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    题名: 在全球發展議程中重新審視世界主義伊斯蘭教： 將可持續發展目標納入印度尼西亞的天課實踐
    Revisiting Cosmopolitan Islam in Global Development Agenda: Incorporating the Sustainable Development Goals into Indonesian Zakat Practice
    作者: 安紗彩
    Anabarja, Sarah
    贡献者: 邱炫元
    Chiou, Syuan-Yuan
    安紗彩
    Sarah Anabarja
    关键词: 天課
    印度尼西亞穆斯林社會
    可持續發展目標 (SDG)
    國際化伊斯蘭教、信仰組織 (FBO)
    Zakat
    Indonesian Muslim Society
    Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
    Cosmopolitan Islam
    Faith Based Organization (FBO)
    日期: 2023
    上传时间: 2023-02-08 15:11:24 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本研究在可持續發展目標 (SDG) 的全球發展議程中，以印度尼西亞天課管理為例，探討了國際化伊斯蘭教的話語。天課管理的最新進展反映了天課在發展領域整合的新趨勢。因此，自 2017 年世界天課論壇（WZF）會議和年會以來，許多學者開始更加關注天課和可持續發展目標。繼這次會議之後，2019 年 WZF 發布決議，要求其成員合作並滿足與聯合國開發計劃署 (UNDP) 一起實現可持續發展目標。另一方面，學術著作還表明，印度尼西亞穆斯林社會已經展示了其國際化的價值，以發展其宗教框架和實踐。
    在印度尼西亞烏拉瑪委員會 (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) 發布了一項教令，指出天課的交付不僅限於直接為 受益人 提供渠道，因此天課管理者開始創新他們的戰略，以指導更廣泛地使用天課。然而，將可持續發展目標的全球議程納入天課實踐需要的不僅僅是教令。因此，印度尼西亞穆斯林社會為此目的採用了許多框架、政策和活動。國家天課機構 (BAZNAS) 與世界天課論壇 (WZF) 的成員於 2019 年與聯合國開發計劃署簽署了一份諒解備忘錄 (MoU)，以利用天課資金支持可持續發展目標計劃。同時，有兩個最大的伊斯蘭信仰組織 (FBO) - Muhammadiyah 和 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) - 也將他們的天課實踐導向可持續發展目標。
    因此，這項研究對於觀察關於全球可持續發展目標如何被重新解釋並與印度尼西亞當地的天課實踐相結合的討論過程具有重要意義。它回顧了 BAZNAS、Muhammadiyah 和 NU 在將可持續發展目標納入其天課實踐中所採取的宗教框架和政策。為了回答這個問題，它應用了地方環境中的世界主義價值觀、伊斯蘭社會資本和宗教組織在發展議程中的作用的框架，來分析從採訪、相關期刊文章和工作文件、報告以及來自這三個國家的官方文件中收集的數據機構。
    本研究認為，印度尼西亞的天課管理與當前的可持續發展目標全球發展議程有多種形式的互動。它展示了印度尼西亞穆斯林社會發展新形式的國際化伊斯蘭教的能力，展示了賦能係統的各種方法作為將可持續發展目標重構為天課制度的形式。這一論點得到以下發現的支持：首先，印度尼西亞政府已經讓更多的利益相關者，包括穆斯林社會，為印度尼西亞的可持續發展目標的進展做出貢獻。第二，三個天課機構對可持續發展目標的“賦能係統”不同； “主動啟用”、“主動啟用”和“被動啟用”。第三，儘管他們在印尼天課管理中的角色不同，但三個機構致力於通過國際化伊斯蘭教的發展，在國家天課管理中共同努力。第四，三個機構在天課安排中表達了對世界價值觀的重構。第五，不同的聖訓方法和各機構的組織安排影響了其天課實踐中的可持續發展目標賦能體系。此後，它得出結論認為，印度尼西亞的天課管理通過將可持續發展目標的全球議程融入天課實踐，產生了一種新形式的國際化伊斯蘭教。這一證據有助於對世界主義伊斯蘭教的理論討論。
    This research examines the discourse of cosmopolitan Islam in the case of Indonesian zakat management amid the global development agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The recent advancement in zakat management has reflected the new trend of the integration of zakat in the field of development. Accordingly, many scholars started to pay more attention to Zakat and SDGs since the World Zakat Forum (WZF) Conference and Annual Meeting in 2017. Following up on this conference, in 2019, WZF issued a resolution to demand its members collaborate and fulfill the requirements of SDGs together with the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP). On the same coin, the scholarly works also indicate that Indonesian Muslim society has demonstrated its cosmopolitan value in developing its religious frameworks and practices.
    Following the issue of a fatwa by the Indonesian Ulama Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) stating that zakat delivery is not limited to being channeled directly for its beneficiaries, zakat managers began to innovate their strategy to direct the broader use of zakat. However, incorporating the global agenda of SDGs into zakat practice requires more than a fatwa. Thus, Indonesian Muslim society employs a number of frameworks, policies, and activities for this purpose. The National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS), along with members of the World Zakat Forum (WZF), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with UNDP in 2019 to utilize zakat funds to support SDGs programs. At the same time, there are two biggest Islamic Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) - Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) - that also direct their zakat practices toward the SDGs.
    Therefore, this research is substantial to observe the discussion process on how global SDGs become reinterpreted and integrated with the local zakat practice in Indonesia. It reviews the religious frameworks and the policies taken by BAZNAS, Muhammadiyah, and NU in contextualizing the SDGs into their zakat practices. To answer this, it applies frameworks of Cosmopolitan Islam in Indonesian setting, Islamic social capital, and the role of FBOs in the development agenda to analyze the data gathered from the interviews, related journal articles and working papers, reports, and official documents from the three agencies.
