Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/155948
|
| Title: | 當年輕世代遇見政治假訊息：辨偽與行動策略研析
When Young Generation Encounters Political Disinformation: An Analysis of Verification and Effective Responses |
| Authors: | 連芸澤
Lien, Yun-Ze |
| Contributors: | 蘇蘅
Su, Herng
連芸澤
Lien, Yun-Ze |
| Keywords: | 政治假訊息
政治極化
資訊辨偽
因應假訊息行動策略
Political disinformation
Political polarization
Verification
Responses to disinformation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-03-03 13:53:10 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 假訊息席捲全球，我們除了察覺其存在，還能如何有效應對？政治作為管理眾人之事，與每個人息息相關。本研究聚焦於政治假訊息，深入探討年輕世代是否存在政治極化，他們對當代資訊環境的觀感、政治資訊的主要接收管道與來源、辨別假訊息的方法，以及面對假訊息時的應對行為。
研究結果顯示，作為數位原生代的年輕世代，展現了新舊媒介並用的特性，例如同時依賴社群媒體、電視與人際網絡等多元管道接收資訊。然而，值得關注的是，年輕世代確實存在政治極化現象，並傾向從認同的政黨或政治人物處獲取資訊，進一步形成同溫層。此現象可與近期政黨支持者互指對方散布假訊息的社會動態互為印證。
此外，本研究發現，閱聽環境與閱聽人行為密不可分。年輕世代接觸假訊息的頻率越高，越容易信以為真，卻也因此更積極採取應對行動，例如提高警覺、提醒親友，甚至主動更正資訊。儘管他們對整體資訊環境與社群媒體的信任度普遍偏低，但在辨識資訊真假上展現出一定程度的努力。然而，從結果來看，年輕世代對於政治資訊真假仍存在判斷困難，若認定為假訊息，年輕世代多傾向從個人出發，選擇提高警覺或提醒親朋好友。
本研究探索了年輕世代在面對假訊息時的行動與挑戰，並為理解政治資訊的傳播與辨識提供了新的視角。
The spread of disinformation has swept across the globe. Beyond recognizing its existence, how can we respond effectively? Politics, as the management of public affairs, is closely related to everyone. This study focuses on political disinformation, exploring whether political polarization exists among young generations, their perceptions of the contemporary information environment, the main channels and sources through which they receive political information, the methods they use to identify disinformation, and their responses when encountering it.
The results indicate that as digital natives, the young generation demonstrates a unique ability to utilize both new and traditional media. They rely on diverse channels such as social media, television, and interpersonal networks to receive information. Notably, political polarization is evident among the young generation, leading them to prefer information from parties or political figures they support, thereby reinforcing echo chambers. This phenomenon aligns with recent societal trends where supporters of different political parties accuse each other of spreading disinformation.
Furthermore, the study reveals a close relationship between the information environment and audience behavior. The more frequently young people are exposed to disinformation, the more likely they are to believe it. However, this also motivates them to take proactive measures, such as increasing vigilance, alerting friends and family, or correcting disinformation. Despite their generally low trust in the overall information environment and social media, they show a certain degree of effort in identifying disinformation. Nonetheless, they still face challenges in determining the authenticity of political information. When recognizing disinformation, they tend to respond on a personal level by paying closer attention or alerting those around them.
