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Title:	語言中的個體概念：以分類詞和複數標記為探析 The Sortal Concept in Language: An Investigation Based on Numeral Classifiers and Plural Markers
Authors:	林昆翰 Lin, Kun-Han
Contributors:	何萬順 Her, One-Soon 林昆翰 Lin, Kun-Han
Keywords:	個體概念概念結構數字系統分類詞複數標記
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2023-10-03 10:40:30 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本文企圖以「個體概念」，解釋概念結構、句法形式、個體標記、語言類型，以及人類如何透過個體概念的原則性解釋，掌握並認識外在事物。本文首先以個體概念揭示二十世紀後半葉以來，語言學與計算機科學所主張人類語言系統的一個重要性質，即「離散且無限」，而其離散性質乃個體概念所展現。並以此深入探究概念結構當中的個體概念，發現不論當前有關語言的計數與物質研究、心理學研究、生物學研究，以及概念結構相關研究，都能發現個體概念所展現於人類與其他動物的相關行為，並以此區分出幾個個體概念的行為展現方式與依據。因此，本文第2章回顧當前不同領域的相關研究，評述其與個體概念的關係，於歸納出當前研究成果中有關個體概念的行為展現與依據後，以此作為後續幾章論述的主要基礎。在第2章所回顧的當前研究中，我們歸納個體概念的重要性質主要包括三個部分。首先，語言中的計數或物質，以及數字系統中的位數詞，都以個體概念得以區分事物個體或指稱新個體作為依據；第二個部分，在概念結構相關研究中，個體概念對於實體的完整性，可展現於時間認知與空間認知兩面向；第三個部分，在心理學與生物學相關實驗中，個體的辨識需要仰賴物體的空間移動關係、物體的外觀，以及物體的內在結構等三種方式作為判斷依據。本文第3章著重與個體概念的句法形式分析。首先，依據第2章所回顧個體概念的實體完整性分析，將個體概念的內在要件區分為「有邊界有組成」、「有邊界無組成」、「無邊界有組成」以及「無邊界無組成」等四類。再以此四類審視個體概念的相關句法形式，諸如個體分類詞即屬於「有邊界無組成」、物質名詞屬於「無邊界無組成」等，企圖解釋個體概念句法形式的不同作用。此外，個體概念可展現於時間認知與空間認知兩面向，在本章亦循得漢語中的例子，並分析時間認知與空間認知如何同時作用。最後，在有關個體概念展現於句法詞類中的哪一個位置，本文將以個體概念的普遍性，主張裸名詞的使用即有個體的區分。本文第4章將探討個體概念展現於語言系統上，何以形成個體分類詞與複數標記兩種形式。個體概念展現於句法形式上，其目的在於確認可計量狀態。並且，由於複數標記與個體分類詞分別與動詞或數詞的「一致」要求，並未相同，因此雖然複數標記與個體分類詞呈現互補結構，但在語言類型的考察上，二者出現的時間不一定相同。另外，個體分類詞透過上古漢語聲響分類詞的考察之下，發現個體分類詞的產生是基於理性壓力而產生，而非是為了表達特定數量意涵。本文第5章將延續第3章有關「有邊界有組成」轉換為「有邊界無組成」，諸如「一群樂手」以及「一支樂隊」等之間的差別與轉換，加以進一步分析，尋求個體概念的原則性解釋。對此，本文提出「修正的複雜論證」作為判斷依據，以「內在緊密連結」與「內在階層結構」兩原則解釋人類判斷事物為「群體」或「個體」的條件，同時也解釋何以個體分類詞得以透過「側寫」指稱事物個體本身。最後，由於「群體」與「個體」的差異，也得以解釋人類面對社會群體，以及判斷自身與群體之間的關係。本研究對於個體概念的現階段分析，有待下一階段進一步的拓展。在個體分類詞方面，「群體」與「個體」之間的差別轉換以及「修正的複雜論證」，仍有待實證研究加以證明。一如測試個體概念如何展現於行為的心理學測試，我們可延伸相同的實驗設計，對於「群體」與「個體」之間的判斷加以探究，使得理論對於「如何將群體視為個體」的行為展現，能有更完整的解釋。
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Description:	博士國立政治大學語言學研究所 102555501
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102555501
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Graduate Institute of Linguistics] Theses

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