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    题名: 私部門提供金融基礎設施服務之監理探討
    Research on the Financial Market Infrastructures Operated by Private Sector—Focusing on Financial Supervision
    作者: 呂家豪
    Lu, Chia-Hao
    贡献者: 臧正運
    Tsang, Cheng-Yun
    呂家豪
    Lu, Chia-Hao
    关键词: 金融基礎設施
    金融監理
    支付及清算系統
    金融交易設施
    自然獨占
    公用事業
    私有化
    公共選擇
    系統重要性
    Financial market infrastructure
    Financial supervision
    Payment system
    Clearing and settlement system
    Trading venue
    Natural monopoly
    Utilities
    Privatization
    Public option
    Systemically important
    日期: 2023
    上传时间: 2024-02-01 11:44:03 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本研究旨在探討私部門提供金融基礎設施服務對金融監理造成之影響。金融基礎設施具有壟斷性、風險性與公共性三大特徵,不僅具有公用事業性質,也會對社會造成顯著的負外部性。
    自1980年代先進經濟體自由化、去管制化的風潮以來,由私部門提供金融基礎設施的趨勢愈發明顯。而近期資訊科技發展與行動裝置的普及,亦促使更多私部門非金融機構得以更低的成本進入金融基礎設施服務,可能對現有的金融市場結構與社會公益造成重大影響,所涉及法領域包括金融監理、競爭法、個人資料與隱私權等多重議題,將對傳統金融監理方式帶來挑戰。
    對此,本研究提出一套分析架構,說明對私部門金融基礎設施監理之管制層次,以衡平金融基礎設施之效率、創新與安全。而本研究認為對金融基礎設施之監理,本質上反映了一國之基本國策與對資本主義之想像,在科技進步飛速、金融市場日趨複雜的情況下,並不存在一套完美的監理架構,監理機關必須適時調整較合適的監理方式。
    This thesis aims to investigate the impact of the provision of financial market infrastructure services by the private sector on financial supervision. Financial market infrastructures present three key characteristics: monopoly, risk concentration, and public goods. They not only possess the nature of public utilities, but also imposes significant negative externalities on society.
    Since the trend of liberalization and deregulation in advanced economies in the 1980s, there has been a growing trend for the private sector to provide financial market infrastructure services. Additionally, the recent development of information technology and the popularity of mobile devices have also enabled more non-financial institutions from the private sector to enter financial market infrastructure services at a lower cost. This trend may have significant implications for the existing financial market structure and societal welfare, involving multiple legal issues such as financial regulation, competition law, personal data protection, and privacy rights. This could pose challenges to traditional financial regulatory approach.
    In response to this situation, this thesis proposes an analytical framework to clarify different regulatory levels of financial market infrastructure supervision, aiming to balance efficiency, innovation, and stability of financial market infrastructures. This thesis believes that the supervision of financial market infrastructures basically reflects a state’s fundamentally policies and its vision for capitalism. Under the circumstances of rapid advancement in technology and the increasing complexity of financial markets, there is no one-size-fits-all regulatory framework. Supervisory authorities must adjust their supervisory approaches timely to ensure the appropriateness in the ever-changing financial market.
    參考文獻: 一、中文部分
    (一)專書論著
    1. 中央銀行業務局編譯,金融市場基礎設施準則,2015年2月。
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    (二)期刊論文
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    (三)研究報告
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    二、英文部分
    (一)專書論著
    1. Armour, John et al (2016), PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL REGULATION, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    2. Brummer, Chris (2015), SOFT LAW AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM: RULE MAKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    3. Lee, Ruben (2010), RUNNING THE WORLD’S MARKETS: THE GOVERNANCE OF FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    4. Pistor, Katharina (2019), THE CODE OF CAPITAL: HOW THE LAW CREATES WEALTH AND INEQUALITY, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    5. Polanyi, Karl (2001), THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION, Boston: Beacon Press.
    6. Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2000), ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

    (二)書之篇章
    1. Clements, Ryan (2023), Entry Barriers in Fintech, in Konstantinos Stylianou et al. ed., Fintech Competition. (London: Bloomsbury-Hart).
    2. Oosterhuis, Janwillem (2018), Private and Public in the Design of Commercial Law: Lessons from the History of Bills of Exchange, in Maren Heidemann & Joseph Lee ed., The Future of the Commercial Contract in Scholarship and Law Reform. (Cham Springer International Publishing).
