Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151531
|
| Title: | 國家對於國際環境建制之調適：馬來西亞棕櫚油產業加入永續認證之研究
Global Environmental Regimes and Sustainable Certification: A Case of the Malaysia Palm Oil Industry |
| Authors: | 張瑾薇
Teo, Jin-Wei |
| Contributors: | 林義鈞
Lin,Scott Y.
張瑾薇
Teo,Jin-Wei |
| Keywords: | 國際環境制度
環境治理
棕櫚油
馬來西亞棕櫚油產業
永續認證
International Environmental Regimes
Environmental Governance
Palm Oil
Malaysia Palm Oil Industry
Sustainable Certification |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-06-03 11:52:36 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 全球環境隨著世界各國對棕櫚油需求的增加，正在造成森林過度砍伐，以及後續相關的氣候變遷、生物多樣性銳減、濫殺人猿、水土流失、動植物棲息地遭到破壞等一系列環境問題，也因此而相對應地產生出棕櫚油產業的國際環境制度（International Environmental Regimes）。
更具體性而言，自1970年代起，各國逐漸意識到環境問題帶來資源匱乏和污染等問題，國際之間也陸續召開全球層次會議。故此，1972年，斯德哥爾摩舉行了聯合國環境會議（United Nation Conference on the Human Environment, UNCHE），提出了人類環境宣言，也因此誕生出聯合國環境署（United Nations Environmental Programme, UNEP），希望透過聯合國的多邊架構，將環境規範轉為要求各個國家在國內環境立法，通過國際與國內環境部門的成立等機制，實現環境治理的架構。不僅如此，在多邊架構下的全球環境治理不但產生了上述的UNEP與各國環境治理部門，並且與相關國際組織合作，促進跨國貿易與環境保護之間的平衡發展，使得世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, WTO）、世界銀行（World Bank, WB）等都相繼參與了全球環境治理機制。
Young（2000）以國際環境制度（International Environmental Regimes）為理論，歸納出環境治理可以分為三個階段：Agenda Formation、Negotiation、Operationalization等，因此得以解釋世界各國透過共同努力，制定一致性的環境政策與行動計劃，一同面對全球性和跨境性的環境挑戰，形成多邊環境協議（Multilateral Environmental Agreements, MEAs），在此其中，UNEP、WTO、WB等國際機構在全球環境制度中扮演著重要的作用，通過這些機構，建立共同的全球性標準和規則，落實到各國政府，並且促進國際之間的合作，實現永續的環境發展目標。
因此，本研究以馬來西亞棕櫚油產業為例，探討馬來西亞在國際環境制度的建立下如何接受永續認證的產業鏈。換句話說，國際環境制度在21世紀初期成立了棕櫚油監管機構，並且產出了「永續棕櫚油圓桌倡議（Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil, RSPO）」，希望透過可靠的全球生產標準、環境規範、利益相關者，減少棕櫚油產業在種植過程中帶給環境與社會的負面衝擊，藉以生產出經過認證的永續棕櫚油（Certified Sustainable Palm Oil, CSPO）。而馬來西亞為了響應全球環境治理對永續生產棕櫚油的呼籲，因此鼓勵其國內任何從事與棕櫚油產業相關的種植者、工廠、組織等，得以申請RSPO認證。最終，本論文發現在全球環境制度下，馬來西亞的國家環境治理機制，以及相關的棕櫚油業者為了達到國際環境規範，正在促成RSPO的規範形成，幫助馬來西亞棕櫚油產業邁向永續發展。
With the increase in demand for palm oil, excessive deforestation has resulted in a series of problems such as climate change, drastic reduction in biodiversity, indiscriminate killing of orangutans, soil erosion and destruction of animal and plant habitats.
Since the 1970s, countries have become aware of the environmental problems that bring about resource scarcity and pollution. International conferences have been held at the global level. Therefore, in 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) was held in Stockholm, and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) was born as a result. It is hoped that through the multilateral structure of the United Nations, environmental regulations will be transformed into a framework that requires each country to enact domestic environmental legislation and to realize environmental governance through mechanisms such as the establishment of international environmental departments. In addition, environmental governance under the multilateral framework has generated the above-mentioned UNEP and various departments, and also cooperates with international organizations to promote the development between trade and environmental protection, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank (WB), etc.
