Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/157633
|
Title: | 從邊緣到主流:關於菲律賓與臺灣青年政治參與觀感的個案研究 From the Margins to the Mainstream: A Case Study on the Perception of Youth Political Engagement in The Philippines and Taiwan |
Authors: | 龍克瑾 Ronquillo, Covie Paulo Sangria |
Contributors: | 楊昊 Yang, Alan Hao 龍克瑾 Ronquillo, Covie Paulo Sangria |
Keywords: | 學生運動 政治參與 青年政治 青年政治參與 student activism political participation youth politics youth political engagement |
Date: | 2025 |
Issue Date: | 2025-07-01 14:02:38 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 近年來,世界各民主國家普遍出現青年政治參與大幅下降的現象。然而,在菲律賓與臺灣的案例中,儘管青年選民的投票率仍維持在相對較高的水準,但其政治邊緣化的情形依然明顯且持續存在。此現象促使青年社會運動興起,亦使得一批具有影響力的青年動員者受到廣泛關注。當這些青年行動者有機會進入傳統政治領域時,他們往往面臨諸多挑戰,包括政治壓力與刻板印象、年齡歧視、乃至政治暴力等因素,皆對其政治參與產生影響。
本研究旨在推動並深化對青年行動者進入正式政治體制後所面臨接受度的政治論述理解,尤其是從同儕青年之觀點切入。本研究建構一套理論—概念框架,以嶄新視角詮釋整體現象,並透過訪談與問卷調查的方式蒐集研究資料,進而進行主題式與描述性分析。
研究結果顯示,青年普遍認為由行動者轉型為政治人物的青年具有理想主義色彩,這種特質具有雙面性,可能有助於其持續推動原有訴求,也可能成為其施政與倡議上的阻礙。此外,青年也觀察到,這類轉型經常受多重因素干擾,迫使他們在實踐中逐步割捨原有的行動者立場,導致部分人質疑其行動主義的真誠性,甚至視之為政治操作的工具。
儘管本研究達成原定研究目標,但有關此一特殊且尚未充分探討的青年政治領域,仍有待未來進一步研究加以深入闡析,以拓展相關理論與實務之理解。 Youth political engagement has seen a drastic decline in recent years in different democratic countries around the world. Meanwhile, in the case of the Philippines and Taiwan, youth voter turnout is still at high levels, yet marginalization is evident and lingering. This led to the rise of youth social movements and the popularization of prominent youth mobilizers. These youth actors then try to engage in traditional politics when opportunity arises, but various factors affect their politicking, such as political pressures and stereotypes, age discrimination, and political violence. This study then aims to promote and better understand the political discourse on the acceptance of youth activists in formal political institutions, specifically from the perspective of their fellow youth. This study utilizes a theoretical-conceptual framework that pivots the whole process in an interesting lens. Interviews and Surveys will be used to gather responses from our participants, which will be analyzed through thematic and descriptive analysis. Results show that the youth perceives activists-turned-politicians to be idealists, which is a double-edged sword that can either affect their advocacies positively or negatively. They also see that their transition is hindered by different factors that sometimes force them to forego their activist roots, which in turn shows that their activism is not genuine but more for political gain. Though the study was able to meet its objectives, further research would greatly provide a better understanding of this unique and untouched area of youth politics. |
Reference: | Agojo, K., Bravo, M., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, J., & Santillan, A. (2023). Activism beyond the streets: Examining social media usage and youth activism in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Social Science, 51(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2023.04.006 Akiva, T., Carey, R. L., Cross, A. B., Delale-O’Connor, L., & Brown, M. R. (2017). Reasons youth engage in activism programs: Social justice or sanctuary? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 53, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.005 Amnesty International. (2021, August 12). Philippines: Dangerous anti-terror law yet another setback for human rights. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/philippines-dangerous-antiterror-law-yet-another-setback-for-human-rights/ Anand, A. (2022, April 1). Youth politics in East and Southeast Asia. Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/youth-politics-east-southeast-asia Andersen, K., Ohme, J., Bjarnøe, C., Bordacconi, M. J., Albæk, E., & De Vreese, C. (2020). Generational gaps in political media use and civic engagement. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003111498 Aspinwall, N. (2023, October 20). ‘We will cut out your tongue’: Filipino activists recount kidnap ordeal. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/we-will-cut-out-your-tongue-filipino-activists-recount-military-kidnap Aspinwall, N. (2024, August 28). How the Philippines is using anti-terrorism laws to freeze disaster NGOs. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2024/07/30/how-philippines-using-anti-terrorism-laws-freeze-disaster-ngos Awang, B. (2023, December 22). New youth age limit to enhance their maturity level – experts. Bernama Fokus. https://www.bernama.com/en/bfokus/news.php?current&id=2256380 Banks, M. H., & Roker, D. (1994). The political socialization of youth: exploring the influence of school experience. Journal of Adolescence, 17(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1994.1002 Bautista, A. (2020). Exploring Political Socialization and Political Participation: The Filipino Youth and the Sangguniang Kabataan in Caloocan City’s first legislative district. Child & Youth Services, 42(3), 224–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935x.2020.1859364 Behrens, S. (2024). The Weight of Emotions: exploring how young activists feel about their identity, agency, and political participation. Young. https://doi.org/10.1177/11033088241254247 Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION. Information Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661 Booth, R. B., Medina, A., Siegel-Stechler, K., & Kiesa, A. (2023, January 30). Youth are interested in political action, but lack support and opportunities. CIRCLE. https://circle.tufts.edu/latest-research/youth-are-interested-political-action-lack-support-and-opportunities Bordey, H. (2025, May 19). 52 party-list groups proclaimed as Eleksyon 2025 winners. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/946634/52-party-list-groups-proclaimed-as-eleksyon-2025-winners/story/ Caparas, J. (2024, December 16). Social Media in the Philippines Facts and Statistics [2025]. Spiralytics Philippines. https://spiralytics.com.ph/blog/social-media-in-the-philippines-facts-and-statistics/ Campaign Asia. (2025, February 6). Filipinos spend more time than global average on social media. Campaign Asia. https://www.campaignasia.com/article/filipinos-spend-more-time-than-global-average-on-social-media/500622 Caraus, T. (2018). Migrant protests as acts of cosmopolitan citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 22(8), 791–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1530194 Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the internet age. Polity. Cadano, M. J. O. (2023). The reasons of inactive youth engagement in the community: a case study in Barangay District III, Babatngon, Leyte. International Journal of Research Publications, 123(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001231420234683 Caouette, D. (2012). Constructing and Controlling People’s Power from the Grass Roots: Philippine Social Movement Activism in a Historical Perspective. In Springer eBooks (pp. 243–282). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4653-4_15 Carnegie, M. (2022, August 7). Gen Z: How young people are changing activism. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220803-gen-z-how-young-people-are-changing-activism Chan, M., Lee, F., & Chen, H. (2021). Examining the roles of social media use and connections to public actors on democratic engagement: An analysis of young adults in three Asian societies. New Media & Society, 26(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211053559 Chang, H. H., & Fang, Y. S. (2024). The 2024 Taiwanese Presidential Election on social media: Identity, policy, and affective virality. PNAS Nexus, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae130 Chang, W., & Gan, N. (2024, May 19). Tsai Ing-wen: the leader who put Taiwan on the map and stood up to China. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/18/asia/tsai-taiwan-map-china-intl-hnk-dst/index.html Chapman, T., & Cook, J. (1988). Marginality, youth and government policy in the 1980s. Critical Social Policy, 8(22), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/026101838800802203 Chen, C., & Garcia, S. (2025, March 13). DPP lawmakers, youth groups push youth affairs bill. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/03/13/2003833361 Chen, W. (2020). Student activism and authoritarian legality transition in Taiwan. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 303–334). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108634816.013 Cheung, H. (2018, March 11). Taiwan in Time: Life after the Wild Lily. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/03/11/2003689059 Chowdhury, I. (2024, October 7). Why young people in Asia are disengaging from democracy. East Asia Forum. https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/10/08/why-young-people-in-asia-are-disengaging-from-democracy/ Constantino, R. (1975). The Philippines: A past revisited. Tala Publishing. Cooper, K. (2023). The Effectiveness of Online Activism: Who it is Effective For, What Issues it is Effective For, and What Time Period it is Effective For [Honors Thesis, The Honors College]. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=honorscollege_pos Cortés-Ramos, A., García, J. a. T., Landa-Blanco, M., Gutiérrez, F. J. P., & Mesa, M. T. C. (2021). Activism and social Media: Youth participation and communication. Sustainability, 13(18), 10485. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810485 Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE.Davidson, H. (2024, March 21). How the Sunflower movement birthed a generation determined to protect Taiwan. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/21/what-is-taiwan-sunflower-movement-china Cruzada, D. B. (2022). The Lasallian in the face of repression: A history of Lasallian student publications during martial law (1972-1986). Retrieved from https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdb_history/15 Daybreak. (2017, July 25). Social Attitudes towards Young People and the Sunflower Movement - Daybreak project. Daybreak Project. https://daybreak.newbloommag.net/2017/07/25/young-people-social-attitudes/DeJaynes, T., & Curmi, C. (2015). Youth as cosmopolitan intellectuals. The English Journal, 104(3), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.58680/ej201526512 Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2020). Social Movements: An Introduction (3rd edition). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. De Sagun, R. R. N., Perillo, C. A. B., Portalio, E. L. S., Hecita, I. J. R., Vivo, M. J. E., Felices, J. B., Domino, G. T. M., & Florendo, C. E. C. (2023, August). Fake News among the Youth in the Philippines: The Case of the National Capital Region (NCR) [Press release]. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58ff0e1fa5790aa37e3fa35a/t/655f371b28daf91786cb86db/1700738870948/Vol.2_Issue+21+%28Fake+News+Among+Youth%29+-+Sagun.pdf Earl, J., Maher, T. V., & Elliott, T. (2017). Youth, activism, and social movements. Sociology Compass, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12465 Engler, M. E., & Engler, P. (2022, season-01). Should we disrupt the Democratic Party or take it over? - Dissent Magazine. Dissent Magazine. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/should-we-disrupt-the-democratic-party-or-take-it-over/ Ellis, L. (2024, August 7). Youth TPP Support Explained: A Shift from China to Domestic Economic Concerns. Global Taiwan Institute. https://globaltaiwan.org/2024/08/youth-tpp-support-explained/ Evans, V., & Sternberg, J. (1999). Young people, politics and television current affairs in Australia. Journal of Australian Studies, 23(63), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443059909387539 Fisher, D. R. (2012). Youth Political Participation: bridging activism and electoral politics. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145439 Fisher, R. (2020, September 16). The subtle ways that ‘clicktivism’ shapes the world. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200915-the-subtle-ways-that-clicktivism-shapes-the-world Feng, E. (2024, January 11). Taiwan deals with lots of misinformation, and it’s harder to track down. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2024/01/11/1216340756/taiwan-election-disinformation-social-media-ptt Foster, M. D., Hennessey, E., Blankenship, B. T., & Stewart, A. (2019). Can “slacktivism” work? Perceived power differences moderate the relationship between social media activism and collective action intentions through positive affect. Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2019-4-6 Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods. SAGE. Giardiello, M. (2023). Youth and Marginalization: A Social Justice Approach. In: Wyn, J., Cahill, H., Cuervo, H. (eds) Handbook of Children and Youth Studies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-96-3_125-1 Gebrezghi, B., & Upadhyay, M. (2024, March 13). Power Up, Asia Pacific: Leveraging the potential of youth political participation. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/asia-pacific/blog/power-asia-pacific-leveraging-potential-youth-political-participation Gentry, B. (2017). Why youth vote. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69608-9 Genovese, M.A., & Steckenrider, J.S. (Eds.). (2013). Women as Political Leaders: Studies in Gender and Governing (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203122907 GMA Integrated News. (2025, February 9). Millennials, Gen Z make up 63% of voting population. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/935726/millennials-gen-z-make-up-63-of-eleksyon-2025-voters/story/ Gorin, C. (2024, January 19). New Power Party contemplates future after losing legislative seats. RTI Radio Taiwan International. https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2010615 Grassi, E. F. G., Portos, M., & Felicetti, A. (2024). Young People’s Attitudes towards Democracy and Political Participation: Evidence from a Cross-European Study. Government and Opposition, 59, 582–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.16 Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Jr, Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2011). Survey methodology. John Wiley & Sons. Grassi, E. F. G., Portos, M., & Felicetti, A. (2024). Young People’s Attitudes towards Democracy and Political Participation: Evidence from a Cross-European Study. Government and Opposition, 59, 582–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.16 Haider, J. B., & Sara, S. A. (2024). Youth Participation and Political Empowerment. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(4), 55–65. Harmer, J. (2020, August 18). Thailand’s Student-led Anti-government Protests Grow. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/thailands-student-led-anti-government-protests-grow/ Hart, D. (2010). The Sources of Adolescent Activism: Historical and Contemporary Findings. In Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hendrix, J. (2025, February 23). Digital rights activists in Taiwan driven by memory and threat of authoritarianism. Tech Policy Press. https://www.techpolicy.press/digital-rights-activists-in-taiwan-driven-by-memory-and-threat-of-authoritarianism/ Henn, M., Sloam, J., & Nunes, A. (2021). Young cosmopolitans and environmental politics: how postmaterialist values inform and shape youth engagement in environmental politics. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1994131 Hioe, B. (2022, April 28). Do young people actually matter in Taiwanese politics? Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/07/22/do-young-people-actually-matter-in-taiwanese-politics/ Ho, M. (2024, January 22). How the Sunflower Movement legacy lives on in Taiwan’s 2024 elections. ThinkChina - Big Reads, Opinions & Columns on China. https://www.thinkchina.sg/politics/how-sunflower-movement-legacy-lives-taiwans-2024-elections Ho, Y. (2013, March 5). Students, activism and social networks. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2013/02/14/2003554849 Ho, M. (2015). Occupy Congress in Taiwan: political opportunity, threat, and the Sunflower movement. Journal of East Asian Studies, 15(1), 69–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800004173 Ho, M. (2018, August 2). The activist legacy of Taiwan’s sunflower movement. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/08/the-activist-legacy-of-taiwans-sunflower-movement?lang=en Ho, M., Huang, C., & Juan, C. (2018). The institutionalisation of social movement study in Taiwan. International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 1(1), 115–140. https://doi.org/10.1163/24688800-00101007 Humphries, M., Muller, C., & Schiller, K. S. (2013). The political socialization of adolescent children of immigrants. Social Science Quarterly, 94(5), 1261–1282. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12025 Hung, M.-Y. (2024, June 12). From Wild Lily to Bluebird: Tracing Taiwan’s protests and democratic milestones. Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2024/06/12/from-wild-lily-to-bluebird-tracing-taiwans-protests-and-democratic-milestones/ Hsiao, Y. (2018). Understanding digital natives in contentious politics: Explaining the effect of social media on protest participation through psychological incentives. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3457–3478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817749519 Hsiao, H.-H. M., & Yang, A. H. (2024). Enabling Student-led Activism in Taiwan-Southeast Asia Connectivity. International Journal of China Studies, 15(2), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.22452/ijcs.vol15no2.3 Hsu, J. (2021). From martial law to Sunflower: the evolution of Taiwan’s student movement. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(4), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-04-2018-0084 Ignacio, L. B. R., & Sarmiento, D. L. (2015). YOUTH IN NATION-BUILDING ACT: POLICY DEVELOPMENT AS INFLUENCED BY THE YOUNG THROUGH THE KABATAAN PARTY-LIST. Antorcha, 2, 1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=5576 Isaacs, Z. (2021). THE INFLUENCE OF PEER RELATIONSHIPS ON POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS [MA Thesis]. Purdue University. Ismail, M. M., Hassan, N. A., Nor, M. S. M., Zain, M. I. M., & Samsu, K. H. K. (2021). The Influence of Political Socialization among Educated Youth at Universiti Putra Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i12/11941 