Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/134195
|
| Title: | 貝里斯、瓜地馬拉以及墨西哥原住民人權之比較研究
A Comparative study of Indigenous Human Rights in Belize, Guatemala and Mexico |
| Authors: | 李政陽
Lewis, Aurel |
| Contributors: | 薛健吾
Hsueh, Chien-Wu
李政陽
Aurel Lewis |
| Keywords: | 政治動員
人權
拉丁美洲
原住民
Indigenous People
Political Mobilization
Human Rights
Latin America |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2021-03-02 14:54:23 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 原住民人權在政治、公民以及文化等相關議題在政治領域上都引起了極大的關注。許多中美洲國家提出了適當的研究文獻以研究大多數來自中央地理區域的馬雅人 - 也就是貝里斯、墨西哥以及瓜地馬拉的原住民。
儘管相較於其他鄰近國家，瓜地馬拉是原住民人口數佔全國人口數最高的國家，但該國的原住民似乎沒有享有太多的人權。在貝里斯、瓜地馬拉以及墨西哥三個不同地區的原住民人權有著截然不同的差異，本研究的目的即是以民主化、現代化以及動員等三方面的論述找出更能說明此差異的根據。對於貝里斯和墨西哥是否尊重人權，為本研究的重要的難題。深入研究瓜地馬拉的核心問題，指出瓜地馬拉由於缺乏凝聚力以及組織聯盟，因此妨礙了大多數的原住民改善其應有的人權。
筆者在此提出三項案例研究：分別為兩項成功的動員案例 (貝里斯瑪雅領袖聯盟以及墨西哥的薩波特克文明) 和一項失敗的動員案例 (瓜地馬拉國家革命部隊)， 希望藉此研究得以闡明每個國家原住民的人權狀況並找出對三個國家人權影響較大的理論。
Indigenous human rights that are political, civil and cultural have all attracted much attention in the political arena. The Mesoamerican countries provides a suitable study as the vast majority of indigenous Mayas are situated in a central geographic bloc which are Belize, Mexico and Guatemala. While the country of Guatemala has the highest indigenous population amongst its neighboring countries, it seems that the indigenous people do not enjoy much human rights. There are difference in the degree of indigenous human rights among these three countries, and the goal of this thesis is to find out which explanations (which are democratization, modernization and mobilization) in the literature better account for this variation. The research question proposed seems to have a clear puzzle as Belize and Mexico respects human right. A deeper look into the question shows that Guatemala lacks cohesion and organizational unity that prevent the vast majority of indigenous people from improving their human rights. I present here three case studies, including two cases of successful mobilization (The case of the Maya Leaders Alliance in Belize, The Case of the Zapotecas in Mexico) and one case of unsuccessful political mobilization (The case of Guatemala National Revolutionary Unit) in hope of shedding light to the indigenous human rights situation in each country and making it clear which theory has a greater influence on human rights amongst the three countries. |
| Reference: | Adams, R. & MacLeod, M. (2000). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: Volume II Mesoamerica Part I. Cambridge University Press, p. 7.
Adams, R (1991). Prehistoric Mesoamerica. University of Oklahoma Press, p. 19-20
Amnesty International (2003). Indigenous Rights are Human Rights: Four Cases of rights Violations in the Americas. Indigenous Law Centre, Law School, University of South Wales. 8(2), 85-94. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26452450?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=indigenous+rights+are+human+rights&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dindigenous%2Brights%2Bare%2Bhuman%2Brights&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2F5188&refreqid=fastly-default%3A7bcd88bbe016f556e99146e1979e06f1&seq=1
Amandala News Paper (2016). Power Corrupts, Editorial: Belizeʼs Leading Newspaper. Retrieved from: https://amandala.com.bz/news/power-corrupts/
Anaya, J. (1998). “Maya Aboriginal Land and Resource Rights and the Conflict over Logging in Southern Belize.” Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal 1:2. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=yhrdlj
Arzu, M. (1992) Guatemala: Linaje y Racismo (San Jose, Costa Rica: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales,), 14.
