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| Title: | 論環境影響評估因應氣候變遷之法制變革 —以開發行為溫室氣體排放之評估為中心
Legal Reforms in Response to Climate Change through Environmental Impact Assessment: A Focus on Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Development Activities |
| Authors: | 粘媺婕
Nien, Mei-Chieh |
| Contributors: | 傅玲靜
Fu, Ling-Ching
粘媺婕
Nien, Mei-Chieh |
| Keywords: | 環境影響評估法
氣候變遷
能源轉型
美國國家環境政策法
於國家環境政策法中考量溫室氣體排放和氣候變遷指引
溫室氣體量化
溫室氣體社會成本化
替代方案
減緩措施
風險評估
風險溝通
風險管理
Environmental Impact Assessment
Climate Change
Energy Transition
National Environmental Policy Act
National Environmental Policy Act Guidance on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change
Greenhouse Gas Quantification
Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases
Alternative Actions
Mitigation Measures
Risk Assessment
Risk Communication
Risk Management |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 14:07:18 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 為了減緩溫室氣體排放，我國政府推動能源轉型政策，進而促進許多太陽光電、風力發電與天然氣相關的開發案，例如生豐一期兆豐農場太陽光電開發案，以及天然氣第三接收站開發案。然而，針對溫室氣體排放的議題，卻未能於上述開發行為中，成為其環境影響評估的審查核心，甚至於個案中產生破壞碳匯以及仍產生諸多溫室氣體排放之爭議。此現象引發本文進一步探討我國現行環境影響評估法制針對溫室氣體排放的評估規定，是否足以充分揭露開發行為所產生的溫室氣體排放情形，以因應溫室氣體減量之趨勢。
我國針對於環境影響評估中，納入溫室氣體排放之評估規範相當簡略，僅於範疇界定指引表中設有勾選溫室氣體減緩之選項。該選項之參考資料於量化溫室氣體的排放範圍，僅要求針對開發行為中的施工及營運階段進行評估，並針對減緩措施提出例示之參考方向。相對而言，美國2016年與2023年發布的「於國家環境政策法中考量溫室氣體排放和氣候變遷指引」，細緻且務實地要求將溫室氣體排放之科學資訊，納入環評的風險評估之中，包括：第一步，透過要求將開發行為產生的溫室氣體排放量化作為指標，包括產業之上下游，以建立數據之比較基礎；第二步，透過將溫室氣體社會成本化的方法，將量化數據乘以一公噸溫室氣體所造成的氣候損害，以具體價額的方式呈現個案對氣候變遷的影響，不僅得以突顯政府決策對環境的傷害程度，亦得有效地輔助環境價值與其他價值進行比較與權衡；第三步，透過上述的溫室氣體排放的量化與社會成本化數據，進一步分析擬議行動的替代方案與減緩措施，使擬議行動與其替代方案的負面影響保持透明度，輔助機關作出以科學為基礎的明智決策，選擇有助於氣候變遷目標的行動。
由兩者比較可知，我國現行環境影響評估法制對氣候變遷影響的評估之規範有所不足—欠缺整體產業上下游之溫室氣體排放量化規定，亦未要求將溫室氣體社會成本化，更忽視替代方案之重要性，進而導致開發行為鮮少於環評之風險評估中以溫室氣體排放減量的角度，探討個案究竟係帶來減緩或加劇溫室氣體的影響，而難以於各該開發行為中充分地因應氣候變遷。
In order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, the government of Taiwan has been promoting an energy transition policy, which has led to the development of many solar photovoltaic, wind power, and natural gas-related projects, such as the first phase of the Seng Feng Megafarm Solar Photovoltaic Development Project and the development of the third natural gas receiving station. However, the issue of greenhouse gas emissions has not been a central focus of environmental impact assessments in the aforementioned development activities, and it has even generated controversies regarding the destruction of carbon sinks and the continued production of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon has prompted this article to further explore whether the current environmental impact assessment regulations in Taiwan are sufficient to adequately disclose the greenhouse gas emissions generated by development activities in response to the trend of greenhouse gas reduction.
In Taiwan, the regulations for including greenhouse gas emissions in environmental impact assessments are quite simplistic. It only provides an option to check for greenhouse gas reduction in the scope definition guideline table. The reference information for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions only requires an assessment of the construction and operational phases of the development activity and offers some indicative directions for mitigation measures. In contrast, the " National Environmental Policy Act Guidance on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change " released by the United States in 2016 and 2023 provides detailed and practical requirements for incorporating scientific information on greenhouse gas emissions into environmental risk assessments. The steps are as follows: In the first step, quantifying the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the development activity, including the upstream and downstream impacts of the industry, to establish a data comparison baseline. In the second step, monetizing greenhouse gas emissions by multiplying the quantified data by the cost of climate damage caused by one metric ton of greenhouse gases, presenting the impact of the project on climate change in specific monetary terms. This not only highlights the environmental harm caused by government decisions but also assists in comparing and balancing environmental values against other values. In the third step, quantified and monetized data on greenhouse gas emissions are employed to conduct a thorough analysis of alternative actions and mitigation measures. Emphasis is placed on ensuring transparency regarding the negative impacts of the proposed action and its alternatives. This approach allows for scientifically informed decisions to be made by agencies, contributing effectively to climate change goals.
Comparing the two, it's evident that Taiwan's current environmental impact assessment (EIA) regulations fall short in assessing the impact on climate change. There's a lack of comprehensive industry-wide rules for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, no requirement to monetize these emissions, and an oversight regarding the importance of alternative solutions. As a result, development activities are rarely evaluated within the EIA process in terms of their impact on greenhouse gas emissions. This hinders our ability to effectively address climate change in various development projects. |
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2、其他網路資料
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Institute for Policy Integrity, Social Costs of Greenhouse Gases (2017), https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/social_cost_of_greenhouse_gases_factsheet.pdf (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024).
Institute for Policy Integrity, Omitted Damages: What's Missing from the Social Cost of Carbon (2014), https://costofcarbon.org/files/Omitted_Damages_Whats_Missing_From_the_Social_Cost_of_Carbon.pdf (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024).
International Energy Agency, Global Methane Tracker 2022 (2022), https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022 (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024).
International Energy Agency, Global Methane Tracker 2022 (2022), https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022/strategies-to-reduce-emissions-from-fossil-fuel-operations (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024).
United Nations, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024).
World Commission on Environment and Development, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, (1987) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf (last visited: Jan. 27, 2024). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
107652003 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107652003 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律科際整合研究所] 學位論文
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Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
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| 200301.pdf | | 2674Kb | Adobe PDF | 7 | View/Open |
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