    This research argues that zakat management in Indonesia has various forms of engagement with the current global development agenda of SDGs. It demonstrates the capability of the Indonesian Muslim society to develop a new form of cosmopolitan Islam by showing the various approach to the enablement system as a form of reconstituting the SDGs towards the zakat system. The finding supports the argument that first, the Indonesian government has engaged more stakeholders, including Muslim society, to contribute toward the SDG`s progress in Indonesia. Second, there are different ‘enablement systems’ of the SDGs among the three zakat agencies; ‘proactive enablement’, `active enablement’, and ‘passive enablement’. Third, despite their different roles in Indonesian zakat management, the three agencies are committed to working together in national zakat management through the development of cosmopolitan Islam. Fourth, the three agencies expressed the reconstitution of cosmopolitan values in their zakat arrangements. Fifth, the different methods of ijtihad and organizational arrangements of each agency have affected the enablement system of SDGs in their zakat practices. Henceforth, it concludes that Indonesian zakat management has generated a new form of cosmopolitan Islam by the contextualization of the global agenda of SDGs into the zakat practice. This evidence contributes to the theoretical discussion of cosmopolitan Islam.
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    Doumbia, Djeneba, and Lykke Lauridsen, 2019. Closing the SDG Financing Gap—Trends and Data. In https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/842b73cc-12b0-4fe2-b058-d3ee75f74d06/EMCompass-Note-73-Closing-SDGs-Fund-Gap.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=mSHKl4S. Accessed September 15, 2022.
    Ebrahim, M. S., M. O. Salleh, and M. O. Sheikh, 2016. “Institutional status and the underdevelopment of the Muslim world: A juridicio-philosophical critique”, Working Paper. Durham: Durham University Business School.
    Forum Zakat, 2012. Cetak Biru Pengembangan Zakat Indonesia 2011-2021: Panduan Masa Depan Zakat Indonesia. Jakarta: Forum Zakat (FOZ).
    Lazismu, 2019. LazisMu Memberi Untuk Negeri. LazisMu. Retrieved from https://www.itb-ad.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Presentasi-Lazismu-2019-Update.pdf. Accessed October 14, 2021.
    Noor, Zainulbahar and Francine Pickup, 2017. “The Role of Zakat in Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals” in UNDP Brief May 2017.
    NU Care-LAZISNU, 2020. Proposal Ramadhan 1441: Ramadhan Saling Peduli Cegah Covid-19. Jakarta: NU Care-LAZISNU.
    OECD, 2021. Closing the SDG Financing Gap in the COVID-19 era: Scoping note for the G20 Development Working Group. In https://www.oecd.org/dev/OECD-UNDP-Scoping-Note-Closing-SDG-Financing-Gap-COVID-19-era.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2022.
    Pickup, Francine et al., 2018. Unlocking The Potential of Zakat and Other Forms of Islamic Finance to Achieve SDGs in Indonesia. Jakarta: UNDP and BAZNAS.
    Pusat Kajian Strategis BAZNAS, 2019. Resolution of the 8th World Zakat Forum International Conference and Annual Meeting 2019. Berita Resmi No. 22/ON/11/2019, November, 11 2019. Jakarta: PuskasBAZNAS.
    PuskasBAZNAS, 2017. Sebuah Kajian Zakat on SDGs: Peran Zakat dalam Sustainable Development Goals untuk Pencapaian Maqashid Syariah. Center of Strategic Studies – The National Board of Zakat (PUSKAS BAZNAS) in https://puskasBAZNAS.com. Accessed April 2, 2019.
    PuskasBAZNAS, 2019. Indonesia Zakat Outlook 2019. Center of Strategic Studies – The National Board of Zakat (PUSKAS BAZNAS) in https://puskasBAZNAS.com. Accessed April 2, 2019.
    Tomalin, Emma, et al., 2018. “Religion and the Sustainable Development Goals” Working Paper Transatlantic Policy Network on Religion and Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge Institute on Religion and International Studies.
    UNDP, 2019. UNDP Indonesia Innovative Financing Lab. Accessed April 2, 2021.
    World Bank and Islamic Development Bank Group, 2016. Global Report on Islamic Finance: Islamic Finance: A Catalyst for Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0926-2.

