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| Title: | 爭辯中的正義戰爭理論：以俄烏戰爭為例
Conflicting Just War Theories? Russia-Ukraine War as the Case Study |
| Authors: | 張育瑄
CHANG, YU-HSUAN |
| Contributors: | 葉浩
Yeh, Hao
張育瑄
CHANG, YU-HSUAN |
| Keywords: | Michael Walzer
Cecile Fabre
Jeff McMahan
David Rodin
正義戰爭理論
俄烏戰爭
Michael Walzer
Cecile Fabre
Jeff McMahan
David Rodin
Just War Theory
Russia-Ukraine War |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-09-04 15:58:05 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文以當代義戰論正統派與修正派的爭論，以及兩派各自的學者代表──華瑟（Michael Walzer）、麥克馬漢（Jeff McMahan）、費柏（Cecile Fabre）與羅丹（David Rodin）的義戰論應用在俄羅斯與烏克蘭戰爭的適用性判斷為研究主題，本文的問題意識為：1.正統派與修正派兩者之間的爭辯與差異為何？2.四個學者中誰的理論最適用於使得論者「理解、評價與判斷」俄烏戰爭？本文以出戰正義（jus ad bellum）與戰時正義（jus in bello）8個原則，再加上四個學者的政治理論與核心關懷做為他們的義戰論框架。
本文第一部分的研究發現是：正統派與修正派理論第一個核心理論差異在於「理解戰爭的視角」，華瑟採取集體主義與個體主義混合的作法，將出戰視為是國家的行動，惟戰爭時的戰鬥則是由隸屬於特定軍隊的軍人所進行；修正派普遍將戰爭理解為每個「個人」在自我防衛與他者防衛中的殺戮與傷害行動。第二個顯著差異是關於「戰爭」是否是種日常生活行動，以及是否同樣受管理「日常生活行動的道德原則」管理之爭辯。修正派學者主張戰爭作為一種人類行動，在戰爭中與公民社會脈絡皆由相同的道德標準約束。據此為了正義目的而戰的正義軍人正如同國內社會中為了保護受害者而對歹徒使用武力的警察一般，而為了不正義目的或缺少正義目的戰鬥的不義軍人，則是如造成警察與受害者錯誤傷害威脅的歹徒，由此推論只有正義軍人有戰鬥權利。惟，華瑟則主張戰爭是種受到國際社會共享的「戰爭慣習（war convention）、法律與傳統型塑的特殊行動」，軍人是受國家徵召出戰，因此無論渠被要求參與的戰爭有無正義目的，雙方軍人都具有平等的戰鬥權利，同時華瑟也主張出戰正義與戰時正義邏輯獨立。
第二部分的研究發現，作者透過「烏克蘭防衛戰爭出戰正義目的、烏克蘭戰爭比例性及俄羅斯侵略戰爭區別原則」來比較與評價哪位學者的義戰論較具有「適用性」，可協助論者更好判斷、評價與理解（make sense）俄烏戰爭。作者主張華瑟的義戰論因為納入了「社群自救原則」判准以及「國際社會」的要素，提供論者理解烏克蘭人民捍衛社群獨立與維護國際社會不侵略規則更全面的圖像。關於俄羅斯武裝部隊的戰鬥權利判斷，華瑟的理論承襲了國際法與國際社會對戰爭的傳統，也可適用於理解俄國軍人與烏克蘭軍人具有相同戰鬥權利。修正派三位學者的理論所做的判斷──俄國軍人單純因為參與侵略戰爭在道德上犯下錯誤──其理論適用性是只有當國際或國內已經具有完備的強制性措施如良心拒戰時才有實踐的可能，否則當前也只是在提供論者一個道德指引方向。此外，羅丹對於「政治侵略」與「屠殺侵略」的戰爭類型的細緻區分適用於提供論者判斷不同種類的侵略，而麥克馬漢在比例性的判斷上納入了受影響群體的「數量」則是提供論者具體的指標，可以適用於判斷烏克蘭因為受侵略威脅人數顯著而在比例性上提升其主權價值，亦即修正派學者的理論也有其適用性。整體而言本文主張如果我們期望發展一套可以全面的理解俄烏戰爭，乃至各種不同類型的戰爭，未來可以展望的是整合修正派與正統派的義戰論，以期提供論者更完整的理解與判斷框架。
本文的貢獻在於：第一，建構華瑟、麥克馬漢、費柏與羅丹以出戰正義與戰時正義為核心的正義戰爭理論，補足國內外學界文獻對這四個學者義戰論全面分析與比較的缺口，同時提供臺灣的公共政策界在爭辯與論證戰爭正義的語言與論述。第二，透過與古典義戰思想家奧古斯丁與阿奎納的比較，指出無論是哪派學者，皆是延續著「出戰正義與戰時正義」此一有兩千多年歷史的原則與框架進行對話、辯論與修正，本文確立了義戰論本身具有持續與時俱進的彈性。第三，本文具體指陳正統派與修正派各自的理論適用性，並且指出華瑟以國家社群與國際社會傳統為基礎的義戰論比較適用於理解與判斷當前的侵略與防衛戰爭，修正派學者的理論則適用於提供未來戰爭法改革道德指引。本文也透過俄烏戰爭的案例，指出即使正統派受到修正派的攻擊，其理論主張仍然具有高度適用性。例如透過應用華瑟的義戰論於俄烏戰爭上，本文指出華瑟之社群自救原則提供了台灣這種中小型國家在面對強權的威脅時重要的行動指引。
This dissertation examines the theoretical debates between orthodox and revisionist just war theorists—Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, Cecile Fabre, and David Rodin—and assesses the applicability of their theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The central research questions are: 1) What are the core differences and debates between the orthodox and revisionist schools? 2) Whose just war theory best helps us understand, evaluate, and judge the Russia-Ukraine War? The dissertation employs the eight principles of jus ad bellum (justice before war) and jus in bello (justice during war), along with each scholar's political theories, as the framework for their just war analysis.