This study explores the young generation’s actions and challenges in responding to disinformation, offering new perspectives for understanding the dissemination and verification of political information. |
| Reference: | Chien, A. C., 儲百亮（2023年 12 月 5 日）。〈台灣大選的不確定因素：沮喪的年輕選民〉，《紐約時報中文網》。https://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20231205/taiwan-election-youth-vote-china/zh-hant/
上官亂（2024 年 1 月 17 日）。〈外界意外台灣大選結果：意識形態之爭進入「統獨疲勞」，選民回歸理性了嗎？〉，《歪腦》。https://www.wainao.me/wainao-reads/low-turnout-and-vote-share-in-Taiwans-general-election-01152024/
中央社（2023年9月27日）。〈台灣大選逼近假消息蔓延 經濟學人：中國正助長疑美論〉。《中央社》。取自https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202309270050.aspx
王淑美、陳百齡、鄭宇君、劉蕙苓、蘇蘅著（2020）。《破擊假新聞-解析數位時代的媒體與資訊操控》。臺北市：三民書局。
王泰俐（2019）。〈假新聞與民主危機〉。《臺灣民主季刊》，16(3)：155-61。
台灣資訊環境研究中心（2021年 1 月 15 日）。〈誰抵抗力最弱？學者王泰俐研究：年輕人、女性、中間選民易受不實訊息影響〉，《台灣資訊環境研究中心》。https://iorg.tw/a/wang-tai-li
王宏恩（2021）。〈台灣民眾的政治資訊接收（2004－2020）－探索性的分析。《臺灣民主季刊》，18(4)，107-128。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=17269350-202112-202204010022-202204010022-107-128
王宏恩（2023年2月2日）。〈2022期中選舉台灣選民的政治資訊接收管道〉。《台灣智庫》。取自https://voicettank.org/2022期中選舉台灣選民的政治資訊接收管道/
王宏恩（2024年3月20日）。〈面對兩岸局勢「永遠維持現狀」支持者正在暴增，背後隱憂是什麼？〉。《關鍵評論網》。取自https://www.thenewslens.com/article/200369
古倫維（2022）。〈假新聞如何攻擊國家選情？可能顛覆選舉結果的「假新聞」〉， 林翰佐、趙軒翎、李依庭編《科學月刊》，頁 18-23。財團法人台北市科學出版事業基金會。
政治大學選舉研究中心（2025）。《臺灣民眾統獨立場趨勢分佈(1994年12月~2024年12月)》。政治大學選舉研究中心。https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7805&id=6962
行政院（2018年12月10日）。〈政院：不可傷害言論自由 三重機制防制「惡、假、害」不實訊息〉，《行政院新聞傳播處》。https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/a87eb5ee-9466-438a-a6fe-a8570db6ab1a
李惟平、何蕙安（2024年 2 月 20 日）。〈剖析2024年台灣總統大選選舉作票不實訊息〉，《台灣事實查核中心》。https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/10316
李惟平、何蕙安（2023年 12 月 10 日）。〈【研究與動態】2020-2022台灣選舉不實訊息趨勢回顧（上）〉，《台灣事實查核中心》。https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/9971
李惟平、何蕙安（2023年 12 月 18日）。〈【研究與動態】2020-2022台灣選舉不實訊息趨勢回顧（下）〉，《台灣事實查核中心》。https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/10007
李依儒（2023）。《不同世代的假訊息解讀與傳播》。政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程碩士論文。
呂嘉鴻（2024年 1 月 14 日）。〈台灣大選：一文讀懂民進黨賴清德為何獲勝 以及選後的各種看點〉，《BBC News 中文》。https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-67973916
林照真（2020）。〈假新聞類型與媒體聚合：以2018年臺灣選舉為例〉。《新聞學研究》，(142)，111-153。https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.202001_(142).0003
林聰吉（2022）。〈網路政治資訊可以提升社會信任和政治參與嗎？〉。《台灣政治學刊》，26(2)，127-177。https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.202212_26(2).0003