Assembly, U. G. (2007). United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. UN Wash, 12, 1-18.
Azpuru, D. (2008). The 2007 Presidential and Legislative Elections in Guatemala. Electoral Studies 27, 3 (August): 562-66.
Azpuru, D (1999). Peace and Democratization in Guatemala: Two Parallel Processes. In Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America, ed. Cynthia Amson. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 97-125.
Azpuru, D (1999). The Consulta Popular: a vote divided by geography, pp. 1-19 in The Latin American Program Working Papers Series. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Working%20Paper%20241.pdf
Barry, L. (2006). A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(3), 93-123. Retrieved December 13, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4490479
Baronnet, B., & Stahler-Sholk, R. (2019). “Never Again a Mexico without Us”: Education and Indigenous Autonomy Struggle in Mexico. Educational Alternatives in Latin America (pp. 63-87). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
BBC News (2013). Guatemalaʼs Rios Montt found guilty of genocide. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22490408 (Date Accessed: August 28th, 2020)
Barry, T. (1992). Inside Belize: The Essential Guide to its Society, Economy, and Environment. New Mexico: The Inter-Hemispheric Education Resource Center, p.10-11.
Basch, R. (1998). The Effects of Ethnic Separation on Democratization: A Comparative Study. East European Quarterly, 22 1-242.
Brands, H. (2010). Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Retrieved December 13, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11425
Bryman, A. (2017). Quantitative and qualitative research: further reflections on their integration. In Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research (pp. 57-78). Routledge.
Brewer, J. (2003). Post Violence as a Sociological Issue. (Paper presented to the Research School of Social Sciences, Australia National University, Canberra)
Briscoe, I. (2007). Guatemala: A Good Place to Kill. Rights Action. Retrieved from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/guatemala/
Benjamin, T. (1996). A Rich Land, a Poor People: Politics and Society in Modern Chiapas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, p. 11-34.
Bejar, A, et al. (1993). Mexico 1988-1991: A Successful Economic Adjustment Program? Latin American Perspectives, p. 32-45.
Belize Elections Center (2008). General Elections Results 14th December, 1984. Retrieved from http://www.caribbeanelections.com/bz/elections/bz_results_1984.asp
Beitz, C. (2009). The Idea of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bolland, N. (1986). Belize: A New Nation in Central America. Routledgelusky, p. 12.
Boix, C., & Stokes, S. (2003). Endogenous Democratization. World Politics, 55(4), 517-549. Retrieved December 5, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054237
Carmack et al. (2007). The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York, p. 6-7
Carey, D. (2004). Maya Perspectives on the 1999 Referendum in Guatemala: Ethnic Equality Rejected? Latin American Perspectives, 31(6), 69-95. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4141608
Cambranes, J. (1985). Café y campesinos en Guatemala, 1853-1897 Guatemala, Editorial Universitaria de Guatemala.
Carla Canelas & Rachel M. Gisselquist (2018) Human capital, labour market outcomes, and horizontal inequality in Guatemala, Oxford Development Studies, 46:3, 378-397, DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2017.1388360
Cerna, C. M. (2004). The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights. Fla. J. Intʼl L., 16, 195.
Comisión Esclaramiento Histórico, CEH (1999), Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio. Guatemala City: UN, 5:103.
Conniff, M. (1992). Panama and the United States: The Forced Alliance. University of Georgia Press.
Coerver, D., Pasztor, S. & Buffington, R. (2004). Mexico an Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
Copeland, N. (2019). The Democracy Development Machine: Neoliberalism, Rdical Passimism and Authoritarian Populism in Mayan Guatemala. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. http://doi.org/10.1353/book.65028
Cohen, J, (2004). Minimalism About Human Rights: The Most We Can Hope For?, Journal of Political Philosophy, 12: 90–213.
Correa-Cabrera, G (2012), Political Factionalism in Southern Mexico: The Case of Oaxaca (2000–2006), in: Journal of Politics in Latin America, 4, 1, 73-106. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1866802X1200400103
Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolome de Las Casas (1998) Acteal: Entre el duelo y la lucha. San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas.