Young (2000) suggests that the international environmental regimes can be attributed into three periods: agenda formation, negotiation, and operationalization. The consequences include the Convention on Biological Diversity and the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Young, 2000). The issue of environmental degradation often has a global and cross-border nature, impacting not only individual countries or regions but potentially affecting the entire planet or multiple nations. Therefore, countries must engage in coordinated efforts and cooperation across borders and regions. Through collective endeavors, it is imperative to formulate common policies and action plans to address global and cross-border environmental challenges. Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) play significant roles in this regard. These institutions facilitate the establishment of shared standards and regulations, foster cooperation among nations, and strive to achieve sustainable environmental development goals.
Therefore, this study takes the Malaysian palm oil industry as an example to explore how Malaysia has embraced a sustainable certified industrial chain under the establishment of a international environmental regime. In response to the global call for sustainable palm oil production, the palm oil regulator has established the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) initiative to reduce the environmental and social impacts of the palm oil industry during the cultivation process through reliable global standards and stakeholders, which must comply with environmental and social standards. International standards must be met to produce Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO). Any organization involved in the production of derivatives from oil palm growers and plants can apply for RSPO and its supply chain.
Additionally, this initially finds that Malaysian palm oil has negotiated with countries and organizations that have enacted legislation to achieve sustainable development under the environmental regime, validating the formation of RSPO in Malaysia under the environmental regime. |
| Reference: | 一、中文文獻
孔令鈺，2021，<主產國爭取棕櫚油“綠色定義權” >，https://dialogue.earth/zh/5/71982/ ，查閱時間：2024/5/14
王茜穎，2022，<生物多樣性政策將掀起咖啡、巧克力大戰！歐盟通過全球第一個「零森林砍伐供應鏈」協議，最快聖誕節後，巧克力、咖啡、牛肉、家具、紙張等都要列管>, https://csr.cw.com.tw/article/42909 ,查閱時間:2023/02/02
尼辛·柯卡，2021，<推動棕櫚油行業轉型，除了認證還能做什麼？>，https://e-info.org.tw/node/230074 ， 查閱時間：2023/02/03
宇都宮溪，2014，<東協在大國參與區域整合後之多邊主義策略>，《全球政治評論》，第四十七期，頁121-144
再生資訊能源網，2019，<歐盟通過2030年運輸用生質燃料不再使用棕櫚油>，https://www.re.org.tw/knowledge/more.aspx?cid=201&id=2883 ，查閱時間：2023/10/12
每日頭條，2017，棕櫚花：<食藥兩用可治高血壓、也可炒臘肉、燉雞湯>，https://kknews.cc/health/j83lvrq.html ，查閱時間：2024/5/10
何冠霆、周殷震，2021，<一見棕情─馬來西亞油棕初探>，投稿文章。馬來西亞檳吉臺灣學校
范麗娟，2005，《質性研究》。台北：心理
姜唯，2019，<綠色認證棕櫚油需要支持 監督機構訂新規，企業採購量不足將受罰>，https://e-info.org.tw/node/220783 ，查閱時間：2023/02/02
姜唯、陳文姿，2023，<歐洲議會通過「零毀林供應鏈」新法 咖啡、牛肉、巧克力、棕櫚油都要管>，https://e-info.org.tw/node/236578 ，查閱時間：2024/01/10
孫璐西，2019，<植物油裡的反派角色？「棕櫚油」催人胖又傷血管！>，https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9%E8%A3%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E6%B4%BE%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2-%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E6%B2%B9-%E5%82%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%83%96%E5%8F%88%E5%82%B7%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1-010000620.html ，查閱時間：2023/12/10
國家通訊傳播委員會，2008，<第二章 研究方法>， 頁22-24.
https://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/files/08012/687_4951_080125_4.pdf
陳潁峯，2019，<環評的未來轉型：從機關同意到公衆接受>，國家發展研究，19(1)，頁43-95. https://doi.org/10.6164/JNDS.201912_19(1).0002 查閱日期：2024/4/26.
