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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156025
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| Title: | 中印邊界爭端研究
A Study on Sino-Indian Border Dispute |
| Authors: | 翁如怡
Ong, Ru-Yi |
| Contributors: | 許耀明
Hsu, Yao-Ming
翁如怡
Ong, Ru-Yi |
| Keywords: | 中印邊界爭端
實際控制線 (LAC)
1962年戰爭
中印邊境巡邏協議
The Sino-Indian Border Dispute
Line of Actual Control (LAC)
The 1962 War
The India China Border Patrol Agreement |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-03-03 14:44:14 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 中印邊界爭端是一個複雜且持久的問題，融合了歷史遺產、國家抱負與現代地緣政治的交織影響。該爭端的根源在於缺乏國際公認的邊界以及對“實際控制線”（LAC）認知上的分歧。邊界爭端主要集中於西段、東段和中段三個區域，其中東段的“麥克馬洪線”是1914年《西姆拉公約》的產物，中國自始至從未承認其合法性。1962年的中印邊界戰爭使印度在阿克賽欽地區的主權失利，並進一步加劇了雙方的緊張局勢。此後，雙方在1967年以及2020年的加勒萬河谷再次爆發衝突，凸顯了邊界爭端的敏感性和現狀的脆弱性。
主權與領土完整的訴求促使印度和中國在邊界問題上堅持各自的立場，並導致局勢不斷升級。雙方均基於殖民時期遺留下來的邊界劃分及歷史爭議，通過引用歷史文件和對領土的實際控制，來支撐各自的主權主張。這些主張反映出領土爭端的複雜性，也突顯出雙方在解釋邊界歷史和法律依據上的深刻分歧，成為雙方長期未解的難題。實際控制及相關條約義務，來支撐其主權主張。同時，該爭端的解決受到戰略利益和優先事項分歧的制約，而實際控制線（LAC）成為雙方緊張關係的核心點。中印邊界爭端也顯示出這場衝突對地區穩定和國際秩序的重要影響。雙方的邊界爭議不僅涉及雙邊關係的重塑，也關係到整個南亞地區的和平與發展。作為兩個全球主要經濟體，中國和印度在地區合作中的角色舉足輕重，其邊界問題的解決對於確保區域穩定和全球經濟秩序具有深遠意義。
2024年10月21日，印度與中國簽署了《2024年中印邊境巡邏協議》，這標誌著雙方為緩和邊境緊張局勢、加強合作以及穩定邊界管理邁出了關鍵一步。該協議旨在通過恢復部隊巡邏、建立緩衝區以及實施脫離接觸措施來減少邊界摩擦和誤判的風險。作為協議落實的一部分，兩國於2024年10月30日完成了在拉達克地區部分衝突地點的部隊撤離，標誌著雙方在緩解緊張局勢和恢復穩定方面邁出了重要一步。儘管爭端尚未解決，但這一進展表明兩國更重視和平與穩定，而非立即解決根本問題的需求。隨著雙方進一步強化合作機制，採取綜合外交、法律與經濟措施有望推動實現長期和平與穩定。
occupation, and treaty obligations. The dispute is further complicated by strategic interests and divergent priorities, with the Line of Actual Control (LAC) serving as a focal point for tensions. The positions of both nations within the United Nations highlight the global dimension of the conflict. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China leverages its influence to shape regional discussions, while India advocates for peaceful resolution and seeks to bolster its global standing. The border dispute also reflects the complex nature and driving force of the competitive-cooperative Sino-India relationship. Politically, the border dispute involves the challenges of balancing national sovereignty with diplomatic engagement. Economically, the bilateral relationship is characterized by interdependence and rivalry. Militarily, both nations have prioritized modernization to assert their positions in the dispute.
On 21 October 2024, India and China signed the 2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement, laying the foundation for de-escalation and renewed cooperation along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). As part of the agreement’s implementation, significant progress was made in the following months, including the completion of troop disengagement on 30 October 2024 in the Depsang Bulge and Demchok regions of eastern Ladakh. This withdrawal marked a critical milestone, showcasing the ability of both nations to translate diplomatic commitments into tangible actions that reduce tensions and foster stability in the region. |
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• Prasad, Gireesh Chandra & Kumar, Dhirendra & Das, Shouvik. “Thaw in India-China Ties to Help Trade, Movement of People but Caution on FDI Likely to Stay”, Mint (2024), Available at https://www.livemint.com/news/india/thaw-in-india-china-ties-to-help-trade-movement-of-people-but-caution-on-fdi-likely-to-stay-11729690909084.html (Accessed Nov. 9, 2024).