Carroll P. and Solis D. (1995), “Mexicoʼs Zedillo Stumbles in His New Job,” Wall Street Journal, 6 Feb. 1995.
Cal, A. (2004). Belize: Maya Civilization: Primary School Teacherʼs Handbook (lower division). Center for Multi-cultural Studies, p.19.
Casillas, C., and Alejandro M. (2003) Mexico: New Democracy with Old Parties? Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p. 172-180.
Carneiro, F. (2016). Belize Right Choices Bright Future. World Bank Group Systematic Country Diagnosis, p.70. Retrieved from: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/870551467995073017/pdf/103941-WP-P152070-PUBLIC-None-Board-version-WB-Belize-CRA-noreport.pdf
Cereser L., “Se Reduce la Tasa de Homocidios en 2007,” Prensa Libre (Guatemala City), 15 December 2007, 2.
Costanza, J. N. (2015). Indigenous peoplesʼ right to prior consultation: transforming human rights from the grassroots in Guatemala. Journal of Human Rights, 14(2), 260-285.
Cockcroft, J. (1998) Mexicoʼs Hope: An Encounter with Politics and History. New York: Monthly Review Press, p. 35-81.
CounterVortex (2006). Mexico votes for the UN indigenous rights declaration. Retrieved from: https://countervortex.org/blog/mexico-votes-for-un-indigenous-rights-declaration/
CJPME Foundation (2016). Human rights report series: Guatemala. Retrieved from: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cjpmefoundation/pages/101/attachments/original/1471373217/Guatemala_Chart_2016-07-01-v2.pdf?1471373217
CJPME Foundation (2019). Human rights report series: Belize. Retrieved from: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cjpmefoundation/pages/101/attachments/original/1561646634/Belize_Chart_2019-01-16.pdf?1561646634
CJPME Foundation (2016). Human rights report series: Mexico. Retrieved from: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cjpmefoundation/pages/101/attachments/original/1477428157/Mexico_Chart_2016-10-13-v3.pdf?1477428157
Cumberland, C. (1972). Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years. University of Texas Press.
Channel 5 News Belize (1998). Julian Choʼs widow wants answers from police. Retrieved from: https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/23873
Dahl, R. (1972). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Yale University Press: New Haven.
Denham, D. (2008). Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca. PM Press Incorporations.
Eltringham, P. (2010). A Rough Guide to Belize. Rough Guides 5th Edition, p. 246.
Escuelita Zapatista. (2013, August). Cuaderno de texto de primer grado del curso de “La Libertad según l@s Zapatistas.” Chiapas: EZLN.
Etinson, A. (Ed.). (2018). Human rights: moral or political? Oxford University Press.
Everitt, J.C (1987) The Torch is Passed: Neocolonialism in Belize, Caribbean Quarterly, 33:3-4, 42-59, Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.1987.11671716
Falla, R. (1992) Massacres de la Selva. Guatemala City: San Carlos University, vii.
Fausset R. (2013). Guatemala Official Takes on Nationʼs Ugly Past, Violent Present. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jan-05-la-fg-guatemala-paz-20130106-story.html (Date Accessed: August 28th, 2020)
Fernández, D. O. (2019). Two Forms of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico. Ideas from IDS: Graduate Papers from 2017/18, 64.
Fernandez J. (1989). Belize: Case Study for Democracy in Central America. Department of Political Science State University of New York, Avebury Publications.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2018). Policy Brief: The ills and cures of Mexicoʼs democracy. The Brookings Institutions, p. 2. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/FP_20190315_mexico_felbab_brown.pdf
Felice, E., & Vasta, M. (2015). Passive modernization? The new human development index and its components in Italy`s regions (1871-2007). European Review of Economic History, 19(1), 44-66. doi:10.2307/43298662
Figuero Sr. A, Presentation (Nuevo Horizonte Cooperative, Guatemala, December 2007).