張鈺鑫，2020，<認識歐美草藥—老年男性的良友：鋸棕櫚>, https://tcmhealtheducation.wixsite.com/website/post/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%8E%E8%8D%89%E8%97%A5-%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E8%89%AF%E5%8F%8B%EF%BC%9A%E9%8B%B8%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9 ，查閱時間：2024/5/16
張子竹，2021，<為什麼可持續認證讓棕櫚油變貴，生產者卻没有得利？>， https://dialogue.earth/zh/5/71892/ ，查閱日期：2024/5/10
莊媛卉，2021，<驗證專欄-RSPO驗證系統之介紹>，
https://www.bureauveritas.com.tw/RSPO-intro ，查閱時間：2023/01/16。
章遠智，2024，<2023年馬來西亞棕油產品出口額為206.86億美元，較2022年衰退27.09%>，https://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx? nodeID=45&pid=780089&areaID=2&infotype=1&country=6aas5L6G6KW/5Lqe&history=&PointWork=1 ，查閱時間：2024/5/15
楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園，2001，《社會及行為科學研究法 下冊》，台北：東華
彭立忠、張裕衡，2008，<跨國研究的指標爭議：以貪腐印象指數為例>，慈濟大學人文社會科學學刊，(7)，頁74.
https://doi.org/10.29650/TCUJHSS.200806.0003 查閱日期：2024年4月26日
黃自強，2023，<馬來西亞經濟驅動力 棕櫚油產業創300萬就業機會>，
https://money.udn.com/money/story/5599/7562674 ，查閱時間：2024/1/11
萬文隆，2004，<深度訪談在質性研究中的應用>，生活科技教育，37(4)： 17-23。
潘淑滿，2003，《質性研究：理論與應用》。台北：心理
James, K. 2021. <認識新能源：棕櫚油及其衍生品市場>. Retrieved from: https://www.cmegroup.com/cn-t/education/james-kou/2021-06-01.html ，查閱時間：2023/9/12
Hutt, D. 2023. <馬來西亞和印尼在與歐盟的"綠色指令"風波中尋盟友>, Retrieved from: https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%A8%E8%88%87%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E7%9A%84-%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4-%E9%A2%A8%E6%B3%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8B%E7%9B%9F%E5%8F%8B-074200807.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANmVOIP-48wTe7K2Fvh79ES0Dp1zDHu6_7F7aQcvGDTwS94AOAoosIRSvoWO2Prg4dc8TMKK0kw8ePNEH9klUq1_n1Wiq22dGgfYFQtBSBzUDIBonID7lw7fDEPRH_n6kpSSLzFKf-EeoCrddilijMJ0UQxe3e86BP3qFuEXvIlV ，查閱時間：2024/5/9
二、英文文獻
Abdul Rahman, M. H. 2021. ‘Table: Differences between MSPO and RSPO’, Retrieved from: https://www.icheme.org/media/17188/20211004_hafezh_mspo_qna.pdf. Accessed date: 10 May 2024.
Antunes, S. and Camisao, I. 2018. ‘Introducing Realism in International Relations Theory’, Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/72860
Bai, X. 2007. ‘Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management: The Scale and Readiness Arguments’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), pp.15-29.
Betsill, M. 2002. ‘Environmental NGOs meet the Sovereign State: The Kyoto Protocol Negotiations on Global Climate Change’, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 13(3), pp.49-64.
Boateng, L., Ansong, R., Owusu, W., and Steiner, A. M. 2016. ‘Coconut oil and palm oil's role in nutrition, health, and national development: A review’, Ghana medical journal, 50(3), pp.189-196.
Bulkeley, H. 2005. ‘Reconfiguring Environmental Governance: Towards a politics of scales and networks’, Political geography,24(8), pp.875-902.
Caldwell, L.K. 1988. “Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA): Origins, Evolution, and Future Directions.” Impact Assessment,6(3-4), pp.75-83.
Chayes, A., Chayes, A.H. 1995. The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp.6-8.
Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1pncs3m
Conca, K. 2000. ‘The WTO and the Undermining of Global Environmental governance’, Review of International Political Economy,7(3), pp.484-494.
Deudney, D., and Ikenberry, G.J. 1999. ‘The nature and sources of liberal international order’, Review of international studies,25(2), pp.179-196.
Economics Climate Environment, 2020, ‘Palm Oil Certification Scheme: MSPO’, Retrieved from https://www.efeca.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Certification-Scheme-MSPO-Infobriefing-5-Part-3-Final.pdf.
