Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156039
|
| Title: | 初探事實查核組織的敘事策略
On the Narrative Strategy Of Fact Checking Organization |
| Authors: | 方圓
Fang, Yuan |
| Contributors: | 陳百齡
方圓
Fang, Yuan |
| Keywords: | 事實查核
事實查核組織
敘事分析
敘事理論
Fact Check
Fact-checking Organization
Narrative Analysis
Narrative Theory |
| Date: | 2015 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-03-03 14:48:35 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 事實查核作為對抗假新聞的解方之一，能夠幫助受眾形成正確的認知。事實查核組織在敘事中以真實的內容資料作為基礎，透過語言的建構來推動敘事向前發展，並實現和讀者之間的說服溝通。本研究依照事實查核組織的性質，將事實查核組織分為新聞機構事實查核小組和第三方事實查核組織，通過對這兩類不同性質的事實查核組織所撰写的查核報告進行敘事分析，得出兩者敘事策略的異同，揭示組織的敘事特點與風格特徵。
研究發現，兩類事實查核組織都採用「宣稱—論證—裁決」的基本敘事結構，遵循清晰和邏輯的敘事框架，即首先介紹被查核的宣稱，然後提供相關的證據和分析，給出真實度的裁決。這種敘事結構有助於展示事實查核的過程和結果，增強說服力和可信度。同時均強調證據資料的重要性，注重對證據資料的收集、引用和評估，使用權威、可靠和客觀的數據和資訊來源，避免使用主觀、模糊和不確定的語言，力求使事實查核的依據和結論具有科學性和公正性。
但是兩者在具體書寫層面仍有所不同。新聞媒體的事實查核報告更類似於新聞報導的故事結構採用一定新聞寫作技巧，著重於事件的因果關係和時序發展，重視故事性、連貫性和可讀性。第三方事實查核組織的事實查核報告更接近學術報告，強調方法論、透明度以及邏輯性，注重提供完整和透明的資訊來源，使用客觀和中立的語言，給予詳細和全面的分析。
As one of the solutions to fight fake news, fact-checking can help the audience form correct cognition. Fact-checking organizations use real content data as the basis of narrative, promote narrative development through language construction, and achieve persuasive communication with readers. According to the nature of fact-checking organizations, this study divides fact-checking organizations into news agency fact-checking groups and third-party fact-checking organizations. By conducting narrative analysis on the fact-checking reports written by these two types of fact-checking organizations, the similarities and differences of the narrative strategies of the two are obtained, revealing the narrative characteristics and style features of the organizations.
The study found that both types of fact-checking organizations adopt the basic narrative structure of "claim-argument-verdict" and follow a clear and logical narrative framework, that is, first introduce the claim to be checked, then provide relevant evidence and analysis, and give a verdict on its truthfulness. This narrative structure helps to show the process and results of fact-checking, enhance persuasiveness and credibility. At the same time, both emphasize the importance of evidence, pay attention to the collection, citation and evaluation of evidence, use authoritative, reliable and objective data and information sources, avoid using subjective, vague and uncertain language, and strive to make the basis and conclusion of fact-checking scientific and fair.