Flores-Macías, G. (2013). Mexicoʼs 2012 Elections: The Return of the PRI. Journal of Democracy, 24(1), 128-141.
Fuentes, J. A. (2002). La Dimensión Económica de los Acuerdos de Paz en Guatemala, in A Cinco Años de la Firma de la Paz en Guatemala: un balance crítico, Guatemala City, Guatemala City: Facultad Latinoa- mericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO.
Garrido, M., Halavais, A., McCaughey, M., & Ayers, M. D. (2003). Mapping networks of support for the Zapatista movement. Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice, 165-184.
Gilbreth, C., & Otero, G. (2001). Democratization in Mexico: the Zapatista uprising and civil society. Latin American Perspectives, 28(4), 7-29.
Gilly, A. (2005) The Mexican Revolution. New York: New Press, p. 90-120.
Global Americans (2017). Indigenous Political Representation in Guatemala. Human Rights & Social Inclusion. Retrieved from https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/indigenous-political-representation-in-guatemala/
Global Americans (2017). Indigenous Political Representation in Mexico. Human Rights & Social Inclusion. Retrieved from https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/indigenous-political-representation-mexico/
Godelmann, I. (2014). The Zapatista Movement: The Fight for Indigenous Rights in Mexico. Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved February 2nd, 2020 from: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/
González, J. (1994). A History of Los Altos, Guatemala: A Study of Regional Conflict and National Integration. (Ph.D. diss., Tulane,).
Goldman, F. (2007) The Art of Political Murder. New York: Grove Press, 155.
Grayson, G. (2007) Evolution of Mexico and Other Single-Party States. International Studies Review, p. 322-367.
Grandia, L. (2009). Milpa Matters: The Maya Community of Toledo versus the Government of Belize. In Barbara Rose Johnston & Susan Slyomovics (Eds.), Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights. Left Coast Press, p. 163-172.
Grandin, G. (2000). The Blood of Guatemala: A history of race and nation. Duke University Press: Durham& London, p. 26
Gladys M. and Matthew C. (2018) What Ails Mexican Democracy: Too Much Hope, Too Little Change. Retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/mexico/2018-03-22/what-ails-mexican-democracy
Guatemalan Constitution (1985). Constitucion Polıtica de la Republica de Guatemala, 1985 con
reformas de 1993 [Guatemalan Constitution 1985 with 1993 reforms]. http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/Constitucion_Guatemala.pdf
Hauge, W. and Thoresen, B. (2007) El Destino de los Ex-Combatientes en Guatemala: Obstaculizadores o Agentes de Cambio? Guatemala City: North-South Institute.
Hamel, R. E. (2016). Bilingual education for indigenous peoples in Mexico. Bilingual and Multilingual Education, 5, 396-406.
History.Com editors. 2009. Maya. For History. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/maya
Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
Huntington, S. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Norman Press, p.43.
Huizer, G. (1970) ʼEmiliano Zapata and the Peasant Guerrillas in the Mexican Revolutionʼ, in Rodolfo Stavenhagen, ed., Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America. Garden City NY: Doubleday, p. 376.
Holloway, J. (1998) Zapatista! Reinventing Revolution in Mexico. London: Pluto Press, p.21-22.
Hoskin, G. (1997). Democratization in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 32:209-223.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015). The situation of Human Rights in Guatemala: Diversity, Inequality, and Exclusion. Organization of American States.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2016). The Report on the Human Rights Situation in Mexico. Organization of American States.
International Labor Organization (1999). Official Gazette, Acts, 1999-08, p.10-11. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/56632/66270/F1770450351/BLZ56632.pdf
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2000). Maya Indigenous Communities and their Members, Belize. Report No. 78/00 Case 12.053 Organization of American States, Revised in 2001, see article 1 & 2. Retrieved from: https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/default/files/publication/2010/09/iachrbriefingoct01eng.pdf
Janzen R. (2008). From Less War to More Peace : Guatemala ʼ s Journey since 1996. Canadian Mennonite University, 40(1), 55-75
Jones, Z. (2011). Cultureʼs ties to the land: The Belize-Guatemala border conflictʼs implications for the Maya communities in light of the UN declaration. Wis. Intʼl LJ, 29, 773.