    Conference Proceedings

    Dariah, Etih Rohaeti et al., 2016. “A New Approach for Sustainable Development Goals in Islamic Perspective”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219 (2016), pp. 159-166.
    Ismail, Abdul Ghafar et al. 2018. “Ecosystem in Islamic Finance and Its Link with SDGs”, 3rd International Conference on Islamic Economics and Financial Inclusion, 11-12th July 2018, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved from: http://iciefi.umy.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Prof.-Abdul-Ghaffar-ecosystem_IF.pdf
    Muhammad, Mumuh and Jajang W. Mahri, 2017. “Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behaviour Toward Zakat Institution”, 5th Southeast Asia International Islamic Philanthropy Conference (5th SEAIIP), pp. 291-300.
    Sudiana, Nana, 2017. “Implementasi Manajemen Risiko Lembaga Amil Zakat: Studi Kasus pada LAZNAS Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI)”, 5th Southeast Asia International Islamic Philanthropy Conference (5th SEAIIP), pp. 800-814.
    Sujono, Rusny I and Anton P. Nugroho, 2017. “The Influence of Religiosity Toward the Muslim’s Happiness with The Behavior of Zakat, Infaq, and Alms as Moderating Variables: Case Study of LAZ Dompet Dhuafa Yogyakarta”. 5thh Southeast Asia International Islamic Philanthropy Conference (5th SEAIIP), pp. 527-539.
    Iswati, Sri et al., 2017. “The Role of Muhammadiyah in the Development of Social Capital Community”, 1st Conference Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga: Implementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals (ICPSUAS 2017), pp. 53-57.
    Qodir, Zuly and Haedar Nashir, 2019.” Forming Middle Class’ Piety and Identity in Yogyakarta. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2019 – Humanity, Educaiton, and Social Sciences (IcoSIHESS 2019), pp. 352-357.
    Fathoni, M.A. and Ade Nur Rohim, 2019. “Peran pesantren dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi umat di Indonesia”” Conference on Islamic Management Accounting and Economics (CIMAE), Vol.2, pp. 133-140.