    3. Di Noia, Carmine & Filippa, Luca (2021), Looking for New Lenses: How Regulation Should Cope with the Financial Market Infrastructures Evolution, in Jens-Hinrich Binder & Paolo Saguato ed., Financial Market Infrastructure: Law and Regulation. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
    4. Ferrarini, Guido & Saguato, Paolo (2015), Regulating Financial Market Infrastructures, in Niamh Moloney, Eilís Ferran, & Jennifer Payne ed., The Oxford Handbook of Financial Regulation. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    (三)期刊論文
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    2. Allen, Julia Lees, Derivatives Clearinghouses and Systemic Risk: A Bankruptcy and Dodd-Frank Analysis, 64 STAN. L. REV. 1079 (2012).
    3. Arner, Douglas, Buckley, Ross, Charamba, Kuzi, Sergeev, Artem & Zetzsche, Dirk, Governing Fintech 4.0: Bigtech, Platform Finance, and Sustainable Development, 27 FORDHAM J. CORP. & FIN. L. 1 (2022).
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    5. Arner, Douglas W., Barberis, Janos & Buckley, Ross P., The Evolution of FinTech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm, 47 GEO. J. INT’L L. 1271 (2016).
    6. Awrey, Dan & Macey, Joshua C., Open Access, Interoperability, and DTCC’s Unexpected Path to Monopoly, 132 YALE L. J. 96 (2022).
    7. Awrey, Dan, Unbundling Banking, Money, and Payments, 110 GEO. LJ 715 (2021).
    8. Baker, Colleen M., When Regulators Collide: Financial Market Stability, Systemic Risk, Clearinghouses, and CDS, 10 VA. L. & BUS. REV. 343 (2016).
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    10. Britton-Purdy, Jedediah, Grewal, David Singh, Kapczynski, Amy & Rahman, K. Sabeel, Building a Law-and-Political-Economy Framework: Beyond the Twentieth-Century Synthesis, 129 YALE L.J. 1784 (2020).
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    (四)國際組織或機構文件與資料
    1. Bank for Int’l Settlements, III. Central banks and payments in the digital era, BIS Annual Economic Report (2020), https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2020e3.pdf.
    2. COMM. ON PAYMENT & SETTLEMENT SYS., BANK FOR INT’L SETTLEMENTS & TECH. COMM. OF THE INT’L ORG. OF SEC. COMM’NS, PRINCIPLES FOR FINANCIAL MARKET INFRASTRUCTURES (2012), http://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d101a.pdf.
    3. COMM. ON PAYMENT AND MKT. INFRASTRUCTURE & INT’L ORG. OF SEC. COMM’N, APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR FINANCIAL MARKET INFRASTRUCTURES TO STABLECOIN ARRANGEMENTS (2022), https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d206.pdf.
    4. FIN. STABILITY BD., BIGTECH IN FINANCE: MARKET DEVELOPMENTS AND POTENTIAL FINANCIAL STABILITY IMPLICATIONS (2019), https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P091219-1.pdf.
    5. Frederic Boissay, Torsten Ehlers, Leonardo Gambacorta & Hyun Song Shin, Big Techs in Finance: on the New Nexus Between Data Privacy and Competition, Bank for Int’l Settlements, BIS Working Papers No.970 (2021), https://www.bis.org/publ/work970.pdf.
    6. Juan Carlos Crisanto, Johannes Ehrentraud & Marcos Fabian, Big Techs in Finance: Regulatory Approaches and Policy Options, Bank for Int’l Settlements, FSI Briefs No.12 (2021), https://www.bis.org/fsi/fsibriefs12.pdf.
    7. Juan Carlos Crisanto, Johannes Ehrentraud, Aidan Lawson & Fernando Restoy, Big Tech Regulation: What is Going On?, Fin. Stability Inst., FSI Insights on policy implementation No 36, at 6 (2021), https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights36.pdf.
    8. Raihan Zamil & Aiden Lawson, Gatekeeping the Gatekeepers: When Big Techs and Fintechs Own Banks – Benefits, Risks and Policy Options, Fin. Stability Inst., FSI Insights on policy implementation No 39 (2022), https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights39.pdf.