• Roth, Willaim, “The Temple of Preah Vihear Case: Fact vs. Fiction”, TU Law Special Lecture Series 2021 (2021), Available at: https://www.law.tu.ac.th/lecture-summary-the-temple-of-preah-vihear-case/ (Accessed on 2nd February, 2025).
• Rather, Shaiba, “India and China Border Briefer: The Shadow of Article 370’s Revocation” Lawfare (2020), https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/india-and-china-border-briefer-shadow-article-370s-Revocation (Accessed on 25th January, 2025).
• Reuters, “India-China Border Clash in Ladakh: Timeline and Implications”, (2020) Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/india-china-clash-idUSKBN23N0HB
• Rathore, Riya Singh. (2021). McMahon’s Deadlock: Is the Indo-China Dispute Shifting to Arunachal? Social and Political Research Foundation. Available at: https://sprf.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/SPRF-2021_Comm_Indo-China_McMahons-Line_Final.pdf (Accessed May 14, 2024).
• Roy, Shubhajit (2023), “Two New US-India Agreements: A Short History of Growing Defence Ties”, The Indian Express, Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/two-new-us-india-agreements-a-short-history-of-growing-defence-ties-9534655 (Accessed 5th June, 2023).
• Security Council Report (2017), “Security Council and Wider UN Structure - In Hindsight”, The Security Council and the International Court of Justice (2017), Available at https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2017-01/in_hindsight_the_security_council_and_the_international_court_of_justice.php (Accessed Sept. 3, 2024).
• Singh, Ameya Pratap. (2024). The Past (and Future) of the Territorial Swap Offer in the China-India Border Dispute. The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/the-past-and-future-of-the-territorial-swap-offer-in-the-china-india-border-dispute/ (Accessed July 16, 2024).
• Saha, Rahul & Kumar, Saurav., “US recognises McMahon Line as international boundary between India and China: What does it mean,” The Economic Times (2023), Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/us-recognises-mcmahon-line-as-international-boundary-between-india-and-china-what-does-it-mean/videoshow/98731661.cms?from=mdr (Accessed 11th December, 2024).
• State Council of the People’s Republic of China, No. 12 (Total No. 261) (1962), Available at https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1962/gwyb196212.pdf (Accessed Mar. 29, 2024).
• Singh, Col. Vivek (2024), “China’s Infrastructure Development Along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Implications for India”, Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (2024), Available at https://cenjows.in/chinas-infrastructure-development-along-the-line-of-actual-control-lac-and-implications-for-india/ (Accessed Nov. 8, 2024).
• Smart Border Management – An Indian Perspective”, PWC (2016), Available at https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2016/smart-border-management-an-indian-perspective.pdf (Accessed Nov. 16, 2024).
• Song, Wanyuan & Wong, Tessa, “Politburo Standing Committee: Who are the men who rule China now?”, BBC News (2022), Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63339821 (Accessed Nov. 15, 2024).
• Singh, Ameya Pratap, “The Past (and Future) of the Territorial Swap Offer in the China-India Border Dispute”, The Diplomat (2024), Available at https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/the-past-and-future-of-the-territorial-swap-offer-in-the-china-india-border-dispute/ (Accessed Sept. 7, 2024).
• Suter, Keith. “The Successes and Limitations of International Law and the International Court of Justice, 20 Medicine, Conflict and Survival”, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. (2004), Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27017609 (Accessed Aug. 18, 2024).
• Sharma, Kirti, “What is India-China LAC Patrolling Agreement? Key Points and Explanation”, Jagran Gosh Explainer (2024), Available at: https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-indiachina-lac-patrolling-agreement-1729665616-1 (Accessed 19th January, 2024).
• Singh, Mandip, “STRATEGIC DEPTH IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN IS A NECESSITY FOR INDIA”, Organization for Research on China and Asia (2022), Available at https://orcasia.org/article/133/strategic-depth-in-gilgit-baltistan-is-a-neccessity-for-india (Accessed on 16th February, 2025).