金車文教基金會（2023年11月15日）。《2023青少年媒體素養調查》。車文教基金會。https://kingcar.org.tw/survey/501860
洪貞玲、張佑宗、謝吉隆（2023）。《2023 年假訊息大調查》。新北市：台灣事實查核教育基金會。
洪詩宸（2023年12月28日）。〈假訊息擾台／看完會憤怒「就是這樣！沒錯！」 認識假訊息的操縱機制〉，《公視新聞網》。https://news.pts.org.tw/article/673654
俞蘋（2019）。〈有心或無意？：社群媒體上的新聞與政治資訊使用〉。《中華傳播學刊》，(36)，39-79。https://doi.org/10.3966/172635812019120036002
馬傑偉（2014）。〈重構閱聽人〉。《傳播與社會學刊》，第27 期，頁23–25。
財團法人台灣網路資訊中心（2023 年 8 月）。《2023 年台灣網路報告》。台灣網路報告官網。https://report.twnic.tw/2023/
財團法人台灣網路資訊中心（2022年 7 月 ）。《2022 年台灣網路報告》。台灣網路報告官網。https://report.twnic.tw/2022/
張卿卿（2022）。傳播調查資料庫 第二期第五次（2021）：新傳播科技與人際延伸（D00224_1）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00224_1-1
張卿卿（2020）。傳播調查資料庫 第二期第二次（2018）：媒介使用與社會互動（D00176）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00176-1
張卿卿（2020）。傳播調查資料庫 第一期第四次(（2015）：政治傳播與公民傳播（D00161）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00161-1
郭宇璇（2023年9月22日）。〈劍橋大學「假訊息敏感度測驗」，年輕人的答對率竟比45歲以上中老年人還差〉，《關鍵評論網》。https://www.thenewslens.com/article/192167
許嘉元、陳韻如（2023年4月14日）。〈2022 台灣地方選舉：政治極化與資訊操作的新挑戰〉。《台灣民主實驗室》。取自https://medium.com/doublethinklab-tw/2022-台灣地方選舉-政治極化與資訊操作的新挑戰-689ed7602a21
許嘉元、陳韻如（2023年1月12日）。〈2022 不實訊息對選舉影響出口訪調與線上調查數據〉。《台灣民主實驗室》。取自https://medium.com/doublethinklab-tw/2022-不實訊息對選舉影響出口訪調與線上調查數據-ccb1142b15ab
許瓊文（2020）。《2019台灣新聞媒體可信度研究》。財團法人台灣媒體觀察教育基金會。https://www.mediawatch.org.tw/news/9911
國家通訊傳播委員會（2023）。《112 年度通訊市場調查結果報告》。國家通訊傳 播委員會。https://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/show_file.aspx?table_name =news&file_sn=60158
黃鈺婷（2019年6月27-28日）。〈網路健康謠言滿天飛!假新聞之來源可信度與情緒性内容對不同世代的分享情況〉【論文發表】。「2019 年中華傳播學會年會」，臺北市，臺灣。http://www.tcataiwan.org/paperdetail.asp?HP_ID=1942
黃兆年（2023年11月29日）。〈假訊息治理會傷害還是保護言論自由？不得不面對的數位挑戰與政策權衡〉。《獨立評論》。取自https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/545/article/14300
黃馨儀（2020）。《政治新聞的真與假-閱聽人對真實的理解與辨偽》。政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程碩士論文。
周慧儀（2024年5月10日）。〈台灣統獨議題：務實還是隱憂？ 越來越多人想「永遠維持現狀」的前因後果〉，《BBC News中文》。https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-68968196
路淼、羅文輝、魏然（2023）。〈新冠疫情虛假資訊的接觸頻率、預設影響與香港市民對虛假資訊的態度與行為〉。《傳播與社會學刊》，65：191-217。https://doi.org/10.30180/CS.202307_(65).0008
楊語芸、林怡君（2023年9月25日）。〈【評論】全面解析缺蛋與蛋價真相，污名進口蛋或蛋商囤蛋，除了引發恐慌無濟於事〉，《上下游》。https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/192711/
溫貴香（2022年3月12日）。〈時代革命助攻 蔡總統IG追蹤數超越柯P居政治首位〉，《中央通訊社》。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202203120138.aspx