    (五)其他資料
    1. About ISDA, ISDA, https://www.isda.org/about-isda.
    2. BANK OF ENGLAND, THE BANK OF ENGLAND’S APPROACH TO THE SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL MARKET INFRASTRUCTURES (2013), https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/financial-stability/financial-market-infrastructure-supervision/the-boe-approach-to-the-supervision-of-fmi.pdf.
    3. Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman, Fed., Speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, D.C.: Financial Reform to Address Systemic Risk (Oct. 10, 2009), full text available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090310a.htm.
    4. Big Bang Protocol, ISDA, https://www.isda.org/traditional-protocol/big-bang-protocol
    5. BIS and Inter-American Development Bank join forces to foster innovation and financial inclusion in Latin America, Bank for Int’l Settlements (Sept. 14, 2023), https://www.bis.org/press/p230914.htm.
    6. Committees Introduce Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act, U.S. HOUSE COMM. ON FIN. SERV. (Jul. 20, 2023), https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=408921.
    7. Derivatives/EMIR, EUR COMM’N, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/financial-markets/post-trade-services/derivatives-emir_en.
    8. Designated Financial Market Utilities, FED. RSRV. BD. (Jan. 29, 2015), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/designated_fmu_about.htm.
    9. Hester Peirce, Clearing, Recovering, and Resolving, MERCATUS CTR., GEORGE MASON UNIV. (Feb. 27, 2017), https://www.mercatus.org/economic-insights/expert-commentary/clearing-recovering-and-resolving.
    10. Jake Piazza, Elon Musk wants your ‘entire financial life’ on X: Report, CNBC (Oct. 27, 2023, 11:07 AM), https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/27/elon-musk-wants-your-entire-financial-life-on-x-report.html.
    11. Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), ESMA, https://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/digital-finance-and-innovation/markets-crypto-assets-regulation-mica.
    12. Mike Mariathasan, Ouarda Merrouche & Charlotte Werger, Bailouts and Moral Hazard: How Implicit Government Guarantees Affect Financial Stability (2014), available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2481861.
    13. Monitoring implementation of the PFMI, Bank for Int’l Settlements, https://www.bis.org/cpmi/info_mios.htm.
    14. Paul Tucker, Harvard Kennedy School and Business School, Speech at Over-the-counter derivatives symposium: Are clearing houses the new central banks?, at 10-12 (Apr. 11, 2014), full text available at https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/others/events/2014/annual-over-the-counter-derivatives-symposium/tucker-clearinghouses-new-central-banks-tucker-2014-pdf.
    15. Payment System Risk, FED. RSRV. BD. (Jul. 21, 2023), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/psr_about.htm).
    16. Post-trade Services, EUR COMM’N, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/financial-markets/post-trade-services_en.
    17. R Gandhi, Deputy Governor, Rsrv. Bank of India, Speech at the FIBAC 2016, Mumbai: New horizons in Indian banking (Aug. 17, 2016), full text available at https://www.bis.org/review/r160822b.pdf.
    18. Regulation HH (Financial Market Utilities), FED. RSRV. BD. (Jan. 29, 2015), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/reghh-about.htm.
    19. Reserve Bank Systems, FED. RSRV. BD. (Feb. 21, 2014), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/over_rbsystems.htm.
    20. Ryan Browne, EU lawmakers approve world’s first comprehensive framework for crypto regulation, CNBC (Apr. 20, 2023, 10:57 AM), https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/eu-lawmakers-approve-worlds-first-comprehensive-crypto-regulation.html.
    21. Stephanie Bolt & David Meredith, Governance of Financial Market Infrastructures, RSRV. BANK OF AUSTL. (Dec. 10, 2020), https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2020/dec/pdf/governance-of-financial-market-infrastructures.pdf.
    22. Supervision & Oversight of Financial Market Infrastructures, FED. RSRV. BD. (Sept. 02, 2009), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/over_about.htm.
    23. Supervision and Oversight Expectations, FED. RSRV. BD. (Jan. 29, 2015), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/over_expectations.htm.
    24. The Payment Market is Being Digitalised, SVERIGES RIKSBANK (Oct. 29, 2020), https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/payments-in-sweden/payments-in-sweden-2020/1.-the-payment-market-is-being-digitalised/cash-is-losing-ground.
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