• Setyowati, Herning and Nurulita, Alma. “The Role of ASEAN in Dispute Resolution Between Thailand and Cambodia”. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia 2 (1) (2023), pp.149-70, Available at: https://doi.org/10.15294/ildisea.v2i1.66152. (Accessed on 2nd February, 2025).
• Tun, Kyaw Moe, “Towards a Peaceful Settlement of the Preah Vihear Temple Dispute”, Institute for Security and Development Policy (2011).
• Tayeb, Tasneem., “India-China Border Dispute: Lack of actual control”, The Daily Star (2020), Available at: https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/india-china-border-dispute-lack-actual-control-1922489 (Accessed 4th December, 2024).
• The Diplomat, “The South China Sea Case and China’s New Nationalism - Putting Chinese Nationalism in Historical Context”, (2016), Available at https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/the-south-china-sea-case-and-chinas-new-nationalism/ (Accessed Mar. 3, 2024).
• The Hindu, “India-China Standoff in Doklam: Timeline of Events”, (2017) Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-standoff-in-doklam-timeline-of-events/article19578685.ece. (Accessed 20th January, 2024).
• The New York Times, “India and China Face Off Along Their Border as Troops Build Up”, (2021), Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/world-asia/india-china-border.html. (Accessed 24th January, 2024).
• The New York Times, “India and China Face Off Along Their Border as Troops Build Up”, (2021), Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/world-asia/india-china-border.html. (Accessed 25th January, 2024).
• The Challenge of a Two-Front War: India’s China-Pakistan Dilemma, Stimson Center (2021), Available at https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-challenge-of-a-two-front-war-indias-china-pakistan-dilemma (Accessed Oct. 13, 2024).
• The World Bank. “China Overview: Development News, Research, Data”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview#:~:text=Results-,Since%20China%20began%20to%20open%20up%20and%20reform%20its%20economy,of%20China's%20previous%20development%20path. (Accessed on 16th February, 2025).
• The Challenge of a Two-Front War: India’s China-Pakistan Dilemma, Stimson Center (2021), Available at https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-challenge-of-a-two-front-war-indias-china-pakistan-dilemma (Accessed Oct. 13, 2024).
• The Economic Times. “India to keep money curbs on neighbours in place despite thawing ties with China”, (2024), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/india-to-retain-investment-curbs-on-border-nations-despite-china-deal/articleshow/114493376.cms?from=mdr (Accessed on 16th February, 2025).
• The Times of India (2025), “China Strengthens Military Positions Along LAC,” Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articles/20250129 (Accessed 16th February, 2025).
• U.S. Department of State (n.d.), “U.S. Security Cooperation with India”, State Department, Available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-india (Accessed 12th February, 2025).
• U.S. Department of State (n.d.), “U.S. Security Cooperation with India”, State Department, Available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-india (Accessed 12th February, 2025).
• United Nations, “Peace, Dignity and Equality on a Healthy Planet – Uphold International Law”, Available at https://www.un.org/en/our-work/uphold-international-law#:~:text=This%20work%20is%20carried%20out,if%20it%20deems%20this%20necessary (Accessed Sept. 3, 2024).
• United Nations Statute of the International Court of Justice, CHAPTER II: COMPETENCE OF THE COURT, Article 36, Available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/statute-of-the-international-court-of-justice#:~:text=Article%2036&text=The%20states%20parties%20to%20the,b. (Accessed Aug. 23, 2024).
• Voice of America (2020), “UN Urges Restraint Along India-China Border,” Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_un-urges-restraint-along-india-china-border/6191242.html (Accessed 16th February, 2025).
• World Bank Group, “India’s Economy to Remain Strong Despite Subdued Global Growth”, (2024), Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2024/09/03/india-s-economy-to-remain-strong-despite-subdued-global-growth (Accessed Nov. 9, 2024).
• Yadav, Dipti., “Through historical maps: Why China's claims over Aksai Chin hold no ground,” India Today (2023), Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/historical-maps-china-claims-hold-no-ground-over-aksai-chin-india-2434161-2023-09-11 (Accessed 09th December, 2024).
• Yu, Miles Maochun, “China’s Border Strategies and Its Security Paranoia”, Hoover Institution (2024), Available at https://www.hoover.org/research/chinas-border-strategies-and-its-security-paranoia (Accessed Apr. 6, 2024).