Jonas, S. (1991). The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads and U.S Power. Boulder: Westview Press.
Jonas, S. (1999). Between Two Worlds: The United Nations in Guatemala. In Peace Making and Democratization in the Western Hemisphere, ed. Tommie Sue Montgomery. Coral Gables: North-South Center Press. 91-106
Jonas, S. (2000). Democratization through Peace: The Difficult Case of Guatemala. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 42(4), 9-38. https://doi.org/10.2307/166340
Katz, F. (1981). The Secret war in Mexico: Europe, The United States and the Mexican Revolution. The University of Chicago Press.
Khasnabish, A. (2010). Zapatistas Rebellion from the Grassroots to the Global. Zed Books Ltd, p.23.
Kistler S. (2014). Review: Murder, Memory and the Maya. Latin American Research Review. 49(1). 251-260. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43670162?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Murder%2C+Memory+and+the+Maya&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DMurder%252C%2BMemory%2Band%2Bthe%2BMaya%26filter%3D&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2F5188&refreqid=fastly-default%3A35bef5b0dfec776b1ec89f3648ee8b6b&seq=1
King, A. (1974). Coban and the Verapaz: History and Cultural Process in Northern Guatemala. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute Publication, p. 31
Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage Publications Limited.
Krznaric, R. (1999). Civil and Uncivil Actors in the Guatemalan Peace Process. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 18(1), 1-16. Retrieved December 13, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3339471
Lawson, C. (1997). The Elections of 1997. Journal of Democracy, 8, p. 13-27.
Lipset, S. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
Lovell, G. (1992). Conquest and Survival in Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatán Highlands, 1500–1821 (Montreal: McGill-Queenʼs University Press), p. 75
Lovell, G. (2010). A Beauty That Hurts: Life and Death in Guatemala. Second Revised Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Mamdani, M. (2005). Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror. New York: Doubleday, p. 111.
Mansilla-Wever D., (2008). Office of the Procurador of Human Rights in Guatemala, personal communication with the author.
MacLeod, M. (2008). Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720. University of Texas Press. Retrieved December 2, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7560/717893
McPherson, A. (2016). A Short History of U.S. Intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean. Wiley Blackwell Publishing, p. 140.
McPherson, A. (2013). Encyclopedia of U.S Military Interventions in Latin America (2 volume). Publish by ABC-CLIO, p. 255.
McAllister, C. (2005). Rural Markets, Revolutionary Souls, and Rebellious Women in Cold War Guatemala. Working Paper Series. Toronto: Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean, York University.
Roser M. (2019) - “Human Right Scores”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/human-rights
Maya Leader Alliance Belize (2018). Update Report to the Human Rights Committee of the ICCPR for the 124th session Review of Belize. Retrieved from: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/BLZ/INT_CCPR_CSS_BLZ_32402_E.pdf
Maya Leader Alliance Belize (2019). Equator Initiative Case Studies. United Nation Development Project. Retrieved from: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/UPR_MLACS_Submission_DDS.pdf
Mexicoʼs Constitution 1917 amended through 2015. General Considerations: Article 129, p. 145. Retrieved from https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mexico_2015.pdf?lang=en on (June 25th, 2020)
Mentinis, M. (2006). Zapatistas: The Chiapas Revolt and what it means for Radical Politics. London: Pluto Press.
Menon, P. (1979). The Anglo-Guatemalan Territorial Dispute over the Colony of Belize (British Honduras). Journal of Latin American Studies, 11(2), 343-371. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/156309
Minorities at Risk Project. (2009) “Minorities at Risk Dataset.” College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management. Retrieved from http://www.mar.umd.edu/on: (August 25th, 2020)
Møller, J., & Skaaning, S. E. (2013). Democracy and democratization in comparative perspective: Conceptions, conjunctures, causes, and consequences (Vol. 22). Routledge.