European Commission. 2020. ‘Farm to Fork strategy’, Retrieved from: https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en, Accessed date: 29 Mar 2024.
European Commission. 2023. ‘The European Commission, Indonesia, and Malaysia agree to a Joint Task Force to implement the EU Deforestation Regulation’, Retrieved from: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/european-commission-indonesia-and-malaysia-agree-joint-task-force-implement-eu-deforestation-2023-06-29_en, Accessed date: 10 Dec 2023.
Ferguson, Y. H., and Mansbach, R. W. 2012. ‘Globalization the Return of Borders to a Borderless World?’, New York, NY: Routledge
Gehring, T. 2007. ‘Treaty-Making and Treaty Evolution’, In D. Bodansky, J. Brunnée, & E. Hey (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, Oxford University Press.pp:467-97. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552153.013.0020
Gemmill, B., Bamidele-Izu, A., Esty, D. C., and Ivanova, M. H. 2002. ‘The role of NGOs and Civil Society in global environmental governance’, Global Environmental Governance: Options & opportunities.pp.1-24
Guindon, M. 2020. ‘A boycott is not the answer to palm oil’s environmental problems’, Retrieved date: https://chinadialogue.net/zh/5/44334 / Accessed date: 10 Oct 2023.
Haas, P. M. 1989. ‘Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control’, International Organization, Vol.43(3), pp.377-403.
Haas, P. M. 1992. ‘Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination’, International Organization. 46(1), pp.1-35.
Hardin, G. 1968. ‘The Tragedy of the Commons: The Population Problem has no Technical Solution; It Requires a Fundamental Extension in Morality’, Science, Vol.162(3859), pp.1243-1248. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
Hori, S. 2015. ‘The Evolution of International Environmental
Regimes: Responding to the Difficulty of Effective Implementation in Developing Countries’, The Waseda Journal of Social Sciences,25, pp.113-123.
Hudson, D. 2018. ‘EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030’, Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil/eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F/, Accessed date:10 December 2023.
Hurrell, A. and Kingsbury, B. 1992. ‘The International Politics of the Environment: An introduction’, The International Politics of the Environment,1:1-47.
Iqbal, F. Kumar, U. and Radzi, F. 2020. ‘Challenges Faced by Malaysian Palm Oil & The Way Forward’, Retrieved from: https://www.mpoc.org.my/challenges-faced-by-malaysian-palm-oil-the-way-forward/, Accessed date: 29 Mar 2024
Jarlebring, J. 2022. “‘Regime Vetting”: A Technique to Exercise EU market power’, Journal of European Public Policy,29(4), pp.530-549.
Jong, N. H. 2023. ‘Palm oil giants Indonesia, Malaysia start talks with EU over deforestation rule’, Retrieved from: https://news.mongabay.com/2023/09/palm-oil-giants-indonesia-malaysia-start-talks-with-eu-over-deforestation-rule/, Accessed date: 05 Dec 2023.
Phillips, J. 2021. ‘An Illustrated History of Industrial Palm Oil’, Retrieved from: https://chinadialogue.net/en/food/illustrated-history-of-industrial-palm-oil/, Accessed date: 16 Oct 2023.
Kannan, P. Mansor, N. H., Rahman, N. K., Peng, T., and Mazlan, S. M. 2021. ‘A Review on the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification Process Among Independent Oil Palm Smallholders’, Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol.33(1), pp.171-180. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2020.0056
Keohane, R.O. 1982. ‘The demand for International Regimes’, International Organization, 36(2), pp.325-355.
Keohane, R.O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.
Keohane, R.O. 1993. ‘The Analysis of International Regimes: Towards a European-American Research Programme’, Regime Theory and International Relations. in Rittberger(ed.), pp.23-45.
Krasner, S.D. 1983. International Regimes. Cornell University Press.
Krasner, S.D. 1993. ‘Sovereignty, Regimes, and Human Rights’, Regime Theory and International Relations.in Rittberger(ed.), pp.139-167.
Kratochwil, F., and Ruggie, J.G. 1986. ‘International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State’, International Organization,40(4), pp.753-775.
Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706828
Kutting, G. 2004. Globalization and the environment: greening global political economy. SUNY Press.