管婺媛（2024年1月18日）。〈O2O社群戰法奪26％市占 柯文哲成年輕人「政治初戀」〉，《商業周刊》。https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/Archive/Article?StrId=7009512
臺灣傳播調查資料庫（2022年 11 月 7 日）。〈「可以不要再出現假新聞了嗎？」-探討台灣民眾對假新聞的感受及影響〉，《臺灣傳播調查資料庫電子報》。https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=153
臺灣傳播調查資料庫（2024年 3 月 19 日）。〈「網紅真的有政治或公共事務的影響力嗎？」探討網紅的粉絲政黨偏好〉，《臺灣傳播調查資料庫電子報》。https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=162
廖昱涵（2023年5月15日）。〈政大政治學者黃兆年引多項研究：「中間選民」最易受假消息影響，恐傷害臺灣民主運作〉。《沃草》。取自https://watchout.tw/reports/iW3BjIRbrZqCiBHCrjBI
鄭宇君（2021）。〈社交媒體假訊息的操作模式初探：以兩個臺灣政治傳播個案為例〉。《中華傳播學刊》，(39)，3-41。https://doi.org/10.3966/172635812021060039001
劉慧雯（2019年2月）。〈社群媒體環境下假訊息如何對民主造成挑戰〉，《交流雜誌》。財團法人海峽交流基金會。取自https://www.sef.org.tw/article-1-129-4672
劉芮菁（2021年7月22日）。〈【世紀之疫遇上假訊息】別亂怪長輩愛傳假訊息 換位思考去理解資訊和情感需求〉，《台灣事實查核中心》。https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/6030
蔡立勳（2024年 2 月 6 日）。〈改愛阿北！年輕人與民進黨爆「分手潮」，他們到底愛柯文哲什麼？〉，《天下雜誌》。https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5129265
蔡晉宇（2024年 1月 21 日）。〈禁用抖音社群戰吃虧 綠大咖攻Threads平台〉，《聯合新聞網》。https://udn.com/news/story/123307/7723405
蔡旻潔、楊惟任（2022）。〈社群媒體對首投族政治參與影響之研究：以2020年總統選舉為例〉。《通識教育與多元文化學報》，(10)，103-142。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=P20160415001-202208-202208170005-202208170005-103-142
蕭怡靖（2019）。〈台灣民衆的黨性極化及其對民主態度的影響〉。《台灣政治學刊》，23(2)，41-85。https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.201912_23(2).0002
魏然、郭靖、王賽、黃懿慧（2022）。〈新冠肺炎虛假資訊接觸對認知和態度的負面影響:探究數字媒體資訊近用性的形塑作用〉。《傳播與社會學刊》，62：207-264。https://doi.org/10.30180/CS.202210_62.0008
羅文輝、蘇蘅（2011）。〈媒介暴露與資訊處理策略對新流感相關知識的影響〉。《新聞學研究》，第107期，頁173–206。
羅文輝（2004）。〈選擇可信度：1992及2002年報紙與電視新聞可信度的比較研究〉。《新聞學研究》，第80期，頁1–50。
羅文輝、林文琪、牛隆光、蔡卓芬（2003）。〈媒介依賴與媒介使用對選擇新聞可信度的影響：五種媒介的比較〉。《新聞學研究》，74 集:頁 19-44。
羅世宏（2018）。〈關於「假新聞」的批判思考：老問題、新挑戰與可能的多重解方〉。《資訊社會研究》，(35)，51-85。https://doi.org/10.29843/JCCIS.201807_(35).0003
蘇蘅（2015）。《2014台灣新聞媒體公信力研究》。財團法人台灣媒體觀察教育基金會。https://www.mediawatch.org.tw/news/9282
Abramowitz, A.I., & Steven W. W. (2018). “Negative Partisanship: Why Americans Dislike Parties But Behave Like Rabid Partisans.” Political Psychology 39:119–135.
American Institute in Taiwan (AIT). (2018, October 16). 你知道什麼是假新聞嗎？根據聯合國人權事務高級專員辦公室（OHCHR）定義... [Facebook status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10156648182783490&id=193725958489
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017, Spring). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economics Perspectives, 31(2): 211-236.
Acerbi, A. (2019). Cultural evolution in the digital age. Oxford University Press.