However, the two are still different in terms of specific writing. Fact-checking reports by news media are more similar to the story structure of news reports, using certain news writing techniques, focusing on the causal relationship and chronological development of events, and attaching importance to storytelling, coherence and readability. Fact-checking reports by third-party fact-checking organizations are closer to academic reports, emphasizing methodology, transparency and logic, focusing on providing complete and transparent sources of information, using objective and neutral language, and providing detailed and comprehensive analysis. |
| Reference: | 三立新聞網(2019)。網瘋傳韓國瑜與蔣經國假合照。URL：https://www.setn.com/News. aspx?NewsID=536569&fb_comment_id=1401161046675771_1418694248255784
中央社(2021)。傳路人可圍觀美總統就職，錯誤訊息。URLhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/ aipl/202101220316.aspx
中央社(2020)。網傳美禁媒體直播抗議畫面，錯誤訊息。URL：https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ ahel/202006020361. aspx
中央社(2020)。網傳林口長庚多名醫師遭隔離，警方偵辦假訊息。URL:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ ahel/202007070280.aspx
中央社(2018)。火車不設安全帶有原因 綁安全帶可能傷更大。URL：https://www.cna.com.tw/
news/ahel/ 201810220058.aspx?topic=1184
方毅華、孫芙佳(2014)。 〈傳統媒體微博新聞敘事芻議－以「新華社中國網事」為例〉，《新聞愛好者》，3:27-31。
申丹、 王麗亞(2010)。 《西方敘事學: 經典與後經典》。 北京:北京大學出版社。
台灣事實查核中心(2018)。【部分錯誤】10月21日普悠瑪列車出軌事故，媒體報導：「部分乘客未繫安全帶，車身翻覆釀死傷」。 URL:https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/203
台灣事實查核中心(2020)。【錯誤】網傳「昨天年金改革委員會第14次會議...各項年金請領年齡皆為65歲...軍人終身俸不再發放...80歲以後到死1塊錢不給...」？ URL: https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/3573
台灣事實查核中心(2019)。【錯誤】網傳高雄市長韓國瑜曾和蔣經國合照？URL: https://tfc-taiwan. org.tw/articles/486
自由時報(2020)。別被騙！各項年金請領年改假訊息捲土重來。URL：https://news.ltn.com.tw/ news/life/breakingnews/3126833
何純(2003)。 〈關於新聞敘事學研究的構想〉，《湘潭大學社會科學學報》，4:112-115。
林照真(2020)。〈假新聞類型與媒體聚合:以2018年台灣選舉為例〉，《新聞學研究》，142:111-153。
胡元輝(2018)。〈造假有效、更正無力？第三方事實查核機制初探〉，《傳播研究與實務》，8:43-73。
俞孟暀(2011)。〈中國風流行音樂文本敘事與批判話語分析——以周傑倫為例〉，國立台灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
段威(2019)。 〈法律敘事方法對裁判事實建構的影響〉，《法律方法》，26:263-275。
倪炎元(2012)。 〈批判論述分析的定位爭議及其應用問題: 以 Norman Fairclough 分析途徑為例的探討〉，《新聞學研究》，110: 1-42。
翁秀琪(1993)。 《大眾傳播理論與實證》。台北:三民書局。
秦琍琍(2016)。〈組織傳播〉，郭貞、蕭宏祺、陳憶寧、黃葳威、方孝謙、王嵩音、秦琍琍、黃鈴媚著，《傳播理論》。新北：揚智文化。
張滋宜、金兼斌(2017)。〈西方媒體事實查核新聞的特色與趨勢〉，《中國記者》，01:121-123。
陳可馨、陳先紅(2020)。〈流浪地球電影敘事的批判性話語分析〉，《新聞春秋》，79-86。
陳百齡(2020)。〈對抗假新聞，如何進行事實查核〉，王淑美、陳百齡、鄭宇君、劉蕙苓、蘇蘅著，《破擊假新聞;解析數位時代的媒體與資訊操控》。 台北:三民書局。
陳雅惠(2013)。〈探索網路新聞敘事結構〉，國立政治大學新聞學系博士論文。
許揚慧子(2017)。〈淺析「走基層」系列報導中的新聞敘事學〉，《新聞研究導刊》，22:246-247。
崔君衍(2018)。《電影表意泛論》，北京:商務印書館。 (原書 Christian Metz [1968]. Essais sur la signification au cinéma. Paris， Klincksieck.)