    Official Documents

    Bank Indonesia, 2019. Laporan Keuangan dan Ekonomi Syariah 2021. Retrieved from https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/laporan/Pages/Laporan-Ekonomi-dan-Keuangan-Syariah-2021.aspx, accessed April 28, 2022.
    Ilyas, Hamim, 2014. Kebencanaan dalam Perspektif Islam: Konsepsi Al-Qur’an dan Hadis tentang Kepedulian (Fikih Al-Maun). Retrieved from http://tarjih.muhammadiyah.or.id/download-workshop-fikih-bencana.html, accessed Januari 9, 2022.
    Lazismu, 2016. Instruksi Pendirian dan Pengelolaan Lazismu. Retrieved from https://www.lazismujatim.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Instruksi-PP-Muhammadiyah-Pendirian-Pengelolaan-Lazismu-pada-struktur-AUM.pdf, accessed November 23, 2021.
    Lazismu, 2017. Buku Panduan Bidang Lazismu. Retrieved from http://lazismumojokerto.org/download/#page-content , accessed November 23, 2021.
    Lazismu, 2018. Panduan Penghimpunan dan Pentasharufan Zakat, Infaq, dan Shadaqah Lazismu. Retrieved from https://www.lazismujatim.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PANDUAN-SYARIAH-LAZISMU.end_.pdf, accessed November 23, 2021.
    Lazismu, 2019. Katalog Program Lazismu 2019. Retrieved from http://lazismumojokerto.org/download/#page-content , accessed November 23, 2021.
    Muhammadiyah, 2017. Pedoman Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah tentang Lazismu. Retrieved from https://www.lazismujatim.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Pedoman-PP-Muhammadiyah-Tentang-Lazismu.pdf, accessed November 23, 2021.
    NU Care-Lazisnu, 2016. Pedoman Organisasi NU CARE-Lazisnu. Retrieved from https://www.koinnu.com/p/blog-page_28.html, accessed December 9, 2021.
    NU Care-Lazisnu, 2019. Bunga Rampai NU Care-Lazisnu: Legalitas Lazisnu dan Fikih Pengelolaan Zakat. Retrieved from https://www.koinnu.com/p/blog-page_28.html, accessed December 9, 2021.
    NU Care-Lazisnu, 2020. Pedoman Organisasi NU Care- Lazisnu 2020. Retrieved from https://www.koinnu.com/p/blog-page_28.html, accessed December 9, 2021.
    Online Articles