Appelman, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2016). Measuring Message Credibility: Construction and Validation of an Exclusive Scale. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606057
Au, C.H., Ho, K.K.W. & Chiu, D.K. (2021). The Role of Online Misinformation and Fake News in Ideological Polarization: Barriers, Catalysts, and Implications. Inf Syst Front 24, 1331–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10133-9
Badrinathan, S. (2021). Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1325–1341. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000459
Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2017). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
Barnidge, M., & Rojas, H. (2014). Hostile media perceptions, presumed media influence, and political talk: Expanding the corrective action hypothesis. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(2), 135–156.
Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2010). Myfacetube politics: Social networking web sites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 24-44.
Berinsky, A. J. (2017). Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241–262. doi:10.1017/S0007123415000186
Boczkowski, P., & Mitchelstein, E., & Matassi, M. (2017). Incidental News: How Young People Consume News on Social Media. 10.24251/HICSS.2017.217.
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019, October). The global disinformation order: 2019 global inventory of organised social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute Report. Retrieved from https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/cybertroops2019/
Brulle, R.J., Carmichael, J. & Jenkins, J.C. Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the U.S., 2002–2010. Climatic Change 114, 169–188 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0403-y
Brummette, J., DiStaso, M., Vafeiadis, M., & Messner, M. (2018). Read All About It: The Politicization of “Fake News” on Twitter. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 497-517.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018769906
Buchanan T. (2020). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PloS one, 15(10), e0239666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239666
Bucher, T., & Helmond, A. (2018). The affordances of social media platforms. In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social media (pp. 233-253). London, UK: Sage Publications.
Carothers, T., & O’Donohue, A. (Eds.). (2019). Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Brookings Institution Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctvbd8j2p
Chang C. (2021). Fake News: Audience perceptions and concerted coping strategies. Digital Journalism, 9(5), 636-659.doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1923403
Chang C. (2022). Cross-country comparison of effects of early government communication on personal empowerment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan and the United States. Health communication, 37(4), 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1852698
Ceylan, G., Anderson, I. A., & Wood, W. (2023). Sharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biased. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(4), 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216614120
Chen, M. K., & Rohla, R. (2018). The efect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties. Science, 360(6392), 1020–1024. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1433
Chen, X., Sin, S.-C. J., Theng, Y.L., & Lee, C.S. (2015). Why students share misinformation on social media: Motivation, gender, and study-level differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(5), 583-592.
Choi, J., & Lee, J. K. (2021). Confusing effects of fake news on clarity of political information in the social media environment. Journalism Practice, 16(10), 2147–2165. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1903971
Crucian, N. (2023). The Fake News Phenomenon in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Perception of Romanian Students. Journal of Media Research. 16(2), 28-45. 10.24193/jmr.46.2.
Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee. (2019). Disinformation and ‘fake news’: Final Report. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf
Dilliplane, S. (2011). All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(2), 287-316. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr006
Dilliplane, S. (2014). Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12046
Dimock M. (2019, January 17). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/ on 3 Feb 2025.
Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology, 35(8), 775–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
Edmunds, A., & Morris, A. (2000). The problem of information overload in business organisations: a review of the literature. International Journal of Information Management, 20(1), 17–28.
Enders, A. M., & Armaly, M. T. (2019). The differential effects of actual and perceived polarization. Political Behavior, 41(3), 815–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9476-2
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
Farkas, J., & Schou, J. (2019). Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy; Mapping the Politics of Falsehood. 10.4324/9780429317347.
Feng, K.J., Song, K., Li, K., Chakrabarti, O., & Chetty., M. (2022). Investigating how university students in the united states encounter and deal with misinformation in private whatsapp chats during COVID-19. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth USENIX Conference on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS'22). USENIX Association, USA, Article 23, 427–446.
Frayer L. (2018, July 18). Viral WhatsApp Messages Are Triggering Mob Killings In India. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india on 3 Feb 2025.
Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as political communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
Friedlander, E. (2019). Why people post fake news. Vice: The truth and lies issue. Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-people-post-fake-news-v26n1/ on 31 Jan 2025.
Galarza-Molina, R. (2023). Youth in the face of disinformation: A qualitative exploration of Mexican college students’ attitudes, motivations, and abilities around false news. Communication & Society, 36(2), 97-113.
