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    題名: 波蘭媒體對戰爭的描繪
    Portrayals of Wars in Polish Media
    作者: 柯悠吟
    Kedra, Julia
    貢獻者: 葉嘉炘
    Yeh, Chia-Hsin
    柯悠吟
    Kedra, Julia
    關鍵詞: 媒體再現
    集體認同
    新聞
    波蘭媒體
    烏俄衝突
    巴以衝突
    批判性話語分析
    media portrayals
    collective identity
    news
    Polish media
    Ukraine-Russia
    Palestine-Israel
    Critical Discourse Analysis
    日期: 2025
    上傳時間: 2025-07-01 14:44:47 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本論文探討波蘭三家媒體——TVP.info、TVN24 與 OKO.press——如何透過五種核心話語策略建構對烏克蘭－俄羅斯與巴勒斯坦－以色列衝突的敘事。這五種策略包括：行為者再現、語態、評價性語言、預設，以及人稱代詞的使用。研究運用費爾克勞的批判話語分析法，分析了24篇依據五個衝突報導核心主題（人道危機、國際參與、公共輿論與和平談判）所選的新聞文章，旨在揭示語言如何反映編輯立場並形塑國家認同。
    研究發現，行為者再現、預設與語態是最具意識形態意涵的語言策略。行為者再現主要聚焦於一致性地將烏克蘭描繪為英雄或受害者，並同時譴責俄羅斯。巴勒斯坦的呈現則因媒體而異，尤其在 TVP.info 與 TVN24 中常出現去個人化與謹慎措辭，相較於烏俄衝突，其行為者再現的語氣明顯更弱。預設在三家媒體中皆被穩定運用，用以隱藏意識形態假設，而語態則用於策略性地賦予或隱藏行為責任。OKO.press 則與其他兩家媒體有所不同，展現出高強度語言、主動語態與道德框架，並應用於兩場衝突之中，這與該媒體的組織特性相符。人稱代詞雖非常用策略，但在情感張力高的烏俄報導中，常用於表達認同或疏離。
    這些語言模式不僅僅是風格上的選擇，更參與了波蘭集體身份的建構，使其在全球權力架構中被定位為忠誠的北約／歐盟盟友（TVP.info）、謹慎的自由民主國家（TVN24），或一個以國際人道主義規範為基礎的道德行動者（OKO.press）。因此，這樣的身份建構呈現出新聞媒體高度的極化現象。
    本論文總結指出，波蘭媒體並非中立地報導國際衝突，而是積極參與於國家敘事的建構。它們不只是報導地緣政治衝突，而是在話語中定位波蘭在衝突中的角色，形塑出關於「我們是誰」與「我們與誰站在一起」的多重敘事。
    This thesis investigates how Polish media outlets – TVP.info, TVN24, and OKO.press – construct narratives around the Ukraine-Russia and Palestine-Israel conflicts using five core discursive strategies: actor representation, voice attribution, evaluative language, presupposition, and pronoun use. Applying Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis across 24 articles (chosen on the basis of four themes crucial to conflict reporting: humanitarian crisis, international involvement, public opinion and peace talk), the study reveals how these strategies reflect editorial ideology and shape national identity.
    Findings show that actor representation, presupposition, and voice attribution were the most ideologically significant tools. Actor representations focused on framing Ukraine as consistently heroic or victimized across all outlets, while simultanously condemning Russia. Portrayals of Palestine varied, often characterized by depersonalization and cautious framing, particularly in TVP.info and TVN24, who offered much lower register for actor representations compared to Ukraine-Russia conflict. Presuppositions stood out significantly, as they were used consistently across outlets to disguise any ideological assumptions, while voice attribution strategically assigned or concealed agency. OKO.press diverged from TVP.info and TVN24 with high-intensity language, active constructions, and moral framing applied to both conflicts, which goes along with the institutional characteristics of the outlet. The study found that pronoun use is not a popular strategy, however, when used, it marked solidarity or detachment, especially in emotionally loaded Ukraine coverage.
    These linguistic patterns are not merely stylistic; they construct Poland's collective identity in relation to broader global powers – positioning it as a loyal NATO/EU ally (TVP.info), a cautious liberal democracy (TVN24), or an ethical actor grounded in international humanitarian norms (OKO.press). Therefore, suggesting that said identity can be highly polarized. The thesis concludes that Polish media do not neutrally report international conflicts but actively engage in the construction of national narratives. Polish media do not simply report on geopolitical conflicts – they participate in discursively positioning Poland within them, constructing competing visions of who “we” are, and who “we” stand with.
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