    Ansori, 2020. Pengertian dan Metode Berpikir Ahlussunah wal Jama’ah. In https://unupurwokerto.ac.id/pengertian-dan-metode-berpikir-ahlussunnah-wal-jamaah/, accessed November 07, 2022.
    Bisri, Mustofa, 2006. Considering the Meaning of Piety in Islam. in https://nu.or.id/column/considering-the-meaning-of-piety-in-islam-9A5al, accessed May 5, 2022.
    Buana, Greget K, 2018. Innovative financing for SDGs: Mobilising ummah’s potential to leave no one behind. In https://www.undp.org/asia-pacific/blog/innovative-financing-sdgs-mobilising-ummahs-potential-leave-no-one-behind, accssed September 16, 2022.
    Budiantoro, Setyo, 2019. Strategically Financing SDGs Gap. in http://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/strategically-financing-sdgs-gap/, accessed September 16, 2021
    Darasha, Brinda, 2021. Islamic philanthropy: UNCHR`s Zakat funds saw 12.5% jump in donations to $48.5mln. in https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/life/story/Islamic_philanthropy_UNCHRs_Zakat_funds_saw_125_jump_in_donations_to_485mln-ZAWYA20210330054811/, accessed October 26, 2021.
    DPR, 2017. Sidang Parlemen Dunia Sepakati Deklarasi Bali. in www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/17570/t/Sidang+Parlemen+Dunia+Sepakati+Deklarasi+Bali, accessed September 16, 2021.
    Kemdagri, 2021. Distribusi Penduduk Terbanyak Indonesia Per Juni 2021: Jabar Terbanyak, Kaltara Paling Sedikit. In https://dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/berita/baca/809/distribusi-penduduk-indonesia-per-juni-2021-jabar-terbanyak-kaltara-paling-sedikit, accessed February 1, 2022.
    KNKS, 2020. Keuangan Syariah Seharusnya jadi Motor Penggerak Utama SDGs. In https://knks.go.id/berita/297/keuangan-syariah-seharusnya-jadi-motor-penggerak-utama-sdgs?category=1, accessed September 16, 2022.
    Lazismu, 2019. Lazismu Memberi Untuk Negeri: Update 2019. Retrieved from https://www.itb-ad.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Presentasi-Lazismu-2019-Update.pdf, accessed November 23, 2021.
    Lazismu, 2021. Dukung Penguatan Pendidikan Lazismu Gelar Penyerahan Zakat untuk Program Save Our School. in https://lazismu.org/view/dukung-penguatan-pendidikan-lazismu-gelar-penyerahan-zakat-untuk-program-save-our-school, accessed October 12, 2021.
    LazismuDIY, 2017. Rakornas Lazismu 2017 “Peningkatan Akuntabilitas Lazismu Menuju Pencapaian SDG’s”. in https://www.lazismudiy.or.id/rakornas-lazismu-2017-peningkatan-akuntabilitas-lazismu-menuju-pencapaian-sdgs/, accessed April 13, 2021
    Lazisnu Sragen, 2019. Zakat Sebagai Instrumen SDGs. In https://www.lazisnusragen.org/tausiyah/zakat-sebagai-instrumen-sdgs/, accessed April 13, 2021
    NU Care Lazisnu, 2019. Yuk, Ikuti Sembilan Program Unggulan NU Care-LAZISNU Selama Ramadhan! In https://bincangsyariah.com/kolom/yuk-ikuti-sembilan-program-unggulan-nu-care-lazisnu-selama-ramadhan/, accessed May 24, 2022.
    PIRAC, 2017. Kesiapan Lembaga Filantropi Indonesia dalam Mendukung Pencapaian SDGs. in https://pirac.org/2017/03/15/kesiapan-lembaga-filantropi-indonesia-dalam-mendukung-pencapaian-sdgs/, accessed October 31, 2022.
    Ramdhoni, Faisol, 2013. Menakar Internalisasi Fikrah Nahdliyah di Madura. In https://www.nu.or.id/opini/menakar-internalisasi-fikrah-nahdliyah-di-madura-SbFaX, accessed December 6, 2022.
    Rohman, Noor, 2014. Ahlusunnah Waljamaah dan Keindonesiaan. In https://dakwah.unisnu.ac.id/ahlus-sunnah-wal-jamaah-dan-keindonesiaan, accessed February 9, 2022.
    Rosadi, Imron, 2017. Gelorakan Harakah An-Nahdliyyah liz Zakah. In https://lazisnubanyumas.org/307/, accessed April 25, 2022.
    SDG, 2018. Indonesia Harnesses Islamic Donation Tradition to Support SDGs. In http://sdg.iisd.org/news/indonesia-harnesses-islamic-donation-tradition-to-support-sdgs/ , accessed September 15, 2022.
    Sudiana, Nana, 2019. Zakat di Era Post-Truth. In https://forumzakat.org/zakat-di-era-post-truth/, accessed April 12, 2021.
    Syamsudin, Muhammad, 2020. Para Penerima Zakat yang Bisa Ditemukan di Lokasi Bencana. in https://islam.nu.or.id/zakat/para-penerima-zakat-yang-bisa-ditemukan-di-lokasi-bencana-Amh4j, accessed May 5, 2022.
    UNDP, 2019. UNDP and World Zakat Forum launch new partnership to unlock zakat for the SDGs. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/news-centre/news/2019/UNDP_and_World_Zakat_Forum_launch_new_partnership_for_the_SDGs.html, accessed April 4, 2021.

    Thesis

    Kari, Andri Zainal, 2017. Refining Indonesian Civil Society Organization Participation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals, Utrecht University: Thesis.
    Triono, Warko, 2015. Pribumisasi Islam: Studi Analisis Pemikiran Gus Dur. UIN Raden Fatah: Thesis.
    Sholawati, Richma, 2022. Pengelolaan Dana ZIS untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Mustahik dalam Mewujudkan SDGs: Studi Kasus NU Care – Lazisnu Prambon Kabupaten Nganjuk. IAIN Kediri: Thesis.

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    Tarjih Menjawab Muhammadiyah. (2016, August 16). Tarjih Menjawab Episode 26 Zakat Khaeruddin Hamsin [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbaRRbcBuIw&list=PLYjMYGAwrKVRVLUK-zNiRASOawiEhnAK6&index=5
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    News

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