Galeotti, E. (2019). Believing fake news. In Angela Condello & Tiziana Andina (eds.), Post-Truth, Philosophy and Law. New York, NY: Routledge.
Geiger A. (2016). 16 Striking Findings from 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/21/16-striking-findings-from-2016/ on 31 Jan 2025.
Gerosa, T., Gui, M., Hargittai, E., & Nguyen, M. H. (2021). (Mis) informed during COVID-19: How education level and information sources contribute to knowledge gaps. International Journal of Communication, 15, 2196–2217.
Grinberg, Nir & Joseph, Kenneth & Friedland, Lisa & Swire-Thompson, Briony & Lazer, David. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Science. 363. 374-378. 10.1126/science.aau2706.
Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The infuence of presumed infuence. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 199–215.
Gunther, A. C., Bolt, D., Borzekowski, D. L. G., Liebhart, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (2006). Presumed infuence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 52–68.
Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science advances, 5(1), eaau4586. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York, NY, USA: Pantheon Books.
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hameleers, M. (2024). Why do social media users accept, doubt or resist corrective information? A qualitative analysis of comments in response to corrective information on social media. Journalism Studies, 25(7), 776–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2340591
Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019). Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study. New Media & Society, 21(11-12), 2463–2482.https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819850755
Hermida, A. (2010). TWITTERING THE NEWS: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003640703
How Modi’s Supporters Used Social Media to Spread Disinformation During the Elections. (2024, Jun 3). Time. https://time.com/6984947/india-election-disinformation-modi/
Hu, Y., & Shyam Sundar, S. (2010). Effects of Online Health Sources on Credibility and Behavioral Intentions. Communication Research, 37(1), 105-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209351512
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, Not Ideology A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76, 405-431.
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015). Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 690–707. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24583091
Jang, S. M., Geng, T. M., Li, J. Y. Q., Xia, R. F., Huang, C. T., Kim, H., & Tang, J. J.(2018). A computational approach for examining the roots and spreading patterns of fake news: Evolution tree analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 103-113. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.032
J.-B. Jeangène Vilmer, A. Escorcia, M. Guillaume, J. Herrera, Information Manipulation: A Challenge for Our Democracies, report by the Policy Planning Staff (CAPS) of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs and the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM) of the Ministry for the Armed Forces, Paris, 2018.
Jacobson, H. K. (1969). Mass media believability: A study of receiver judgment. Journalism Quarterly, 46(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769906904600103
Jenke, L. (2024). Affective Polarization and Misinformation Belief. Polit Behav 46, 825–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-022-09851-w
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Political misinformation. Annual Review of political science, 23,77-94. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (1998). Cruising is Believing?: Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500208
Johnson, T.J., & Kaye, B.K. (2002). Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 619 - 642.
Jose, M., Cortina. (1993). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1):98-104. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500005271
Kang, H., Bae, K., Zhang, S., & Sundar, S. S. (2011). Source Cues in Online News: Is the Proximate Source More Powerful than Distal Sources? Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(4), 719-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800403
Katsirea, I. (2018). “Fake news”: reconsidering the value of untruthful expression in the face of regulatory uncertainty. Journal of Media Law, 10(2), 159–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2019.1573569
Kiousis, S. (2001). Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age. Mass Communication and Society, 4(4), 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4
Lachapelle, E., Montpetit, É., & Gauvin, J. (2014). Public Perceptions of Expert Credibility on Policy Issues: The Role of Expert Framing and Political Worldviews. Policy Studies Journal, 42, 674-697.
Lazer, D.M.J., et al. (2018). The science of fake news. Science. 359(6380), 1094-1096. DOI:10.1126/science.aao2998
Lee, J. J., Kang, K. A., Wang, M. P., Zhao, S. Z., Wong, J. Y. H., O’Connor, S., Yang, C. S., & Shin, S. (2020). Associations between COVID-19 misinformation exposure and belief with COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors: Cross-sectional online study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22205. doi:10.2196/22205
Lelkes, Y., & Westwood, S.J. (2017). The Limits of Partisan Prejudice. The Journal of Politics, 79(2), 485-501.