Moore, B. (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Montemayor, C. (1997). La rebellion indigena de Chiapas. Mexico City: Editorial Joaquin Mortiz.
Murray, M. (2012) As Ye Sow, So Shall Ye Reap: Granting Maya Women Land Rights to Gain Maya Land Rights. William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender and Social Justice, 8(3). Retrieved from: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1343&context=wmjowl
McClusky, L. (2001). Here, Our Culture is Hard: Stories of Domestic Violence from a Mayan Community in Belize. University of Texas Press, p. 28.
National indigenous economic development board (2019). The indigenous financial report. Retrieved from: http://www.naedb-cndea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/NIEDB-2019-Indigenous-Economic-Progress-Report.pdf
North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nohlen, D. (2005). Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook: Volume 1 North America, Central America and the Caribbean: Oxford University Press on Demand, p. 330-332
OʼDonnell, G (1986). On the Fruitful Convergences of Hirschmanʼs Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, and Shifting Involvements. Reflections from the Recent Argentine Experience. In Development, Democracy, and the Art of Trespassing: Essays in Honor of Albert O. Hirschman, ed. Alejandro Foxley, Michael S. McPherson, and OʼDonnell. Notre Dame: Kellogg Institute/University of Notre Dame Press. 249-68.
Organization of American States (2009). Indigenous and Tribal Peoplesʼ Rights Over Their Ancestral Lands and Natural Resource: Norms and Jurisprudence of the Inter‐American Human Rights System. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Washington D.C. Retrieved from: http://cidh.org/countryrep/Indigenous-Lands09/Ancestral-Lands.ENG.pdf
Orozco-Henriquez, J (2006). The Mexican Electoral Court and the Federal Judiciary and the 2006 Presidential Election. CSIS Mexico Project: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, Keynote Address. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/10/AR2006071000996.html
Olson, M. (1965). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Oppenheimer A., (1998). Bordering on Chaos: Guerrillas, Stockbrokers, Politicians, and Mexicoʼs Roller-Coaster Journey toward Prosperity. Publisher: Boston Little Brown, 1998, p. 20
Our World in Data (2019). Human Right Scores from 1946 to 2017. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-rights-scores?tab=chart&country=~MEX
Opp, Karl-Dieter. (2019). Political mobilization approaches in political, social, and economic transformation. Oxford University Press, pp. 141-150. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333720584_POLITICAL_MOBILIZATION_APPROACHES
Pallister, K. (2013). Why No Mayan Party? Indigenous Movements and National Politics in Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society 55, no. 3: 117-38. Accessed December 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43284850.
Paredes, M. (2008). Weak Indigenous Politics in Peru. CRISE Working Paper Political Science (33). Retrieved June 6th, 2020, from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228958679_Weak_Indigenous_Politics_in_Peru
Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1997). Modernization: Theories and Facts. World Politics, 49(2), 155-183. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25053996?seq=1
Rachel D. (2007). Summary of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous University of Technology Sydney Peoples. Retrieved from: https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/JIHLBP8_11_07.pdf
Reyes, GE (2001). Four main theories of development: modernization, dependency, world-system and globalization. Nomads. Critical Journal of Social and Legal Sciences, 4 (2), 109-124.
Rich, P. (1997). NAFTA and Chiapas. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 550(1), 72-84.
Ross, M. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics, 53(3), 325-361
Sánchez-Ancochea & Martí i Puig (2014). Handbook of Central American Governance. London and New York: Routledge, p. 400-403
Secretaria de la Paz (2008). Acuedos de Paz. Guatemala City, Retrieved from: http://www.sepaz.gob.gt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7&Itemid=12
Schirmer, J. (2002). Appropriating the Indigenous, Creating Complicity: The Guatemalan Military and the Sanctioned Maya, in D. Maybury-Lewis (ed.). The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 51-77.
Schaffer, J. K. and Maliks, R. (2017). The Point of the Practice of Human Rights: International Concern or Domestic Empowerment. Moral and Political Conceptions of Human Rights: Implications for Theory and Practice.
