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    Title: 「僅僅」的限定性與主觀性:以語料庫為本
    The Restrictiveness and Subjectivity of Jǐnjǐn: A Corpus-based Study
    Authors: 林昕柔
    Lin, Hsin-Jou
    Contributors: 鍾曉芳
    Chung, Siaw-Fong
    林昕柔
    Lin, Hsin-Jou
    Keywords: 僅僅
    範圍副詞
    語料庫
    語意側重
    限定性
    主觀性
    Jǐnjǐn
    Scope-adverb
    Restrictiveness
    Subjectivity
    Profiling
    Corpus
    Date: 2022
    Issue Date: 2022-03-01 17:15:32 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在華語文教學領域中,「僅僅」為高階程度的詞語,但字辭典卻只以近義詞定義「僅僅」,也鮮少著墨該副詞的限定功能及主觀性、提供詳細說明。在漢語語言學的文獻中,「僅僅」的相關研究並不多,大多被視為可限定事物範圍的副詞,但語料庫顯示除了限定功能外「僅僅」也能表達說話者的主觀想法。
    因此,為研究「僅僅」的限定性與主觀性,本研究首先在第一階段透過《中研院平衡語料庫4.0》蒐集語料,先針對「僅僅」的句法結構及限定範圍進行分析,再探討「僅僅」所顯示的說話者預期與事件結果的關係。第二階段為問卷測驗,基於語料庫研究的結果設計問卷、招募華語母語者受測,筆者藉由測驗結果支持本文的語料庫研究結果,進一步探討「僅僅」的預期機制。最後,本研究以「僅僅」的語意側重(profile)呈現該副詞的限定性與主觀性。
    本文的研究結果顯示:在限定性層面,「僅僅」的限定範圍可分為五類:事件、事物、動作行為、數量、數值;「僅僅」具有兩種限定功能:「數字類」及「多類—一類」。在主觀性層面,說話者大多以「僅僅」表達事件結果低於自身預期,但在前、後句涉及數字概念的複句中「僅僅」卻能顯示事件結果低於、高於說話者預期。語意側重能呈現「僅僅」發揮限定功能的方式以及說話者預期的過程。本研究的成果能供華語文教學參考,補足漢語語言學詞彙研究的缺口,並為漢語具主觀性之副詞研究給予貢獻。
    Jǐnjǐn is a Chinese scope-adverb, meaning only or merely; it is a high-difficulty word in CSL (Chinese as a Second Language) for learners. However, jǐnjǐn is often defined by its near-synonyms in dictionaries and rarely discussed as a main topic in Chinese linguistics. Some corpus data showed that jǐnjǐn was used to restrict grammatical components and display speakers’ evaluations. Therefore, this study probes into the restrictiveness and subjectivity of jǐnjǐn with the data collected from Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese and with questionnaires.
    The results of this study are as follows: jǐnjǐn has restrictive functions, used to restrict a specific (1) number/numerical value and (2) type. The relationship between the actual outcome and the speaker’s expectation can be inferred from the use of jǐnjǐn. Jǐnjǐn generally shows that the expected value is higher than the actual one; however, it may show two different expectations when the clauses of a complex sentence refer to numbers. One of the expected values is higher than the actual one while another is the opposite. The restrictiveness and subjectivity of jǐnjǐn was also explained by analyzing its profiling.
    It is expected that this research should not only contribute to CSL teaching and lexicography but provide empirical evidence to conduct further research on the restrictiveness and subjectivity of Chinese scope-adverbs.
    Reference: 中文文獻
    丁邦新(譯)(1980)。中國話的文法(原作者:趙元任)。香港:中文大學出版社。(原著出版年:1968)
    王力(1987)。中國語法理論。台中市:藍燈文化。
    王萸芳、蔡碧華、許訓銘、胡凱閔 (2014)。華語否則類短語的篇章與人際功能探究。臺灣華語教學研究,2(總第9),31-65。
    白兆麟(2017)。新著漢語文法。北京市:商務印書館。
    呂文華(2014)。對外漢語教學語法講義。北京市:北京大學出版社。
    張誼生(1999)。現代漢語副詞「才」的共時比較。上海師範大學學報(社會科學版),28,45-50。
    周孟戰、張永發(2012)。漢語副詞重疊研究述評。中南大學學報(社會科學版),18(1),212-218。
    孫子涵(2017)。從語序、轄域檢視中文副詞之分類。臺大華語文教學研究,5,101-124。
    黃居仁、謝舒凱、洪嘉馡、陳韻竹、蘇依莉、陳永祥、黃勝偉(無日期)。中文詞彙網路:跨語言知識處理基礎架構的設計理念與實踐。中國語文,24(2),無頁數。
    鄧守信(2018)。當代中文語法點全集。新北市:聯經出版公司。
    鄧根芹(2005)。限定性副詞「只」的句法、語義、語用分析。嘉興學院學報,17(4),91-96。
    鄧根芹(2006)。限定副詞「僅」的句法、語義分析。韶關學院學報,27(11),118-121。
    劉靜宜(2010)。實用漢語語法。台北市:文史哲出版社。
    盧福波(2011)。對外漢語實用教學語法。北京市:北京語言大學出版社。
    魏培泉(2003)。上古漢語到中古漢語語法的重要發展。載於陳國棟(主編),第三屆國際漢學會議論文集語言組:《古今通塞:漢語的歷史與發展》(75-106頁)。台北市:中央研究院歷史語言研究所。
    藍卡佳、李林(2009)。現代漢語的疊詞與基礎教育語文教學。遵義師範學院學報,11(2),101-105。
    羅夢劼(2013)。淺議範圍副詞「僅」的主觀化。現代語文,2013(18),50-51。