Liu, P. L., & Huang, L. V. (2020). Digital disinformation about COVID-19 and the third-person effect: Examining the channel differences and negative emotional outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(11), 789–793. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0363
Lamb, B. (2018). False witnesses: Fact and fiction in the age of fake news. Screen Education, (91), 94-99.
Levendusky, M. (2013). Partisan Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward the Opposition. Political Communication, 30(4), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737435
Majerczak, P., & Strzelecki, A. (2022). Trust, media credibility, social ties, and the intention to share towards information verification in an age of fake news. Behavioral sciences, 12(2), 51.https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020051
Maurer, M., & Reinemann, C. (2006). Learning Versus Knowing: Effects of Misinformation in Televised Debates. Communication Research, 33(6), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206293252
McDougall, J. (2019). Fake News vs Media Studies: Travels in a False Binary. 10.1007/978-3-030-27220-3.
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000968
Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & Mccann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Communication Yearbook,27(1), 293–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2003.11679029
Munger, K., Egan, P. J., Nagler, J., Ronen, J., & Tucker, J. (2022). Political Knowledge and Misinformation in the Era of Social Media: Evidence From the 2015 UK Election. British Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 107–127. doi:10.1017/S0007123420000198
Murphy, G., de Saint Laurent, C., Reynolds, M., Aftab, O., Hegarty, K. Sun, Y. & Greene, C. M. (2023). What do we study when we study misinformation? A scoping review of experimental research (2016-2022). Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-130
Nadarevic, L., Reber, R., Helmecke, A. J., & Köse, D. (2020). Perceived truth of statements and simulated social media postings: An experimental investigation of source credibility, repeated exposure, and presentation format. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, Article 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00251-4
Nielsen, R.K., & Graves, L. (2017). “News You Don’t Believe”: Audience Perspectives on Fake News. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news
Newman, N., & Fletcher, R. (2017). Bias, Bullshit and Lies: Audience Perspectives on Low Trust in the Media. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.3173579.
Notley, T., Dezuanni, M., Zhong, H. (F. ), & Howden, S. (2017). News and Australian Children: How Young People Access, Perceive and are Affected by the News. Retrieved from http://apo.org.au/node/120076
Oliphant, J., & Smith, S. (2016). How Americans are talking about Trump’s election in 6 charts, Pew Research Center. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/12/22/how-americans-are talking-about-trumps-election-in-6-charts/ on 31 Jan 2025.
Olmstead, K., Mitchell, A., & Rosenstiel., T. (2011, May 9). Navigating News Online: Where People Go, How They Get There and What Lures Them Away. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/ on 3 Feb 2025.
Osmundsen, M., Bor, A., Vahlstrup, P. B., Bechmann, A., & Petersen, M. B. (2021). Partisan polarization is the primary psychological motivation behind political fake news sharing on Twitter. American Political Science Review, 115(3), 999–1015. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000290
Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2019). Expanding Visibility on Twitter: Author and Message Characteristics and Retweeting. Social Media + Society, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119834595
Pew Research Center. (2021). News Use Across Social Media Platforms in 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/01/12/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-in-2020/
Pennycook, G., & Rand D. G. (2021).The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388-402. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007.
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Who falls for fake news? The roles of analytic thinking, motivated reasoning, political ideology, and bullshit receptivity. Journal of Personality, 1-16.
Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 147(12), 1865–1880. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000465
Price, V., Cappella, J. N., & Nir, L. (2002). Does Disagreement Contribute to More Deliberative Opinion? Political Communication, 19(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846002317246506
Rajvanshi A. (2024, Jun 3). How Modi’s Supporters Used Social Media to Spread Disinformation During the Elections. TIME. Retrieved from https://time.com/6984947/india-election-disinformation-modi/ on 3 Feb 2025.