Jalali, C., Silva, P., & Costa, E. (2024). Youth with clipped wings: Bridging the gap from youth recruitment to representation in candidate lists. Electoral Studies, 88, 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2024.102767 Janmaat, J. G., & Hoskins, B. (2021). The changing impact of family background on political engagement during adolescence and early adulthood. Social Forces, 101(1), 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soab112 Joo, Y. (2018). Same Despair but Different Hope: Youth Activism in East Asia and Contentious Politics. Development and Society, 47(3), 401–421. https://doi.org/10.21588/dns.2018.47.3.004 Kim, C. H., Han, D., Duhachek, A., & Tormala, Z. L. (2018). Political identity, preference, and persuasion. Social Influence, 13(4), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2018.1518786 Kumar, S. (2024). YOUTH ACTIVISM: THE ROLE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN SOCIAL CHANGE. Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i2.2024.4205 Lai, M. W.-Y. (2019, June 5). Two student movements, one learning from the other. Taiwan Insight. https://taiwaninsight.org/2019/06/05/two-student-movements-one-learning-from-the-other/ Lam-Knott, S., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Youth politics in urban Asia: an introduction. Space and Polity, 24(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2020.1732200 Lañada, J. (2023). Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Civic and Political Participation in The Province of Iloilo, Philippines. Asian Journal of Law and Governance, 5(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.55057/ajlg.2023.5.2.1 Lao, W. (2024, December 12). Luzon youth leaders release creative campaigns on media literacy, fact-checking. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/moveph/luzon-youth-leaders-media-literacy-fact-checking-campaigns-december-2024/ Leung, M. (2019). New student movement rallies against China media, fake news. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190418170437519 Li, Y. (2024, March 16). How Taiwan’s Sunflower Movement let young people speak up. dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/how-taiwans-sunflower-movement-let-young-people-speak-up/a-68556695 Lin, B. (2024, April 23). Inside Taiwan’s Elections. Inkstick. https://inkstickmedia.com/inside-taiwans-elections/ Liu, A. K., Ophir, Y., Tsai, S., Walter, D., & Himelboim, I. (2022). Hashtag activism in a politicized pandemic: Framing the campaign to include Taiwan in the World Health Organization’s efforts to combat COVID-19. New Media & Society, 26(6), 3213–3234. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221099173 Loa, L. (2009, April 9). Group seeks to raise awareness of April 6 Incident. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/04/09/2003440616 Loader, B. D., Vromen, A., & Xenos, M. A. (2014). The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement. Information Communication & Society, 17(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2013.871571 Locus, S., & Ombay, G. (2023, October 30). Sangguniang Kabataan: Starting ’em young, training ’em right. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/specialreports/886707/sangguniang-kabataan-starting-em-young-training-em-right/story/#goog_rewarded Magsambol, B. (2021, January 20). What you need to know about the 1989 UP-DND accord. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-1989-up-dnd-accord/ Melucci, A. (1989). Nomads of the present: Social movements and individual needs in contemporary society. Temple University Press. Mendoza, K. (2020, December 26). Defending democracy: How young Filipino activists fought back in 2020. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/moveph/student-activism-yearend-2020/ Milan, C. (2019). Rebelling Against Time: Recreational activism as political practice among the Italian precarious youth. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(11), 1519–1538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219831744 Miller, K. K., Shramko, M., Brown, C., & Svetaz, M. V. (2021). The election is over, now what? Youth civic engagement as a path to critical consciousness. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 233–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.033 Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan. (2023). Dept. of Household Registration, Ministry of the Interior. Republic of China(Taiwan) - Latest News. https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/en/2121?sn=23100549 Nachman, L. (2019, December 10). What’s next for Taiwan’s new power party and its ‘Third Force’ companions? - Ketagalan Media. Ketagalan Media. https://ketagalanmedia.com/2019/12/08/whats-next-for-taiwans-new-power-party-and-its-third-force-companions/ National Development Council. (2024). Population Projections for the R.O.C. (Taiwan). https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/main_en/ National Youth Commission. (2023). 2023 Youth Statistics Update. https://nyc.gov.ph/2023-youth-statistics-update/ Newport, B. F. (2025, February 26). Identity Politics in Context. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/357812/identity-politics-context.aspx Nielsen, K. B. (2012). ‘An activist can’t become a politician’: social activism, leadership and the (un)making of a political career in an Indian state. Contemporary South Asia, 20(4), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2012.737307 Norman, J. (2017, November 11). What young people in the Philippines think of Rodrigo Duterte. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-11/what-do-young-people-in-the-philippines-think-of-duterte/9129580 Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511973383 O’Dell, H. (2024, January 10). Young voters could soon decide Taiwan’s future. https://globalaffairs.org/bluemarble/taiwan-young-voters-presidential-election-relationship-china Ong, J.C., Fallorina, R., Lanuza, J.M.H., Sanchez, F., and Curato, N. (2022). “Parallel Public Spheres: Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections”. The Media Manipulation Case Book. Internews and Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center. https://mediamanipulation.org/research/unmasking-influence-operations-in-the-philippines Patinio, F. (2023, January 31). Youth comprises majority of 1.6M new voters: Comelec. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1193992 Philippine Institute for Development Studies [PIDS]. (2022, August 23). Civic education in the Philippines must be improved—DLSU professor. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/press-releases/civic-education-in-the-philippines-must-be-improved-dlsu-professor Pitti, I. (2018). Youth and unconventional political engagement. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75591-5 Pulido, D. (2024, October 15). Philippines suppresses young activists’ rights using Facebook: Amnesty International. Jurist News. https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/10/philippines-suppresses-young-activists-rights-using-facebook-amnesty-international/ Quintelier, E. (2007). Differences in political participation between young and old people. Contemporary Politics, 13(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770701562658 Rachimoellah, M., Lubis, P. H., & Utimadini, N. J. (2024). Digital Activism and Political Change: Challenges of Social Media’s Impact on P s Impact on Political De olitical Development. Journal of Middle East and Islamic Studies, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/meis.v11i2.177 Ratcliffe, R., & Graham-Harrison, E. (2020, November 30). Fighting tyranny with milk tea: the young rebels joining forces in Asia. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/fighting-tyranny-with-milk-tea-the-young-rebels-joining-forces-in-asia Riñoza, J. (2024, November 25). Under Marcos, Philippines still using Facebook to ‘red-tag’ young activists: Amnesty International. Benar News. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/under-marcos-philippines-still-using-facebook-to-red-tag-young-activists-amnesty-international-10142024133512.html Rekker, R. (2021). Young trendsetters: How young voters fuel electoral volatility. Electoral Studies, 75, 102425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102425 Republic of the Philippines. (1995). Republic Act No. 8044: Youth in Nation-Building Act. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_8044_1995.htmlRoman, N. V., & Esau, M. (2015). Political socialization of the youth: an examination of the family as an agency for youth citizenship in South Africa. In Nova Science eBooks. https://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/10566/1584/7/Esau_Political%20Socialization_2015.pdf Romero, A. (2023, June 8). UP-DND accord junking won’t be reversed. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/06/09/2272473/dnd-accord-junking-wont-be-reversed Rosenberg, D. A. (1974). Civil Liberties and the Mass Media under Martial Law in the Philippines. Pacific Affairs, 47(4), 472. https://doi.org/10.2307/2755948 Rubin, B. C. (2007). “There’s still not justice”: Youth civic identity development amid distinct school and community contexts. Teachers College Record, 109, 449–481 Russell, E. (2022, September 23). Reformasi! The Indonesian student movement that toppled Suharto | Red Flag. https://redflag.org.au/article/reformasi-indonesian-student-movement-toppled-suharto Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Crockett, J., & LAUB, C. (2010). LGBT Politics, Youth Activism, and Civic Engagement. In Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sainz, G. M., & Hanna, A. (2023). Youth digital activism, social media and human rights education: the Fridays for Future movement. Human Rights Education Review. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.4958 Samonte, Q. S. (1970). Student Activism and National Development: The Philippine Setting. The Journal of Educational Thought, 4(3), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.55016/ojs/jet.v4i3.43571 Santos, C. E., & Toomey, R. B. (2018). Integrating an intersectionality lens in theory andresearch in developmental science. In C. E. Santos & R. B. Toomey (Eds.), Envisioning theIntegration of an Intersectional Lens in Developmental Science. New Directions for Child andAdolescent Development, 161, 7–15. Sapiro, V. (2004). Political socialization during youth and young adulthood. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 577-610). Oxford University Press. Saud, M. (2020). Civic engagement, youth socialisation and participation in public spheres in Indonesia. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105669 Saud, M., & Ashfaq, A. (2024). Shift from Traditional to Contemporary Political Patterns: Knowing the Youth Perspectives on Political Participation. Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096241235292 Sevi, S. (2020). Do young voters vote for young leaders? Electoral Studies, 69, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102200 Şentürk, S. (2025). Navigating paradoxes: youth civil society amidst shrinking and expanding spaces in Azerbaijan. Third World Quarterly, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2025.2482992 Shah, M. A., & Khan, Z. (2023). The role of youth activism in Facilitating Social Change: A Catalyst for Transformation in the contemporary Era. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.575688089 Shresthova, S., Gamber-Thompson, L., & Jenkins, H. (2016). By any media necessary: the new Youth Activism. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27346067M/By_Any_Media_Necessary Silva, B. C. (2024). No votes for old men: Leaders’ age and youth turnout in comparative perspective. European Journal of Political Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12694 Sinpeng, A., Gueorguiev, D., & Arugay, A. A. (2020). STRONG FANS, WEAK CAMPAIGNS: SOCIAL MEDIA AND DUTERTE IN THE 2016 PHILIPPINE ELECTION. Journal of East Asian Studies, 20(3), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.11 Sirivunnabood, P. (2020, November 2). Hope over fear: The 2020 student-led protests in Thailand. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/media/commentaries/hope-over-fear-the-2020-student-led-protests-in-thailand/ Sitchon, J. (2025, April 9). Amnesty International: ‘Online harassment halts Filipino youth activists exercise of rights.’ RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/amnesty-international-online-harassment-filipino-youth-activists-april-2025/ Staggenborg, S. (2022). Institutionalization of Social Movements. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements (eds D.A. Snow, D. Porta, B. Klandermans and D. McAdam). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm113.pub2 Stockemer, D., & Anlar, B. (2024). The Political Representation of Young Adults: Explaining youth’s underrepresentation in parties, candidacies and parliaments. Electoral Studies, 90. Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing Legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331 Supa, M., Neag, A., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2024). “If I weren’t an activist, I’d buy an old Nokia and I’d be OK”: Youth wellbeing, digital media, and activism. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v29i12.13854 Taipei Times. (2024, January 22). ‘Distrust’ source of TPP youth support, experts say. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2024/01/22/2003812462 Tangkia, F. P., & Habaradas, M. A. B. (2001, April). Party-List System: The Philippine Experience. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50076.pdf Tarrow, S. (2015). Contentious Politics. In Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678402.013.61Tsatsou, P. (2018). Social media and informal organisation of citizen activism: Lessons from the use of Facebook in the Sunflower Movement. Social Media + Society, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117751384 Teehankee, J. (2012). Clientelism and party politics in the Philippines. In Routledge eBooks (pp. 204–232). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203080689-17 Teehankee, J. C., & Kasuya, Y. (2019). The 2019 midterm elections in the Philippines: Party system pathologies and Duterte’s populist mobilization. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 5(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891119896425 Tekindal, M. (2017). THE POSITION OF THE YOUTH IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 119–140. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.375476 United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2013). Youth, Political Participation, and Decision Making. In United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/fact-sheets/youth-political-participation.pdf Ur-Rahman, M. (2023, April 22). Rule of the few: Grounding the iron law of oligarchy. World Geostrategic Insights. https://www.wgi.world/rule-of-the-few-grounding-the-iron-law-of-oligarchy/ Valte, M. (1987). Philippine Student Movement: Prospects for a dynamic student Politics. Kasarinlan, 2(3), 49–62. https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/download/567/561 Van Der Wees, G. (2019, December 10). The Formosa Incident: a look back. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/12/10/2003727276 Vauclair, C., Hanke, K., Huang, L., & Abrams, D. (2016). Are Asian cultures really less ageist than Western ones? It depends on the questions asked. International Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12292 Velasco, D. (2005). Rejecting “Old Style” Politics? Youth Participation in the Philippines. In Go! Young Progressives in Southeast Asia (pp. 79–121). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/04526/countrypapers_philippines.pdf Villa, J. (2025, March 17). Students protest vs. Duterte, Marcos. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2025/03/18/2429227/students-protest-vs-duterte-marcos Villanueva, G. (2025, February 18). Party list rep tagged as NPA recruiter in NTF-Elcac video. INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2035524/party-list-rep-tagged-as-npa-recruiter-in-ntf-elcac-video Waiton, S. (2007). Does youth have a future? Concept: The Journal of Contemporary Community Education Practice Theory, 17(2), 22–25. http://concept.lib.ed.ac.uk/Concept/article/view/199 Wang, C., & Tsai, C. (2023). Social media as mobilizer and demobilizer: evidence from Taiwan. SAGE Open, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231156806 Ward, S., McBride, M., Bynner, C., & Corbett, I. (2024). Building recognition, redistribution, and representation in disadvantaged neighbourhoods: Exploring the potential of youth activism in Scotland. Social Inclusion, 12. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.8476 Wright, J. (2024, February 4). A new campaign arena - The impacts of digital echo chambers in elections. youngausint. https://www.youngausint.org.au/post/a-new-campaign-arena-the-impacts-of-digital-echo-chambers-in-elections Yabut, H., Dumaop, D., Simpao, A. C., Quiñones, D. M., & Silvestre, J. P. (2022). Cultivating Democratic Citizenship, Political Values, and Filipino Social Identification in Philippine Elections and Beyond. Jesse M. Robredo Institute of Governance, 2(9). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58ff0e1fa5790aa37e3fa35a/t/628207ec80971d270d9b0fe9/1652688920548/PB+Vol+2+Issue+9.pdf Yang, A., & Hsiao, H.-H. (2024, June 12). What’s New for the Bluebird Movement? Advancing Asian Democratic Solidarity between Taiwan and Southeast Asia via Digital Technology and Partnership. Global Taiwan Institute. https://globaltaiwan.org/2024/06/whats-new-for-the-bluebird-movement/Zhang, W. (2022). Political disengagement among youth: A comparison between 2011 and 2020. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809432 Youniss, J., Bales, S., Christmas‐Best, V., Diversi, M., McLaughlin, M., & Silbereisen, R. (2002). Youth civic engagement in the Twenty‐First Century. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00027 |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) 112862011 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112862011 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Size | Format | |
201101.pdf | 4010Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|