The first major finding is the fundamental difference in how the two schools conceptualize war. Walzer adopts a mixed approach, combining collectivism and individualism: he views jus ad bellum as a state action and jus in bello as actions undertaken by individual soldiers. In contrast, revisionists reduce war to individual acts of self-defense or defense of others. Another key difference lies in their views on whether war is a daily activity governed by the same moral principles as ordinary life. Revisionists argue that combatants with a just cause are like police officers in civil society, with the exclusive right to fight, while unjust combatants do not. Walzer, however, sees war as a special activity shaped by international conventions and norms, where soldiers, regardless of their side's cause, share equal rights to fight.
The second part of the dissertation applies these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The author argues that Walzer's inclusion of the "community self-help principle" and the element of "international society" offers a more comprehensive understanding of Ukraine's defense of its independence and the international norm of non-aggression. Regarding the right of Russian soldiers to fight, Walzer's theory aligns with international law, recognizing equal combatant rights for soldiers on both sides, while revisionist scholars deny such rights to Russian soldiers due to the unjust nature of their war.
The dissertation concludes that while revisionist theories provide moral guidance for future war law reforms, Walzer's just war theory is more applicable for evaluating the Russia-Ukraine War. The author suggests that integrating elements of both orthodox and revisionist theories could lead to a more comprehensive framework for understanding and judging wars.
The contributions of this dissertation are threefold: 1) It constructs, analyzes, and compares the just war theories of four prominent contemporary scholars, filling a gap in the literature and offering a more holistic view of just war theory. 2) By comparing these modern theories with those of classical just war thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas, the dissertation highlights the enduring relevance and flexibility of the just war tradition. 3) The application of these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War demonstrates the particular strengths and applicability of each scholar's theory, with Walzer's "community self-help principle" offering crucial guidance for small to medium-sized nations like Taiwan in facing threats from more powerful states. |
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| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
政治學系
104252504 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104252504 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [政治學系] 學位論文
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