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. (2023). Digital News Report 2023. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. (2022). Digital News Report 2022. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. (2020). Digital News Report 2020. https://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2020/
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. (2018). Digital News Report 2018. https://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/
Roache, M., Maitland, E., & McCoole, V. (2023, August 29). How misinformation affects the U.K’s older populations. News Guard. Retrieved from https://www.newsguardtech.com/how-misinformation-affects-uk-older-populations/ on 3 Feb 2025.
Rojas, H. (2010).“Corrective” actions in the public sphere: How perceptions of media and media effects shape political behaviors. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(3), 343–363.
Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Baptista, E. A., & Veiga de Oliveira, V. (2021). Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2430–2451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820928059
Rose, J. (2017). Brexit, Trump, and Post-Truth Politics. Public Integrity, 19(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1285540
Savolainen, Reijo. (2007). Media credibility and cognitive authority. The case of seeking orienting information. Information Research, 12(3).
Swire, B., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018). Misinformation and its correction: Cognitive mechanisms and recommendations for mass communication. In Misinformation and mass audiences (pp.195-211). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
Shine, Thorson (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking, messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233-255. doi:10.1111/jcom.12284
Sun, Y., Shen, L., & Pan, Z. (2008b). On the behavioral component of the third-person effect. Communication Research, 35(2), 257–278.
SUNSTEIN, C. R. (2018). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media (NED-New edition). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8xnhtd
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations eds. S. Worchel and W. G. Austin. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N., & Alrasheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.05.026
Tandoc, E. C., Jenkins, J., & Craft, S. (2018). Fake News as a Critical Incident in Journalism. Journalism Practice, 13(6), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1562958
Tandoc, E.C., Lim, D., & Ling, R. (2020). Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why. Journalism, 21(3), 381-398. doi:10.1177/1464884919868325
Tandoc, E.C., Ling R., & Westlund, O. (2018). Audiences’ acts of authentication in the age of fake news: A conceptual framework. New Media and Society, 20(8), 2745-2763.
Tandoc, E. C., & Vos, T. P. (2015). THE JOURNALIST IS MARKETING THE NEWS: Social media in the gatekeeping process. Journalism Practice, 10(8), 950–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1087811
Trump’s false or misleading claims total 30,573 over 4 years. (2021, Jan 24). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/24/trumps-false-or-misleading-claims-total-30573-over-four-years/
Tucker, J.A., Guess, A., Barbera, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A Review of the scientific literature. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3144139
University of Gothenburg, V-Dem. (2024, March). Democracy Report 2024. https://www.v-dem.net/publications/democracy-reports/
Van Duyn, E., & Collier, J. (2018). Priming and Fake News: The Effects of Elite Discourse on Evaluations of News Media. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559
Van Duyn, E., & Collier, J. (2018). Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807
Wanta, W., & Hu, Y. (1994). The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 71, 90 - 98.
Wang, A. H. E., Yeh, Y. Y., Wu, C. K. S., & Chen, F. Y. (2022). Media literacy and partisan convergence across social network sites. The Social Science Journal, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2022.2127174
Wang, T.-L. (2020). Does fake news matter to election outcomes?: The case study of Taiwan’s 2018 local elections. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(2), 67–104. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.2.67
Wardle. (2017). Fake news. it's complicated. First Draft. Retrieved from https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/fake-news-complicated/
Wagner, M. (2021). Affective polarization in multiparty systems. Electoral Studies, 69, Article 102199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199
Weedon, J., Nuland, W., & Stamos, A. (2017). Information operations and Facebook. Facebook.
Weeks, B. E., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2017). Online influence? Social media use, opinion leadership, and political persuasion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(2), 214-239.
Wei, R., & Lo, V. H. (2008). News media use and knowledge about the 2006 US midterm elections: Why exposure matters in voter learning. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(3), 347–362.
Wei, R., Lo, V. H., & Lu, H. Y. (2008). Third-person effects of health news: Exploring the relationships among media exposure, presumed media infuence, and behavioral intentions. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(2), 261–277.
Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院碩士在職專班
111941025 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111941025 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [傳播學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 102501.pdf | | 3832Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
