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| Title: | 英國書面商事契約條款解釋之研究──對臺灣法之啟示
A Study on the Construction of Commercial Contracts in English Law: the Implications for Taiwanese Law |
| Authors: | 李其融
Lee, Chi-Jung |
| Contributors: | 楊芳賢
Yang, Fang-Hsien
李其融
Lee, Chi-Jung |
| Keywords: | 商事契約解釋
明示條款解釋
默示條款確認
闡明性契約解釋
補充性契約解釋
Construction of Commercial Contracts
Interpretation of Express Terms
Implication of Implied Terms
Explanatory Interpretation of Contracts
Supplementary Interpretation of Contracts |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-08-04 13:53:51 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文旨在研究英國書面商事契約條款解釋方法，聚焦明示條款解釋及默示條款確認兩項議題，分析英國法對我國法書面商事契約闡明性及補充性解釋之若干啟示。
本文第一章為緒論，闡述本文研究動機、研究實益，回顧英國法與我國法相關議題的發展，並說明本文採行研究方法、研究議題及章節架構。
本文第二章分析英國契約法明示條款解釋的基本問題：第一節分析代表性ICS案確立解釋法則及各項法則闡述重點；第二節分析英國法採行客觀主義及脈絡主義解釋明示條款的基本問題；第三節分析英國法解釋明示條款可採納及不可採納的外部證據，不可採納的締約前磋商及締約後行為證據是爭點所在，商業實務常見完整契約條款（EAC條款）及禁止口頭修約條款（NOM）等契約條款引發爭議；第四節分析英國法院更正明示條款的兩種可能取徑，即更正性契約解釋及契約更正，並分析二者差異。
本文第三章分析英國契約法默示條款確認的基本問題：第一節分析當代英國法確認默示條款定位及默示條款分類。當代英國法認為確認默示條款與解釋明示條款係屬不同法庭活動，並將默示條款分為事實上默示條款及法律上默示條款兩大類型；第二節分析英國法事實上默示條款；第三節分析英國法法律上默示條款，此一類型默示條款又可進一步區分為立法確認法律上默示條款、法院確認基於商事習慣所生法律上默示條款及法院確認法律上默示條款；第四節分析以關係性契約中誠信義務為中心之英國法事實上默示條款。
本文第四章分析英國法對我國法書面商事契約闡明性解釋及補充性解釋之若干啟示：第一節總結英國法值得我國法借鑑觀點，第二節及第三節從解釋方法層面，分別說明英國法上述觀點對我國法闡明性契約解釋及補充性契約解釋的若干啟示；第四節則應用上述觀點比較並評析英國與我國最新判決。
本文第五章總結本文觀點。
This thesis aims to study the construction of written commercial contracts under English law, focusing on two main issues: the interpretation of express terms and the implication of implied terms. It analyzes the implications of English law for the explanatory and supplementary interpretation of written commercial contracts in Taiwanese law.
Chapter 1 serves as the introduction, elaborating on the research motivation and practical benefits of this study. It reviews the development of relevant issues in both English and Taiwanese law and explains the research methodology, key topics, and chapter structure adopted in this thesis.
Chapter 2 analyzes the fundamental issues concerning the interpretation of express terms in English contract law. Section 1 examines the interpretive principles established in the landmark case Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society (ICS) and the key aspects of each principle. Section 2 analyzes the fundamental issues of the objective and contextual approaches adopted in English law for interpreting express terms. Section 3 investigates the admissible and inadmissible extrinsic evidence for the interpretation of express terms under English law, with a focus on the contentious issues of inadmissible pre-contractual negotiations and post-contractual conduct, as well as controversies arising from commonly used contractual clauses in business practice, such as Entire Agreement Clauses (EACs) and No Oral Modification (NOM) clauses. Section 4 analyzes two potential approaches for correcting express terms in English courts: corrective construction and rectification, and analyzes their differences.
Chapter 3 analyzes the fundamental issues concerning the implication of implied terms in English contract law. Section 1 analyzes the contemporary positioning and classification of implied terms in English law. Modern English law considers the implication of implied terms to be a distinct judicial activity from the interpretation of express terms and divides implied terms into two main categories: terms implied in fact and terms implied in law. Section 2 analyzes terms implied in fact under English law. Section 3 analyzes terms implied in law under English law, which can be further categorized into terms implied by statute, terms implied by custom or usage, and terms implied by the courts. Section 4 focuses on terms implied in fact in English law, centering on the duty of good faith in relational contracts.
Chapter 4 analyzes the implications of English law for the explanatory and supplementary interpretation of written commercial contracts in Taiwanese law. Section 1 summarizes the perspectives from English law that are worthy of consideration for Taiwanese law. Sections 2 and 3, from the perspective of interpretive methodology, respectively explain the implications of the aforementioned English legal perspectives for the explanatory and supplementary interpretation of contracts in Taiwanese law. Section 4 applies these perspectives to compare and critique recent judgments from both the United Kingdom and Taiwan.
