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    Title: 制度變遷中的話語政治:理解中國大陸農村土地的集體化進程
    The Politics of Discourse in Institutional Change: Toward an Understanding of Rural Land Collectivization in Mainland China
    Authors: 褚剛
    Chu, Gang
    Contributors: 林子欽
    Lin, Tzu-Chin
    褚剛
    Chu, Gang
    Keywords: 集體化
    制度變遷
    話語
    權力
    治理
    Collectivization
    Institutional Change
    Discourse
    Power
    Governance
    Date: 2021
    Issue Date: 2022-01-03 16:12:48 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 20世紀中葉,中國大陸發生了一場規模宏大的集體化運動。在這場運動中,農村土地制度經歷了從「私有」到「共有」的巨大變革。農地制度的快速轉變,不僅深刻影響著當時數以億計農民的生活,還錨定了自那以後的制度變遷軌跡,形塑了如今全球最大規模的集體土地所有制度。在此意義上,集體化進程既是已經發生的歷史,同時也是凝結著歷史的當下。

    不同於以往基於史學、人類學和經濟學等學科的研究,本文選擇了後現代主義中的話語視角來考察農地集體化進程,以清晰回答「國家如何利用有關土地的話語助推農地制度實現了集體化」这一问题。本文的分析路徑以福柯關於話語和權力的研究為主,並輔以批判話語分析和話語制度主義中的可取之處,藉此分析的經驗資料涵蓋了從官方檔案、政策文件到田野調查和口述記錄等文本。

    第一章介紹了所要探討的問題及其研究現狀,闡述了從話語視角考察集體化進程的理由。第二章著重闡明了分析問題的理論路徑,以及整體分析思路和研究內容。做好理論鋪墊之後,第三章從經驗層面打開了有關土地的話語「黑箱」,揭示了國家層面的官方話語和鄉村社會的民間話語所具備的主要特徵。第四章從話語特徵的靜態分析轉到了權力運作的動態分析,以權力和話語之間的關係為軸,解析了話語生產和話語治理的複雜過程。在第三、四章經驗分析的基礎上,第五章從學理層面討論了話語治理和話語構型之於集體化進程的推動作用,試圖打通從話語、權力到制度的完整邏輯。第六章是全文的總結。

    研究結果表明:農地集體化進程的本質是土地制度的演變。在這場由國家主導的劇烈變革中,對圍繞土地的政治話語的有效治理,為推進農地制度的快速轉變發揮了重要作用。話語治理包括話語的植入、維護、增殖、排斥和更替等活動,其目的是為了維護某一特定話語和排斥其他競爭話語,它不僅幫助官方話語順利地嵌入了鄉村社會,還在一定程度上增強了官方話語在那裡的優勢地位,最終形成了有利於制度變遷的話語秩序。總的來看,國家的話語治理術是頗成體系和十分精細的。但獨有治理技術,卻不一定能夠保障農地集體化的順利進行。這一劇烈變革最終得以實現,還須從話語特徵深入到話語構型之中,尋找官方話語和民間話語的交疊,以探明重建和維護話語秩序的內在邏輯。事實上,國家的確在話語構型上下了不少功夫,不僅將傳統的「家庭」觀念嫁接在了「集體」之上,同時還以「集體所有」制度接替了過去的「家族共財」制度,並最終以「共產主義」的生活圖景激起了農民對「大同世界」的嚮往。由此可見,國家在主導這場制度變遷時,不僅系統而靈活地使用了各種權力技術來治理話語;與此同時,國家還在象徵層面吸收了民間話語中的諸多因素,將其融入到官方話語之後再予以傳播和推廣。從話語視角揭示出的這些內容,展現了一幅有別於以往研究的新圖卷,這有助於增進我們對農地集體化進程的認識和理解。

    話語是後現代主義的一把利器,但卻鮮少出現在地政學的研究領域。本文利用這一「冷門」工具,全面剖析了發生在中國大陸農村的一場社會劇變。若能為地政學界提供些許從話語視角分析制度變遷的啟發,當足矣。
    The 1950s had witnessed the large-scale collectivization of rural land in mainland China. During this political movement, the rural land institution was tansformed from the private ownership to the collective ownership. The rapid transformation not only profoundly affected the lives of peasants at that time, but also anchored the path of institutional changes since then, which had shaped the largest collective rual land institution around the world. In a sense, collectivization is the history that has taken place, and as well as the present that condensed in the history.

    In order to answer the question “How does the state boost the collectivization of rural land with the help of political discourse?”, this paper employs the perspective of discourse in postmodernism, which is different from the literature based on history, anthropology, and economics. The theoretical approach to analyzing this topic mainly builds on Foucault’s research about discourse and power, supplemented by critical discourse analysis and discourse institutionalism. As for the empirical data, official archives, policy documents, field surveys and oral records are all used this paper.

    Chapter 1 introduces the research question and reasons of taking the perspective of discourse. Chapter 2 clarifies the theoretical approach of analysis and the main research contents. Chapter 3 tries to open the “black box” of the discourse on land, revealing the critical characteristics of official and folk discourse. Chapter 4 shifts from the static analysis of discourse characteristics to the dynamic analysis of the operation of power, so as to study discourse production and governance. On the basis of empirical work in Chapters 3 and 4, Chapter 5 discusses the central role of discourse governance along with discursive formation in the process of collectivization, trying to get through the theoretical logic from discourse, power to institution. Chapter 6 is the conclusion.

    According to this research, the collectivization of rural land is in essence a fast institutional change, in which the governance of political discourse has played a critical role. Discourse governance generally includes various activities such as implantation, maintenance, reproduction, exclusion, and replacement. Its main purpose is to enhance a discourse and exclude other competing discourses. It not only helps the official discourse to be embedded in villages, but also maintains its dominance there, and finally developed an advantegous discourse order conducive to institutional change. Though the state`s governance of discourse is quite systematic and sophisticated, collectivization can be unsuccessful by using this single tool alone. It is necessary to deepen discourse characteristics into discursive formation to search the overlap between official and folk discourse in order to explore how to rebuild and maintain the discourse order of institution. In fact, the state has indeed made a lot of effort in reconstructing discursive formation. It not only grafted the traditional concept of "family" to the "collective", but also replaced the past "family wealth" with the "collective ownership". At last, the "communist" vision of future life had successfully aroused peasants` yearning for a "great unity". In a word, when leading this movement, the state has applied various power technologies to govern discourse, whilist it absorbes many traditional factors in folk discourse and incorporates them into official discourse. These research results show a brandnew picture that differs from the previous studies, and will help us to enhance our understanding of collectivization of rural land in mainland China.

    Discourse is a powerful weapon of postmodernism and this paper shows its power by probing into a large-scale institutional change. It is hoped that more scholars would learn some lessons from this attempt and properly applying it in other fields.
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    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    地政學系
    104257503
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104257503
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202101740
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Land Economics] Theses

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