游美惠(2000)。 〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉，《調查研究》，8:17。
普非拉、林升棟（2022）。〈「桃花源」與「伊甸園」：李子柒視頻的跨文化解讀〉，《傳播與社會學刊》，60:91-121。
曾慶香(2003)。 《作為話語的新聞》，北京:華夏出版社。 (原書 Teun A.Van Dijk [1988]. News as Discourse. New Jersey， Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)
趙欣華(2013)。 《「中國夢」演講的批判話語分析〉。 新加坡國立大學中文系碩士學位論文。
齊愛軍(2006)。 〈關於新聞敘事學理論架構的思考〉，《現代傳播》，4:142-144。
趙靜(2008)。 〈法律敘事與文學敘事〉，《當代文壇》，2:45-46。
劉俐俐(2006)。〈永遠的故鄉與魯迅的返鄉之路——魯迅「故鄉」的文本分析〉，《中南大學學報，12:81 - 84。
臧國仁、蔡琰(2001)。〈新聞美學——試論美學對新聞研究與實務的啟示〉，《新聞學研究》，66:29 - 60。
臧國仁、蔡琰(2010)。 《敘事傳播:故事/人文觀點》。 杭州:浙江大學出版社。
蔡琰(2000)。 《電視劇:戲劇傳播的敘事理論》。 台北:三民書局。
鄭自隆(2015)。 《傳播研究與效果評估》。 台北:五南出版。
賴綾章(2007)。《 陳唐山發言事件報紙報導框架分析》。 國立台灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，台北市。 URL:https://hdl.handle.net/11296/upp9r7
鍾蔚文(1992)。 《從媒介真實到主觀真實》。 台北:正中書局。
羅世宏(2018)。 〈關於「假新聞」的批判思考：老問題、新挑戰與可能的多重解方」〉，《資訊社會研究 》， 35:51-85。
蘇蘅(2020)。 〈假新聞的定義與發展〉，王淑美、陳百齡、鄭宇君、劉蕙苓、蘇蘅著，《破擊假新聞;解析數位時代的媒體與資訊操控》。台北:三民書局。
Adoni, Hanna & Sherrill Mane (1984). Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward and Integration of Theory and Research. Communication Research. 11(3): 323-40.
Alfred Guzzetti (1973). Christian Metz and the Semiology of the Cinema. Journal of Modern Literature. 2(3): 292-308.
Andreas Vlachos, Sebastian Riedel (2014). Fact checking: Task definition and dataset construction， Proceedings of the ACL 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies and Computational Social
Science. 18-22.
Amazeen MA (2017). Journalistic interventions: The structural factors affecting the global emergence of fact-checking. Journalism: Theory， Practice & Criticism. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917730217.
Amazeen MA, Vargo CJ & Guo L. (2018). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media & Society. 20(5):2028-2049. DOI:10.1177/1461444817712086
AP (2020). AP FACT CHECK: Trump conclusively lost， denies the evidence. URL:https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee 003a7bc64
Bessi, A., & Ferrara, E. (2016). Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion. First Monday， 21(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.7090
Brandtzaeg, Lüders, Spangenberg, Rath-Wiggins & Følstad. (2016). Emerging Journalistic Verification Practices Concerning Social Media. Journalism Practice. 10(3):323-342. DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331
Bird, S. E., & Dardenne, R. W. (1988). Myth, chronicle, and story: exploring the narrative qualities of news. In J. W. Carey (Ed.), Media, myths, and narratives: television and the press. Newbury, Park, CA: Sage.
Carson, James & James Titcomb. (2017). What is Fake News? Its Origins and How It Grew in 2016. The Telegraph. January 12. URL: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/fake-news-origins-grew-2016/.
Ciampaglia, G.L. (2018). Fighting fake news: a role for computational social science in the fight against digital misinformation. Journal of Computational Social Science. 1, 47–153. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-017-0005-6
C.Wardle, H.Derakhshan. (2017). Informationdisorder:Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe policy report DGI09, Council of Europe. URL: https://firstdraftnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/PREMS-162317-GBR-2018-Report-de%CC%81sinformation-1.pdf?x29719.
Czarniawska B. (2004). On Time, Space, and Action Nets. Organization. 11(6):773-791. doi:10.1177/1350508404047251
David M. J. Lazer, Matthew A. Baum, Yochai Benkler, Adam J. Berinsky, Kelly M. Greenhill, Filippo Menczer, Miriam J. Metzger, Brendan Nyhan, Gordon Pennycook， David Rothschild, Michael Schudson, Steven A. Sloman， Cass R. Sunstein, Emily A. Thorson, Duncan J. Watts, Jonathan L. Zittrain (2018). The science of fake news, SCIENCE, 359 (6380): 1094-1096.
Edda Humprecht (2020). How Do They Debunk “Fake News”? A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks. Digital Journalism. 8(3):310-327.
Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Zheng Wei Lim & Richard Ling (2018). Defining“Fake News”, Digital Journalism, 6(2):137-153. DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
Sven Engesser & Edda Humprecht (2015). Frequency or Skillfulness, Journalism Studies, 16(4):513-529. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2014.939849
Frantzich, S. (2002). Watching the watchers: The nature and content of campaign ad watches. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(2): 34–57.
Genette, G. (1972/1980). Narrative discourse. (J. E. Lewin. Tran.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Graves L. (2016). Deciding What’s True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Graves L. (2018). Boundaries not drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement. Journalism Studies. 19:613–631.
Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe (Reuters Institute Digital News Report). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Graves Lucas, Brendan Nyhan & Jason Reifler (2016). Understanding Innovations in Journalistic Practice: A Field Experiment Examining Motivations for Fact-Checking. Journal of Communication. 66:102–138
Humprecht, E. (2019). How Do They Debunk “Fake News”? A Cross-National Comparison of Transparency in Fact Checks. Digital Journalism. 1-18.
Jonathan Albright (2016). How Trump’s campaign used the new data-industrial complex to win the election. USApp – American Politics and Policy Blog. URL:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/69110.
Jun, Y., Meng, R., & Johar,G. V. (2017). Perceived social presence reduces fact-checking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114(23): 5976-5981.
MacDonald , E. (2017). The fake news that sealed the fate of Antony and Cleopatra. The Conversation. URL: https://theconversation.com/the-fake-news-that-sealed-the-fate-of-antony-and-cleopatra-71287
MyGoPen（2021）【錯誤】緬甸選舉大規模舞弊,使用Dominio的計票機？緬甸使用人工計票。 URL：https://www.mygopen.com/2021/02/Dominion.html
MyGoPen（2020）【謠言】整個腦袋被炸開因手機放在枕頭下爆炸影片？URL:https://www.mygopen.com/2020/09/Cellphone-pillow-explosion.html
MyGoPen（2020）【查證】美國護理師接種輝瑞疫苗後感覺眩暈倒地？本身有昏厥病史。URL:https:// www.mygopen.com/2020/12/Tiffany-Dover.html
Niall J Conroy, Victoria L Rubin, Yimin Chen.(2015). Automatic deception detection: methods for finding fake news. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 52(1):1–4.
Nyhan, B., Cobb, M.D., & Reifler, J. (2013). Beliefs Don't Always Persevere. Political Psychology. 34: 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00935.x
PolitiFact (2020). Donald Trump: 「We already have won the election.」——PANTS ON FIRE！URL: https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/nov/04/donald-trump/trump-falsely-and-prematurely-claims-2020-presiden/
PolitiFact (2020). Donald Trump didn’t ban welfare for immigrants illegally in the US. URL: https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/apr/24/facebook-posts/donald-trump-didnt-ban-welfare-immigrants-illegall/
Reuters (2021). Ronald Reagan quote about Nancy Pelosi appears to be fabricated. URL：https://www.reuters.com/article/fact-check/ronald-reagan-quote-about-nancy-pelosi-appears-to-be-fabricated-idUSL1N2LK1PD/
Reuters (2021). Fact check: Images from Georgia showed shredded wastepaper, not ballots，URL：https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-images-from-georgia-showed-shredded-wastepaper-not-ballots-idUSKBN29C2K4
Shklovsky, V. (1917/1965). Art as technique. In L. T. Lemon and M. Reis (Eds.), Russian formalist criticism. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Snopes (2021). Did Biden Vow To Eliminate the ‘Stepped-Up’ Basis for Capital Gains Tax? URL:https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/biden-stepped-up-capital-gains/
Snopes (2020). Was the Ballot of Deceased Man Named William Bradley Counted in Michigan? URL:https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/william-bradley-voted-dead/
USA Toady (2020). Fact check: Immigrants in US illegally aren't eligible for federal welfare; Trump did not ban it.URL: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/07/17/fact-check-trump-did-not-ban-welfare-immigrants-us-illegally/5385793002/
Walter, N., Cohen, J. , Holber R. L., & Morag, Y. (2019). Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom. PoliticalCommunication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.
2019.1668894 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
107464059 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107464059 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 405901.pdf | | 2445Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