Chapter 5 concludes the thesis by summarizing its main arguments. |
| Reference: | 壹、中文文獻
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貳、英文文獻
一、書籍
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4.BIMCO, ‘Refund Guarantee for Shipbuilding Contracts’<www.bimco.org/contracts-and-clauses/bimco-contracts/refund-guarantee-for-shipbuilding-contracts> accessed 25 August 2024
5.──, ‘Shipbuilding Contract between Cadeler A/S and COSCO Shipping (Qidong) Offshore Co., Ltd [based on amended BIMCO Newbuildcon]’ (19 October 2023, Cadeler A/S, SEC EDGAR Filing tm2323833d9_ex10-1) <www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1978867/000110465923110163/tm2323833d9_ex10-1.htm>
6.──, ‘Term Loan and Guarantee Facility Agreement between E.ON AG as Original Borrower, E.ON AG as Guarantor, BNP Paribas, Citigroup Global Markets Limited, Deutsche Bank AG, HSBC Bank plc, J.P. Morgan plc and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc as Mandated Lead Arrangers, and others’ (5 February 2007, ENDESA SA and E ON AG, SEC EDGAR Filing ex99-b2) <www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046649/000095015707000131/ex99-b2.htm>
五、其他參考資料
1.Allen & Overy, ‘Interpretation: If You Ask 100 Lawyers…’ (23 January 2023) <www.aoshearman.com/en/insights/ao-shearman-on-contract-law/interpretation-if-you-ask-100-lawyers>
2.Allen & Overy, ‘Is De-Hoffmannisation Now Complete?’ (7 December 2018) <www.aoshearman.com/en/insights/ao-shearman-on-contract-law/is-dehoffmannisation-now-complete>
3.Allen & Overy, ‘Rate Expectations: English Court Implies Reasonable Alternative to LIBOR’ (25 October 2024) <www.aoshearman.com/en/insights/ao-shearman-on-contract-law/rate-expectations-english-court-implies-reasonable-alternative-to-libor>
4.Brick Court Chambers, ‘Lord Hoffmann’ <www.brickcourt.co.uk/our-people/profile/lord-hoffmann>
5.Clifford Chance, ‘No Oral Modification Clauses Upheld’ (May 2018) <www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/briefings/2018/05/no-oral-modification-clauses-upheld.pdf>
6.Financial Markets Law Committee, Duties of Good Faith in Wholesale Financial Contracts (November 2022) <https://fmlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/FMLC-Paper-Duties-of-Good-Faith-in-Wholesale-Financial-Contracts.pdf>
7.Government of Belize Press Office, ‘The Judiciary’ <www.pressoffice.gov.bz/the-judiciary>
8.Herbert Smith Freehills, ‘High Court Considers First LIBOR Cessation Test Case: Key Implications for Financial Institutions’ (17 October 2024) <www.hsfkramer.com/notes/bankinglitigation/2024-posts/High-Court-considers-first-LIBOR-cessation-test-case--key-implications-for-financial-institutions-> accessed July 28th 2025
9.House of Commons Library, The Constitutional Reform Bill [HL]: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom and Judicial Appointments (Research Paper 05/06, Bill No 18 of 2004-05, 18 January 2005) <https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP05-06/RP05-06.pdf >
10.ICC, ‘ICC Dispute Resolution 2023 Statistics’ (24 June 2024) <https://iccwbo.org/news-publications/news/icc-dispute-resolution-statistics-2023>
11.ISDA, ‘ISDA Protocol Overview & Refund Policy’ <www.isda.org/protocols/isda-standard-adherence-refund-policy>
12.Jones-Fenleigh H, J Lockwood J and S Spanier, ‘LIBOR Cessation: High Court Decides That a Contract Providing for Payments Referring to LIBOR Contains Implied Term to Use Alternative Rate’ (16 October 2024) <www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/inside-disputes/blog/202410-libor-cessation-high-court-decides-that-a-contract-providing-for-payments-referring-to-libor>
13.Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, ‘The Committee and Jurisdiction’ <www.jcpc.uk/about-judicial-committee>
14.Ministry of Justice and Prime Minister’s Office, ‘Government to Quash Wrongful Post Office Convictions’ (10 January 2024) <www.gov.uk/government/news/government-to-quash-wrongful-post-office-convictions>
15.Perrott B, ‘A Well Intentioned Debate’ (28 January 2019) <www.hfw.com/insights/A-well-intentioned-debate-Jan-19>
16.Post Office Horizon IT Inquiry, ‘Post Office Horizon IT Inquiry’ <www.postofficehorizoninquiry.org.uk>
17.Prime Minister’s Office, 10 Downing Street, ‘Wrongful Post Office Convictions to Be Quashed Through Landmark Legislation’ (13 March 2024) <www.gov.uk/government/news/wrongful-post-office-convictions-to-be-quashed-through-landmark-legislation-13-march-2024>
18.Rühl G, Building Competence in Commercial Law in the Member States (Study for the JURI Committee, September 2018) <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/604980/IPOL_STU(2018)604980_EN.pdf>
19.Scottish Law Commission, Report on Three Bad Rules in Contract Law (Scot Law Com No 152, 1996)
20.Secomb, M, ‘Singapore Goes Its Own Way on “No Oral Modification” Clauses’ (17 May 2021) <www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/singapore-goes-its-own-way-no-oral-modification-clauses>
21.The Judiciary, ‘Master of the Rolls’ <www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/judges/profile-mor>
22.Slaughter and May, ‘First English Judgment on LIBOR Transition - Standard Chartered PLC v Guaranty Nominees Ltd & Others’ (23 October 2024) <www.slaughterandmay.com/insights/new-insights/first-english-judgment-on-libor-transition-standard-chartered-plc-v-guaranty-nominees-ltd-others>
23.Wikipedia, ‘British Post Office Scandal’ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal>
24.Wikipedia, ‘Lady Day’ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Day>
25.Wikipedia, ‘Mr Bates vs The Post Office’ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Bates_vs_The_Post_Office> |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
法律學系
103651501 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103651501 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
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