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| Title: | 關鍵礦物供應鏈與電動車電池產業之政策研究：以WTO適法性為核心
Policy Research on Critical Mineral Supply Chains and the Electric Vehicle Battery Industry: Focusing on Legality Under WTO Law |
| Authors: | 戴維萱
Tai, Wei-Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 楊培侃
Yang, Pei-Kan
戴維萱
Tai, Wei-Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 關鍵礦物
電動車電池
供應鏈危機
Critical Mineral
EV battery
Supply Chain Crisis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-09-04 15:29:25 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 隨著全球能源轉型之趨勢，鎳、鈷、鋰與稀土元素等關鍵礦物的重要性日益增加，尤其在電動車製造領域中，此些礦物是電池中不可或缺的原料。然而，目前關鍵礦物的生產與加工高度集中於少數開發中國家，引發資源分布不均與地緣政治風險等問題。各國因此制定相關貿易及產業政策，以防止供應鏈斷裂對經濟、能源及國家安全造成的危害。
本研究聚焦於此些政策於世界貿易組織（WTO）下之適法性問題。透過分析礦物資源國與礦物需求國對關鍵礦物的政策，評估其是否符合《關稅暨貿易總協定（GATT）》及其他WTO協定的規範，並探討適用例外條款的可能性。在礦物資源國方面，本文認為中國與印尼對礦物的出口限制措施雖構成GATT規範之違反，依然得持續施行，故可能增加供應鏈斷裂的風險。在礦物需求國方面，美國對電動車消費者與相關產業的稅賦減免措施，則可能違反GATT國民待遇原則及《補貼暨平衡稅協定（SCM）》。
在此背景下，本文認為現行貿易規則存在不合理之處，故無法有效應對當前急迫的貿易問題。因此，本文進一步討論因應關鍵礦物供應鏈危機的國際經貿新趨勢，探討中國為主與西方國家在WTO架構之外發展的新國際合作模式，以及美國在地緣政治背景下發展的區域協定與架構，如何成為解決供應鏈危機的有效途徑。本文結論發現，為應對現代快速變動的經濟和政治環境，現行國際貿易規範亟需改革；而新的國際合作模式與高標準貿易協定雖具有解決問題之潛力，但尚需平衡各國利益與國際貿易的公平性，方能達到互利且永續發展之目標。
With the global energy transition, critical minerals such as nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements have become increasingly important, especially in electric vehicle manufacturing. These minerals are essential for batteries, yet their production and processing are concentrated in a few developing countries, leading to uneven resource distribution and geopolitical risks. Countries have thus implemented trade and industrial policies to prevent supply chain disruptions from threatening their economies, energy security, and national security.
This study examines the legality of these policies under the World Trade Organization (WTO). It evaluates whether the policies of both mineral-rich and mineral-dependent countries comply with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and other WTO agreements and explores possible exceptions. China's and Indonesia's export restrictions may violate GATT but continue, increasing supply chain risks. The U.S. tax incentives for electric vehicle consumers and related industries may breach GATT's national treatment principle and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM).
The study concludes that current trade rules are insufficient to address urgent trade issues. It discusses new international economic and trade trends to tackle the critical mineral supply chain crisis, including international cooperation models outside the WTO framework and regional agreements like USMCA and IPEF. The findings suggest that while new cooperation models and high-standard trade agreements have potential, balancing national interests and trade fairness is crucial for achieving mutual benefits and sustainable development. |
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
111351047 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111351047 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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