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| 題名: | 永續航空燃料政策與WTO法制之合致性分析──以歐盟之《再生能源指令》與ReFuelEU Aviation規則為核心
A Study on the Consistency of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Policies and WTO Rules: Focusing on EU Renewable Energy Directive and ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation |
| 作者: | 蔡家卉
Tsai, Jia-Huei |
| 貢獻者: | 施文真
Shih, Wen-Chen
蔡家卉
Tsai, Jia-Huei |
| 關鍵詞: | 再生能源
永續航空燃料
正當管制區分
Renewable energy
sustainable aviation fuel
legitimate regulatory distinction |
| 日期: | 2025 |
| 上傳時間: | 2025-09-01 14:54:53 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 減少溫室氣體排放量儼然為當今重要國際議題，若高碳排之航空業得有效透過能源轉型減碳，改採低碳燃料取代化石燃料，將對全球的減碳成效有實質貢獻。
永續航空燃料即為航空業減碳之其一解方，惟就現階段而言，該項燃料成本與價格高昂，航空業者並無環境目標以外之動機改用該燃料，燃料業者在不確定市場規模之情況下，多也不投入大量成本於研發該燃料。鑒此，英國、歐盟、美國等相對積極提倡永續航空燃料之國家實施相關政策，透過鼓勵或管制性措施刺激該燃料產業之發展，其中，歐盟透過ReFuelEU Aviation規則規範燃料業者之義務，且其如同《再生能源指令》之規範，排除採納特定類別之燃料，可見歐盟措施之貿易限制性較其他國家為高，爰本文聚焦分析ReFuelEU Aviation規則與《技術性貿易障礙協定》之合致性。考量ReFuelEU Aviation規則之適用產品、規範架構、以及永續標準與《再生能源指令》多有相關之處，而該指令為DS593及DS600兩起爭端解決案件之系爭措施，印尼與馬來西亞控訴其違反若干協定規範，而小組之裁決指出《再生能源指令》違反不歧視原則。
本文認為若以前述爭端解決報告之論理分析ReFuelEU Aviation規則，則其或有違反必要性與不歧視原則之虞；惟若以宏觀視角檢視歐盟之措施並改用過往爭端解決報告所採之分析方式，本文認為該規則為實踐合法目的所必要且無其他替代措施，歐盟也未於制度設計中歧視該規則之潛在控訴方，因其針對不同原料製成之燃料給予差別待遇，係出於正當管制區分。
由爭端解決案件及歐盟之規則可得知，如何在現行貿易制度下平衡貿易與環境，甚或是其他超出經濟利益之議題，將成為高度考驗決策者之難題，因後者所展現之價值並非貿易制度下所考量之要素，爰在新興議題蓬勃發展的現代，新議題與舊制度之互動實為值得關注之重點。
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become a critical global issue. If the high-emitting aviation sector can effectively reduce its carbon footprint through energy transition, it would make a substantial contribution to global decarbonization efforts.
Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is regarded as one of the key solutions for reducing aviation emissions. However, SAF remains to be costly, and thus airlines lack sufficient incentives to switch to SAF. In response, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the United States have adopted policy tools, including both incentive-based and regulatory measures, to stimulate the growth of the SAF industry. Among these, the European Union has imposed supply obligations on fuel suppliers through the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation, which akin to the Renewable Energy Directive, excludes certain categories of SAF from qualification and creates trade restrictiveness.
Notably, the Renewable Energy Directive has been challenged in WTO disputes DS593 and DS600, with the WTO panels finding certain elements of the Directive in violation of the non-discrimination principle in TBT Agreement.
This paper argues that while the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation might, under certain reasoning in palm oil cases, appear inconsistent with the principles of necessity and non-discrimination, it should ultimately be regarded as necessary to pursue legitimate objectives from a broader perspective. In addition, the differential treatment of fuels from various feedstocks reflects a legitimate regulatory distinction rather than arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination.
The disputes underscore the increasing difficulty of reconciling trade rules with emerging global policy objectives. These challenges highlight the need to carefully examine how traditional trade disciplines interact with contemporary regulatory goals that extend beyond economic interests. |
| 參考文獻: | 中文文獻
書籍
林彩瑜，WTO制度與實務：世界貿易組織法律研究，2版（2013年）。
英文文獻
期刊論文
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國際協定
Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1, 1868, U.N.T.S. 135
WTO案例
Request for Consultations by Indonesia, European Union — Certain Measures Concerning Palm Oil and Oil Palm Crop-Based Biofuels, WTO Doc. WT/DS593/1 (Dec. 16, 2019).
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外國法規與行政條例
Regulation (EU) 2023/2405 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 October 2023 on Ensuring a Level Playing Field for Sustainable Air Transport (ReFuelEU Aviation), 2023 O.J. (L 31).
Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 Amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to Include Aviation Activities in the Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Within the Community, 2008 O.J. (L 8).
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Directive (EU) 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 Oct-0ober 2023 Amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as Regards the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources, and Repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652, 2023 O.J. (L series).
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國際組織報告與文件
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons art. 1.3.1, ASTM D7566-24d, https://www.astm.org/d7566-24d.html (last updated: Dec. 4, 2024).
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ICAO, CORSIA Approved Sustainability Certification Schemes, at 2 (3rd ed., 2024), https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/CORSIA_Eligible_Fuels/ICAO%20document%2004%20-%20Approved%20SCSs%20-%20October%202024.pdf.
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ICAO, CORSIA Sustainability Criteria for CORSIA Eligible Fuels, (3rd ed., 2022), https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/CORSIA_Eligible_Fuels/ICAO%20document%2005%20-%20Sustainability%20Criteria%20-%20November%202022.pdf.
ICAO, SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUELS GUIDE 34 (2017), https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/knowledge-sharing/Docs/Sustainable%20Aviation%20Fuels%20Guide_vf.pdf.
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政府報告
Department for Transport, Sustainable Aviation Fuel Mandate: Compliance Guidance 2025: 01/01/25 to 31/12/25 31, paras. 3.23-3.29 (2024), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6762717b26a2d1ff182534f7/saf-mandate-compliance-guidance-2025.pdf.
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研究機構報告
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| 描述: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
110351043 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110351043 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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