Lake, D. A. 2007. ‘The State and International Relations’, Joint Research Centre. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1004423
Lang. 1994. ‘Regimes and organizations in the labyrinth of international institutions’, in K. Ginther, G. Hafner, W. Lang, H. Neuhold and L. Sucharipa-Behrmann (eds.), Völkerrecht zwischen normativem Anspruch und politischer Realität: Festschrift für Karl Zemanek zum 65. Geburtstag (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot,), pp. 275–89
Lin, S.Y. 2013. ‘Growing Global Civil Society Complements Global Environmental Governance: Lessons learned from the Issue of the Lancang/Mekong Dam Projects’, Issues and Studies,49(4), pp.141-188.
Lin, S.Y. 2021. ‘Bringing resource management back into the environmental governance agenda: Eco-State Restructuring in China’, Environment, Development and Sustainability ,23(8), pp.12272-12301.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 2022. ‘Oil Palm Planted Area 2022’, Retried from https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/area/2022/Area_summary2022.pdf
Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 2023. ‘Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 2022’, Retrieved from: https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/overview/Overview2022.pdf,
Accessed date: 16 Nov 2023.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 2023. ‘Oil Palm Planted Area 2023’, Retrieved from https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/area/2023/Area_summary2023.pdf
Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 2024. ‘Overview of the Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 2023’, Retrieved from: https://bepi.mpob.gov.my/images/overview/Overview2023.pdf Accessed date: 16 May 2024.
Malaysian Palm Oil Certification. 2023. ‘MSPO Certified Entities Under OPMC of 2023’, Retrieved from: https://mspotrace.org.my/, Accessed date:13 Oct 2023.
Malaysian Palm Oil Certification. 2023. ‘Total Certified Planted Area Under MSPO Part 2’, Retrieved from: https://mspotrace.org.my/, Accessed date:13 Oct 2023
Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council. 2022. ‘Overview of the MS 2530: 2022’, Retrieved from:
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/604db3a6dad32a12b2415387/t/623a817061da8e385abad57d/1648001397605/1.+Overview+of+MS+2530+%282022%29.+Pn+Sabarinah.pdf Accessed date: 20 Nov 2023
Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council, 2022, ‘MSPO Certification Scheme Document’, Retrieved from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/604db3a6dad32a12b2415387/t/64c8822aa297960fa71260f3/1690862127814/CERTIFICATION+SCHEME+DOCUMENT_28032023_Final.pdf Accessed date: 30 Nov 2023
Malaysian Palm Oil Council. 2016. ‘Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) To Be Made Mandatory by 2019’, Retrieved from: https://mpoc.org.my/malaysian-sustainable-palm-oil-mspo-to-be-made-mandatory-by-2019/, Accessed date:15 Oct 2023.
Meiser, J. W. 2018. ‘Introducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory’, International Relations Theory, Retrieved from: https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/72781
Murphy, D. J., Goggin, K., and Paterson R. R. M. 2021. ‘Oil Palm in the 2020s and beyond: challenges and solutions’, CABI Agriculture and Bioscience.2(39), pp.1-22.
Nikoloyuk, J., Burns, T. R., and De Man, R. 2010. ‘The promise and limitations of partnered governance: The case of Sustainable Palm Oil’, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 10(1), pp.59-72. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701011021111.
O’Brien, R., and Williams, M. 2007. ‘Global political economy: Evolution and Dynamics’, Bloomsbury Publishing.
Official Journal of the Europe. 2023. ‘Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the council of 31 May 2023’, Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R1115. Accessed date: 30 Mar 2024.
Oleksandra, M. 2023. ‘Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Relations’, Retrieved from: https://bestdiplomats.org/role-of-ngos-in-ir/ Accessed date: 12 Dec 2023.
Osherenko, G., and Young, O. R. 1993. ‘The formation of International Regimes: Hypotheses and Cases’, Polar Politics: Creating International Environmental Regimes, New York, Cornell University Press.
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.
Ostrom, E. 2008. ‘Tragedy of the commons: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics’, Retrieved from:
http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000193&pr...
Reed, M. G., and Bruyneel, S. 2010. ‘Rescaling Environmental Governance, Rethinking the State: A Three-Dimensional Review’, Progress in human geography,34(5), pp. 646-653.
