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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156946


    Title: 前置經驗對「過度模仿」的影響
    ＂Overimitation＂ across Contexts of Prior Experience
    Authors: 黃啟泰
    Contributors: 心理系
    Date: 2016-03
    Issue Date: 2025-05-13
    Abstract: 近幾年來，發展心理學家的研究焦點從動作本身包含的意圖，轉移至兒童對情境目標之由上而下的瞭解。本研究採用前置經驗派典，探討情境線索如何影響2歲幼兒的社會學習策略選擇。過去研究發現幼兒約2歲大時開始使用忠實複製的過度模仿策略，即使示範包括與作業目標沒有因果關聯的無關動作。本計畫提出四個實驗，系統地操弄前置經驗提供的訊息，嘗試釐清過度模仿行為反應的發展機制。
    實驗一探討前置目標與因果線索對過度模仿的調節影響，在呈現示範作業之前，實驗者使用透明或不透明的因果作業提示前置線索。如果過度模仿反應和情境目標不明確有關，我們預期幼兒在無前置作業或是觀看實驗者以無意義方式操弄前置作業時，最傾向模仿示範的無關動作；如果因果瞭解是幼兒省略無關動作的要件，觀看實驗者在透明作業呈現前置目標應更傾向仿效動作結果。實驗二澄清刺激類化在前置經驗扮演的角色。如果幼兒從前置範獲得與心智實體有關的訊息，即使前置作業與示範作業的外觀與因果機制相差甚遠，前置目標對過度模仿的削弱效果應不會受作業差異性影響。實驗三比較自我推動物體提供的前置訊息，是否和人主事者同樣有效地弱化過度模仿傾向。如果人主事者的前置意圖是前置示範效果的必要成分，觀看自我推動物體呈現前置目標和因果訊息並不會引起預期的仿效結果傾向。與前述實驗不同，幼兒在實驗四觀看實驗者的動作意外產生前置作業的結果，如果作業結果與因果訊息足以透露情境的工具性目標，即使結果非出自意圖，應該仍可能對過度模仿產生弱化效果。
    Developmentalists have recently shifted the focus of research from immanent intentions in a person’s ongoing behavior to prior experiences, which inform children about others’ intentions before the adult gives a demonstration. The present project aims at clarifying how contexts of prior experience influence processes of social learning in 2-year-old children. It has been shown that children’s use of a high-fidelity overimitative approach is emerging at this age, even if the imitated act is causally irrelevant for the goal of the task. The project presents an attempt to delineate the developmental mechanisms underlying overimitation. A series of four experiments are proposed to assess the influences of prior experience on imitative response tendencies in a causal task.
    Experiment 1 investigates the relative influence of prior goal and prior causal information on overimitation. Two-year-olds observe the experimenter (E) deal with a transparent or an opaque apparatus before demonstrating a solution to the target task. If overimitation is due to uncertainty about the goal of the situation, we hypothesize that children are most likely to copy the irrelevant act when no prior task is presented or when seeing E manipulate the prior task with non-goal-directed acts. Experiment 2 clarifies whether the effects of prior experience on a diminished inclination to overimitate is due to stimulus generalization. If children represent the goal of the prior task as mental entities, a diminished tendency to copy modeled actions should be obtained even if the prior task and the target task differ greatly in configuration and causal mechanism. Experiment 3 is designed to further address the issue of whether prior information provided by a self-propelled object agent is equally likely to highlight the goal of the situation as that by a human agent. Likewise, if prior intention is a necessary component of detracting from overimitation, a diminished tendency to overimitate should be obtained only when the predemonstration is presented in the context of human agency. Unlike the preceding three experiments, children in Experiment 4 are exposed to the outcome of the prior task brought about by E’s accidental acts. If the goal and causality of the apparatus are sufficient to support an instrumental interpretation of the situation, we predict that children would preferentially neglect the modeled irrelevant act.
    Relation: 科技部, NSC102-2410-H004-047-MY2, 102.08-104.07
    Data Type: report
    Appears in Collections:[心理學系] 國科會研究計畫

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