&doclang=en.
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（三）各國政府資料
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（四）標準必要組織政策
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（五）網路資料
1. EU Files Complaint to WTO Against China Over High-Tech Patent Rules, RFI (Jan. 20, 2025), https://www.rfi.fr/en/business/20250120-eu-files-complaint-to-wto-against-china-over-high-tech-patent-rules.
2. Standard Essential Patents, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/en/web/patents/topics/sep (last visited: 2025.08.16)
3. Lionel Sujay Vailshery, Number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices from 2019 to 2030 calculated by Transforma Insights, Statista (2025), https://www.statista.com/statistics/1194677/iot-connected-devices-regionally/
4. Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law and the Institute of Legal Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw SEP Conference: Regulatory and Enforcement Developments for Standard Essential Patents, https://conference-sep.amu.edu.pl/programme/
5. Mathieu Klos, EU Parliament votes for new SEP regulation in Europe, Juve Patent (Feb. 28, 2024), https://www.juve-patent.com/legal-commentary/eu-parliament-votes-for-new-sep-regulation-in-europe/
6. Florian Mueller, EU Commission gets support from 10 Member States for withdrawal of proposed SEP Regulation; 9 don’t care; only 8 want to keep it alive, ip fray (Feb. 28, 2025), https://ipfray.com/eu-commission-gets-support-from-10-member-states-for-withdrawal-of-proposed-sep-regulation-9-dont-care-only-8-want-to-keep-it-alive/
7. Corin Gittinger, Diana Baum & Victor Garcia Lopez, European Parliament moves SEP regulation forward, Freshfields Technology Quotient (Feb. 29, 2024), https://technologyquotient.freshfields.com/post/102j1db/european-parliament-moves-sep-regulation-forward
8. Presentation on Standard Essential Patent (SEP) Policy Experiences in the United Kingdom (UK) , WIPO (Oct. 22, 2024), https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=637692
9. Yelena Morozova, Sarah J. Rodriguez & Nessa Khandaker, New SEP Resource Hub – UK Unleashes Its Innovative Potential, Finnegan (Nov.4, 2024), https://www.finnegan.com/en/insights/articles/new-sep-resource-hub-uk-unleashes-its-innovative-potential.html
10. Olivia Sophie Rafferty, UK government proposes SEP measures such as rate-setting procedure, seeks input, ip fray (Jul. 15, 2025), https://ipfray.com/uk-government-proposes-sep-measures-such-as-rate-setting-procedure-seeks-input/
11. Fair Standards Alliance, Bring Back SEP Regulation – a Lifeline for Industry in Europe, The Parliament (Feb. 17, 2025), https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/partner/article/without-the-sep-regulation-europes-innovative-industry-will-lose-ground
12. Alpha Grid, EU plan for connectivity patents could backfire, FINANCIAL TIMES (Nov. 28, 2023), https://www.ft.com/video/99b29d16-7ca9-4ad9-a7ba-ebed59ffcccc
13. Proposal for a Regulation on SEPs – ETSI views, ETSI (Apr. 13, 2023), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23780757-dg-23-07_proposal-for-a-regulation-on-seps-etsi-views56/
14. EARTO Position Paper on the EC Draft Proposal for a Regulation on Standard Essential Patents (SEPs), EARTO (May. 31, 2023), https://www.earto.eu/wp-content/uploads/EARTO-Position-Paper-on-EC-Regulation-on-SEPs-Final.pdf
15. Media Partnership: The Future of SEPs and Innovation in Europe, Euractiv (Dec. 4, 2024), https://events.euractiv.com/event/info/media-partnership-the-future-of-seps-and-innovation-in-europe
16. Takanori Abe, Reviewing the JPO’s Hantei (Advisory Opinion) for Essentiality Check, ManagingIP (May 14, 2021), https://www.managingip.com/article/2a5bqo2drurt0bxl7aawr/japan-reviewing-the-jpos-hantei-advisory-opinion-for-essentiality-check
17. Sukanya Sarkar, JPO must stay neutral in its SEP policy review, urge sources, ManagingIP (2021), http://www.abe-law.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Patent-JPO-SEP-policy-review.pdf
18. Why Europe must keep the SEP licensing regulation to protect automotive innovation and competitiveness, The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) (May. 14, 2025), https://www.acea.auto/press-release/why-europe-must-keep-the-sep-licensing-regulation-to-protect-automotive-innovation-and-competitiveness/
19. Examples of Hold-out Strategies,IP Europe (Sep. 2, 2021), https://ipeurope.org/blog/examples-of-hold-out-strategies/
三、日文文獻
（一）專書論著
1.稻葉馨，標準必須特許のライセンスをめぐる近時の諸問題－欧州の議論を中心に－，收於：土田和博、山部俊文、泉水文雄、川濵昇、河谷清文編，現代経済法の課題と理論（2022 年）。
（二）期刊論文
1.松村光章，標準必須特許ライセンス交渉におけるホールドアウト実情を踏まえた交渉促進規範，知財ぷりずむ：知的財産情報，17巻199号，(2019年)
2.船越亮，SEPを巡る各国政府等の政策動向，日本知財学会誌，17巻3号，頁52-53 (2021年)
（三）司法判決
1.知財高裁 2014 年（平成 26 年）5 月 16 日判決‧平成 25 年（ネ）第 10043 號。
（四）各國政府資料
1.標準必須特許のライセンス交渉に関する手引き，日本特許庁，2018年6月，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/laws/rule/guideline/patent/seps-tebiki.html
2.標準必須特許のライセンス交渉に関する手引き第２版，日本特許庁，2022年6月，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/laws/rule/guideline/patent/document/rev-seps-tebiki/guide-seps-ja.pdf
3.標準必須特許ポータルサイト，日本特許庁，https://www.jpo.go.jp/support/general/sep_portal/index.html
4.第四次産業革命等への対応のための知的財産制度の見直しについて，産業構造審議会知的財産分科会特許制度小委員会，2017年，https://www.jpo.go.jp/shiryou/toushin/t oushintou/180215_tokkyo_houkoku.htm
5.標準必須性に係る判断のための判定の利用の手引き（改訂版），日本特許庁審判部，2019年6月，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/shubetu-hantei/document/index/01.pdf
6.判定制度，日本特許庁，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/shubetu-hantei/。
7.判定制度リーフレット，日本特許庁審判部，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/shubetu-hantei/document/index/hantei_leaflet.pdf
8.標準必須特許のライセンス交渉に関する手引き第２版，日本特許庁，2022年6月，https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/laws/rule/guideline/patent/document/rev-seps-tebiki/guide-seps-ja.pdf
9.標準必須特許のライセンスを巡る取引環境の在り方に関する研究会，経済産業省，https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/economy/patent_license/index.html
10.標準必須特許のライセンスに関する誠実交渉指針，日本経済産業省，https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/economy/chizai/sep_license/good-faith-negotiation-guidelines-for-SEPlicenses-ja.pdf
11.標準必須特許のライセンスを巡る取引環境の在り方に関する研究会（第６回会合）議事次第，日本経済産業省，2021年12月15日，https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/economy/patent_license/pdf/006_01_00.pdf
（五）網路資料
1.澀谷高弘，華為專利攻勢帶給日本企業的三大考驗，日本經濟新聞社，2023年6月28日，https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/columnviewpoint/column/52767-2023-06-28-05-00-37.html |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
112364213 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112364213 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文
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