Sen, P., Vincent, M., & Cochran, J. (2011). Universal Periodic Review: Lessons, Hopes, and Expectations. Commonwealth Secretariat.
Sieder, R. (2007). The Judiciary and Indigenous rights in Guatemala. International Journal of Constitutional Law, (5), 211-241. Retrieved June 6th, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mom007
Simmons, B. A. (2009). Mobilizing for human rights: international law in domestic politics. Cambridge University Press.
Simpser, A. (2013). Why Government and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice and Implications. Cambridge University Press.
Speed, S., & Collier, J. F. (2000). Limiting Indigenous Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico: The State Governmentʼs Use of Human Rights. Hum. Rts. Q., 22, 877.
Solano, X. (2005). Indigenismo, Indianismo, and Ethnic Citizenship in Chiapas. The Journal of Peasant Studies Vol 32, Issue 3-4, p. 556.
Socoy A. (Office of the Procurador of Human Rights in Guatemala, Departmental Office of Sacatquapez, Antigua Guatemala), personal communication with the author, 23 May 2008
Spence, J. David D., Paula W., Carmen E., George V., and Mike L. (1998). Promise and Reality: Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords. Brookline, MA: Hemisphere Initiates.
Stammers, N. (2009). Human Rights and Social Movements. London; New York: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p70w
Stephen, L. (2002) Zapata Lives! Histories and Cultural Politics in Southern Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 36.
Supreme Court of Belize (2007). First Affidavit of Richard R. Wilk. Belize City, March. Retrieved from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/29694909/first-affidavit-of-richard-wilk-university-of-arizona
Shoman, A. (1995) Thirteen Chapters of a History of Belize. The Angelus Press Limited, Belize City, p. 33.
Supreme Court of Belize (2010). The MLA and TAA V. Attorney General of Belize, No. 366, p. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.belizelaw.org/web/supreme_court/judgements/CJ%20Jugments/Claim%20No.%20366%20of%202008%20-%20The%20Maya%20Leaders%20Alliance%20and%20the%20Toledo%20Alcaldes%20et%20al%20and%20The%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Belize%20et%20al%20and%20Francis%20Johnston%20et%20al.pdf
Supreme Court of Belize (2007). Cal V. Attorney General of Belize, No. 171 (October 18th, 2007), 30. Retrieved from https://law.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/Brief%20to%20the%20Court%20%28Skeleton%20Argument%20of%20the%20Claimants%29.pdf
Sutherland, A. (1998). The Making of Belize: Globalization in the Margins. Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey.
Sullivan, K. (2002). Memories of Massacre in Mexico: The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/02/14/memories-of-massacre-in-mexico/e1e350f4-7ba9-4a42-8ff6-37a58c18e7c8/
The Guardian (2015). Guatemala court: former dictator can be tried for genocide – but not sentenced. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/25/guatemala-rios-montt-genocide-trial-not (Date Accessed: August 28th, 2020)
Thompson, G. & Weiner, T. (2001). Zapatistas Rebels Rally in Mexico City. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/12/world/zapatista-rebels-rally-in-mexico-city.html (Date Accessed: August 29th, 2020)
Thompson, G. (2004). Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/world/ex-president-in-mexico-casts-new-light-on-rigged-1988-election.html
Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of democratization: Explaining regime change in the world, 1972–2006. Cambridge University Press.
Tomuschat, C. (2008). International covenant on civil and political rights. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, United Nations, 1-4.
UN Human Rights Commission. (2013). Advancing Indigenous Peoples Rights in Mexico.
United Nations (2008). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf
United Nations (2007). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. New York, NY. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner (2013). Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System.