5. NGO or International Organization Publications
• Asia Society Policy Institute, “Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA),” Available at: https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/navigating-belt-road-initiative-toolkit/stakeholders/chinese-government/ministry-foreign-affairs-mfa (Accessed Nov. 15, 2024).
• Cornell Law School, “uti possidetis juris – Frontier Dispute ICJ Judgment, 22 22 December 1986, ¶20,” https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/uti_possidetis_juris (Accessed on 12th February, 2025).
• FAS Intelligence Resource Program, “People's Armed Police,” Federation of American Scientists (2000), Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/world/china/mps/org.htm (Accessed Nov. 15, 2024).
• Hellman, Lisa & Smith, Edmond eds., “Global Border Making and Securitisation in the Early Modern World,” J. Brit. Acad. Suppl. Issue 4 (2021), Available at: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3408/JBA-9s4-00.pdf (Accessed Mar. 26, 2024).
• National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People’s Republic of China, “Main Functions of the NDRC,” Available at: https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/aboutndrc/mainfunctions/ (Accessed Nov. 15, 2024).
• The National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (中國人大網), “Functions and Powers of the National People's Congress,” Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Special_11_2/2007-11/15/content_1471912.htm (Accessed Nov. 15, 2024).
• United Nations, The United Nations Office in Geneva, What is the International Court of Justice and Why Does It Matter?, (2024), Available at: https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2024/01/89269/what-international-court-justice-and-why-does-it-matter#:~=The%20court%20can%20rule%20on (Accessed Aug. 17, 2024).
• United Nations, Security Council, Current Members, Available at: https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/content/current-members (Accessed on 17th August, 2024).
• United Nations. (1993, September 7). Agreement on Border Security between India and China. Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/en/node/9226 (Accessed February 13, 2025).
6. Legal Documents
• Agreement Between the Republic of India and the People’s Republic of China on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region of China and India, Apr. 29, 1954, 299 U.N.T.S. 57.
• Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas, India-China, (1993), Available at Ministry of External Affairs, India.
• Article 2 - USE OF TERMS, 1. For the purposes of the present Convention: (a) “treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.
• Article 2 – USE OF TERMS, (d) "party" means a State which has consented to be bound by the treaty and for which the treaty is in force.
• Article 33 is part of Chapter VI of the UN Charter, which is titled "Pacific Settlement of Disputes." 1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. 2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.
• Article 2 - The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. 4. “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.”
• Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet, Mar. 17, 1890, 181 Brit. & Foreign St. Papers 1033 (1906).
• Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914), Tibet Justice Centre, Available at: link (Accessed 30th November, 2024).
• Director of Intelligence Bureau. (1958). Report on Chinese Activities in Aksai Chin.
• Judgment - Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), 1962 I.C.J. 6 (June 15), Available at: link (Accessed Aug. 14, 2024).
• Ministry of External Affairs, “White Paper on Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged Between the Governments of India and China, 1959”, Gov’t of India Publication (1959).
• Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question, 272, 274 (1961).
• Statute of the International Court of Justice, art. 94, ¶ 1.
• United Nations Charter, Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice. Article 94: 1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party.
7. Other Sources Related to International Organizations
• Besson, Samantha. “Oxford Public International Law: Sovereignty,” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press (2011), Available at https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1472 (Accessed Aug. 21, 2024).
• Embassy of India, Beijing, China, “Historical Ties,” https://www.eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MjI (Accessed 6th December, 2024).
• Mehra, Parshotam. (1959). India, China and Tibet 1954 in India China and Japan: Foreign Policy, Grover, Deep (Ed.). Deep and Deep Publishers, New Delhi.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “Press Briefing on Doklam Crisis” (2017).
• Ravn, Ashley, “Concerns with the International Court of Justice and its Ability to Compel Compliance with Judgments in the Context of South Africa v. Israel”, University of Denver, Sturm College of Law (2024), Available at: https://djilp.org/concerns-with-the-international-court-of-justice-and-its-ability-to-compel-compliance-with-judgments-in-the-context-of-south-africa-v-israel/ (Accessed on 4th February, 2025).
• Simla Accord, Available in British Library Collections (1914).
• Ogbodo, S. Gozie, “An Overview of the Challenges Facing the International Court of Justice in the 21st Century,” Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 18 (2012), Available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol18/iss1/ (Accessed Aug. 23, 2024). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
111961012 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111961012 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文
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