    英文文獻
    Biq, Y. O. & Huang, C. R. (2015). Adverbs. In C. R. Huang, & D. Shi (Eds.), A Reference Grammar of Chinese (pp. 315-352). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Langacker, R. W. (2006). Subjectification, Grammaticalization, and Conceptual Archetypes. In A. Athanasiadou, C. Canakis & B. Cornillie (Eds.), Subjectification : Various Paths to Subjectivity (pp. 17-40). Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Shyu, S. I., Wang, Y. F., & Lin, Z. J. (2013). An approximation to secondary predication structure: A case of V-qilai in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics, 14(4), 701-736.
    Traugott, E. C. (2010). (Inter)subjectivity and (inter)subjectification: A reassessment. In K. Davidse, L. Vandelanotte & H. Cuyckens (Eds.), Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization (pp. 29-71). Berlin; New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
    Yip, P. C. & Rimmington, D. (2004). Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London; New York: Routledge.

    二手文獻
    Traugott, E. C. (1982). From Propositional to Textual and Expressive Meanings: Some Semantic-pragmatic Aspects of Grammaticalization. In W. P. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (Eds.), Perspectives on historical linguistics (pp. 245-271). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.

    網路資源
    1. 國教院詞語分級標準檢索系統:https://coct.naer.edu.tw/standsys/#words
    2. 國教院語料庫索引典系統:https://coct.naer.edu.tw/cqpweb/
    3. 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本:https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/index.jsp
    4. 教育部國語辭典簡編本:https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/search.jsp?md=1
    5. 遠流中文活用大辭典:https://lib.ctcn.edu.tw/chtdict/about_intro.aspx
    6. 漢典:https://www.zdic.net/
    7. 中文詞彙網路2.0:https://lopentu.github.io/CwnWeb/
    8. 亂碼、亂數、密碼產生器:https://lab.sp88.com.tw/genpass/
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    華語文教學碩博士學位學程
    107161009
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107161009
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202200336
    Appears in Collections:[Doctor`s / Master`s Program in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language] Theses

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