United Nations systems in Belize (2013). 20 years working for your rights: Human Rights Recommendations made to Belize (2005 - 2013). Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/BZ/UNBelize.pdf
United Nations (2014). Womenʼs rights are human rights. United Nations publication. Retrieved from: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Events/WHRD/WomenRightsAreHR.pdf
United Nations Development Programme (2019). Maya Leaders Alliance (MLA), Belize. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY. Retrieved from: https://www.equatorinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/MLA-Belize.pdf
United Nations Human Development Report (2019). Technical Notes: Calculating the Human Development Indices-Graphical Presentation. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019_technical_notes.pdf
United Nations Development Programme (2019). Human Development Index from 1990 through 2017. Retrieved from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
United Nations Development Programme (2012). Gender Equality and Womenʼs Empowerment in public Administration: A Mexico Case Study. Retrieved from: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/Women-s%20Empowerment/MexicoFinal%20-%20HiRes.pdf
United Nations (1996). Acuerdo de Paz Firme y Duradera: Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples, p.5. Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/Paniagua/C.%20Expediente%20completo/Otros/12O7-30.pdf
Vodovnik, Z. (2004). The Struggle Continues…¡Ya Basta! Ten Years of the Zapatista Uprising. Oakland CA: AK Press.
Vogt, M. (2015). The Disarticulated Movement: Barriers to Maya Mobilization in Post-Conflict Guatemala. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(1), 29-50. Retrieved December 18, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24765954
Warman, A. (1976) We Come to Object: The Peasants of Morelos and the National State. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, p.94-96.
Warren, K. (1998). Indigenous Movements and their Critics. Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton University Press, p. 85-87
Way, J.T (2012). The Mayan in the Mall: Globalization, Development, and the Making of Modern Guatemala. Durham: Duke University Press.
Wainwright, J. (1998). Interpreting the Political Ecology of Land in Southern Belize. Masterʼs Thesis, Department of Geography. University of Minnesota.
Wainwright, J. (2008). Decolonizing Development Colonial Power and the Maya. Blackwell Publishing, p. 242.
Weinberg, B. (2000) Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico. London and New York: Verso, p.23-26.
Weinberg, B. (1991) War on the land: Ecology and Politics in Central America. Zed Books, p. 45
Wiegand, K. (2005). Nationalist Discourse and Domestic Incentives to Prevent Settlement of the Territorial Dispute Between Guatemala and Belize. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. University of Tennessee, p. 349-351. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248947279_Nationalist_Discourse_and_Domestic_Incentives_to_Prevent_Settlement_of_the_Territorial_Dispute_Between_Guatemala_and_Belize
Weaver, M. P. (1993). The Aztecs, Maya, and their predecessors: the archaeology of Mesoamerica. Routledge; 3rd edition
Selekman, S. (2012). Indigenous Political Participation: The Key to Rights Realization in the Andes, Journal of Human Rights and Human Welfare, 137–149. Retrieved June 6th, 2020 from https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/minority/Andes.pdf
Welzel, C., Haerpfer, C. W., Bernhagen, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (Eds.). (2018). Democratization. Oxford University Press, USA.
World Bank (2021). Economy and GDP. Retrieved January 11, 2021 from: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/themes/economy.html
World development Indicators (2019). Washington, D.C: The World Bank. Retrieved October 20, 2020 from: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Wolf, Eric (1969) Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper, p.7-9.
Womack, J. (1968) Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Vintage.
Woodward, R (1985). Central America: A Nation Divided. New York: Oxford University Press
Woodward, R (1993). Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of Guatemala, 1821–1871. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Wright, R. (1991) Time among the Maya: Travels in Belize, Guatemala and Mexico. Grove Press; 1st Grove Press Edition, p. 62
Yashar, D. (1999). Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Post liberal Challenge in Latin America. World Politics, 52(1), 76-104. Retrieved December 22, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054101
Yashar, D. (1996). Indigenous Protest and Democracy in Latin America. In Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin American and the Caribbean in the 1990s, ed, Jorge Dominquez and Abraham Lowenthal, p. 87-105
Yashar, D. J. (2005). Contesting citizenship in Latin America: The rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. Cambridge University Press.
Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Newbery Award Records Inc: New York. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
106862017 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106862017 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202100255 |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 201701.pdf | | 1987Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 120 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