Rosenau, J. N. 2003.Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalization. Princeton University Press.
Ross, L. 2000. ‘China: Environmental Protection, Domestic Policy Trends, Patterns of Participation in Regimes and Compliance with International Norms’, Managing the Chinese Environment, pp.85-111.
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm oil. 2023. ‘RSPO Impact Report’, Retrieved from: https://rspo.org/wp-content/uploads/Impact-Update-2023.pdf. Accessed date: 13 Dec 2023.
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm oil. 2023. ‘Smallholder Certification in Numbers’, Retrieved from: https://rspo.org/as-a-smallholder/ Accessed date: 13 Dec 2023.
Ruggie, J.G. 1975. ‘International responses to technology: concepts and trends’, International Organization, pp. 557-583.
Ruggie, J.G. 1992. ‘Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution’, International organization,46(3), pp.561-598.
Schiele, S. 2014. Evolution of International Environmental Regimes: The Case of Climate Change.MA: Cambridge Press.
Schouten, G., Glasbergen, P. 2011. ‘Creating Legitimacy in Global Private Governance: The Case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil’, Ecological Economics, 70(11), pp.1891-1899. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.012.
Sirim Qas International Sdn. Bhd. 2021. ‘Guidelines for Certification of Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO)’, Retrieved from: https://www.sirim-qas.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/DOC-39-03-Guidelines-for-Certification-of-MSPO-Iss-2-Rev-0-May-2017.pdf. Accessed date: 12 May 2024.
Statista Research Department. 2023. ‘Share of agricultural sector to the gross domestic products (GDP) in Malaysia in 2022’, by segment. In Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1338541/malaysia-share-of-agriculture-to-gdp-by-segment/ Accessed date: 20 Oct 2023.
Tang, K.H.D., and Al Qahtani, H.M. 2020. ‘Sustainability of oil palm plantations in Malaysia’, Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer,22(6), pp.4999-5023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00458-6.
Taufik, A. 2020. ‘Implications of 'No Palm Oil' labelling towards local palm oil industry’, Retrieved from:
https://www.mpoc.org.my/implications-of-no-palm-oil-labelling-towards-local-palm-oil-industry/ Accessed date: 29 Mar 2024.
The New Straits Times. 2022. ‘Total number of workers in palm oil plantations in Malaysia from 2021 to 2022’, In Statista.
Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1414236/malaysia-number-of-workers-in-palm-oil-plantations/Accessed date: 15 Nov 2023.
Tutty, L. M., Rothery, M.A., and Grinnell, R.M. 1996. ‘Qualitative Research for Social Workers: Phases, Steps & Tasks. Needham Heights’, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
US Department of Agriculture, &USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2023. ‘Production volume of palm oil worldwide from 2019/20 to 2022/23’, In Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/613471/palm-oil-production-volume-worldwide/ Accessed date: 13 Oct 2023.
US Department of Agriculture, and USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2023. ‘Leading producers of palm oil worldwide from 2022-2023’, In Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/856231/palm-oil-top-global-producers/. Accessed date: 13 Nov 2023.
US Department of Agriculture, and USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2024. ‘Oilseed: World Markets and Trade’, Retrieved from: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf Accessed date: 26 Apr 2024.
Waltz, K. N. 2010. Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press.
Yap, P. Rosdin, R., Abdul Rahman, A.A.A., Omar, A.T., Mohamed, M.N., and Rahami, M. S. 2020. ‘Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO)Certification Progress for Independent Smallholders in Malaysia’, IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science.736(1), pp.1-5.
Young, O.R. 1989. International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and The Environment, NY: Cornell University Press, p.22.
Young, O.R. 1998. Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance, Cornell University Press, pp.1-15.
Young, O.R. 2000. ‘Rights, Rules, and Resources in World Affairs’, Global governance: Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp.1-23.
Yusof, B., & Yew, F. 2016. ‘The Burden of RSPO Certification Costs on Malaysian Palm Oil Industry and National Economy’, Journal of Oil Palm, Environment & Health,7, 19-27. Retrieved from: https://www.jopeh.com.my/index.php/jopecommon/article/viewFile/102/141 Accessed date: 8 May 2024. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
109261024 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109261024 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國家發展研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 102401.pdf | | 1703Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
