Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/134136
|
| Title: | 台灣地方選舉投票參與因素之探討— 以2014與2018年台北、台中、高雄市長選舉為例
Who Votes in Taiwan`s Local Elections? — Case Studies of Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung Mayor Elections in 2014 and 2018 |
| Authors: | 葉峯谷
Yeh, Fung-Ku |
| Contributors: | 蔡佳泓
Tsai, Chi-Hung
葉峯谷
Yeh, Fung-Ku |
| Keywords: | 投票參與
政治代表性
民主
地方選舉
Voting Participation
Political Representation
Democracy
Local Election |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2021-03-02 14:44:40 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 投票，是民主政治的核心象徵，也是民主制度的合法性重要來源。然而，全球自從第三波民主化後，正面臨投票率漸趨下降且對民主不滿意度漸趨上升的雙重趨勢。本研究指出，過去投票參與行為的研究，多從社會學途徑、社會心理學途徑、經濟學途徑等面向來進行探討，卻少有人從民主政治的核心概念—政治代表性做討論。另一方面，我國關於投票參與行為的研究，不僅相對更缺乏理論面之討論，選擇之研究個案也多從全國選舉（例如：總統、立法委員）的投票參與行為切入，少見對於地方選舉之投票參與行為研究，故引起本研究「台灣地方選舉投票參與因素之探討—以2014與2018年台北、台中、高雄市長選舉為例」之動機。
本研究一方面從代表性的危機（Crisis of Representation）開始探討政治代表性理論，綜合Pitkin（1967）、Mansbridge（2003）與Rehfeld（2019）等人對政治代表性的概念界定後，介紹了承諾式代表、預期式代表、陀螺儀代表以及空降式代表等不同概念，並採取Hobolt and Hoerner（2019）、Matsusaka（2015）等人對於代表性的測量方式形成本研究的操作性定義。
另一方面，本研究分別從社會學途徑、社會心理學途徑、經濟學途徑等面向整理關於投票參與行為之研究變數，共歸納出個人資源變數、動員變數、社會網絡變數、理性選擇變數與社會心理變數，作為本研究之控制變數，並與代表性變數整合之後進行投票參與行為勝算對數迴歸分析。
分析結果顯示，在我國的地方選舉中，民眾確實會因為政治代表性變數而影響其投票參與行為，尤其是若控制其他變數的條件下，當民眾認知到候選人有回應其重要議題者，投票參與行為在統計上呈現顯著偏高。因此，本研究認為，政治代表性對投票參與行為的研究未來勢必有繼續深化研究的價值。另一方面，本研究選擇地方選舉作為研究對象，也因政治代表性變數而對地方選舉有所啟發。若說全國選舉是認同的選舉，那麼地方選舉就可說是議題需求的選舉。
本研究另外亦有發現部分控制變數對我國地方選舉投票參與行為具備相對全面的影響，例如：具備前次選舉有投票、認為選舉是公民責任、年齡增長、有政治興趣等變數特性的民眾，其投票參與行為在統計上呈現顯著偏高。
整體而言，本研究關注重點在於我國地方選舉的投票參與行為，核心貢獻在於引入政治代表性概念進行測量，並得到統計上的顯著意義支持。本研究的限制同樣也在於過去投票參與行為極少引用政治代表性來評估其影響，故未來的研究仍有持續精進政治代表性對投票參與行為影響之測量的空間。
Voting is the core symbol of democratic politics and an important source of the legitimacy of the democratic system. However, since the third wave of democratization, the world is facing a dual trend of declining turnout and increasing dissatisfaction with democracy. This research points out that in the past, the research of voting behavior was mostly conducted from the perspectives of Sociology, Social Psychology, and Economics, but few people discussed the core concept of democratic politics-Political Representation.
On the other hand, the research of voting behavior in Taiwan is not only relatively lacking in theoretical discussion, but the selected research cases are also mostly cut from the voting behavior of national elections (such as the President, legislators), and voting in local elections is rare. These reasons led to the motivation of this research " Who Votes in Taiwan`s Local Elections? — Case Studies of Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung Mayor Elections in 2014 and 2018".
On the one hand, this research discusses the theory of political representation from Crisis of Representation after integrating the concept of political representation defined by Pitkin (1967), Mansbridge (2003) and Rehfeld (2019). Different concepts such as Promissory Representation, Anticipatory Representation, Gyroscopic Representation and Surrogate Representation was introduced, and Hobolt and Hoerner (2019), Matsusaka (2015) and others have adopted the Political Representation measurement methods to form the operational definition of this research.
On the other hand, this study sorts out the research variables on voting participation from the aspects of Sociology, Social Psychology, and Economics, and summarizes the variables of personal resources, mobilization, social network, rational choice, and society. psychological variables, as the control variables of this study, are integrated with representatiion variables to perform logistic regression analysis of the voting participation behavior.
The analysis results show that in Taiwan’s local elections, the people will indeed affect their voting behavior due to political representation variables, especially if other variables are controlled, when the people realized that the candidates have responded to their important issues, their voting participation behavior is statistically significantly higher. Therefore, this study believes that the research of political representation on voting participation is bound to have the value of continuing to deepen the research in the future. On the other hand, this study chooses local elections as the research object, which also inspires local elections due to political representation variables. If the national elections are identity elections, then the local elections can be said to be elections that demand the topic.
This study also found that some control variables have a relatively comprehensive impact on voting participation in local elections in Taiwan. For example, if people who have the characteristics of voting in the previous election, thinking that the election is a civic responsibility, ageing, and political interest, their voting participation behavior is statistically significantly higher other ones.
On the whole, the focus of this research is on voting participation in local elections in Taiwan. The core contribution is to introduce the concept of political representation for measurement, and get statistically significant support. The limitation of this study is also that in the past, voting participation rarely cited political representation to evaluate its impact. Therefore, future research still has room for continuous improvement in measuring the impact of political representation on voting participation. |
| Reference: | 中文文獻
汪志忠、鄭雅云，2019，〈應用空間迴歸分析臺中市長選舉投票率的空間效應〉，《中國統計學報》，第57期，頁158-177。
崔曉倩、吳重禮，2011，〈年齡與選舉參與：2008年總統選舉的實證分析〉，《調查研究-方法與應用》，第26期，頁7-44。
陳宏哲、蔡宗漢，2018，〈選舉競爭與資訊對投票率的影響：以台灣2005-2014年直轄市與縣市議員選舉為例〉，《選舉研究》，第25卷第2期，頁55-88。
黃紀、王德育，2012，《質變數與受限依變數的迴歸分析》，台北：五南。
黃紀、林長志、王宏忠，2013，〈三合一選舉中之一致與分裂投票：以2010年高雄市選舉為例〉，《選舉研究》，第20卷第1期，頁1-42。
黃紀、林啟耀，2016，〈選制變遷對投票參與的影響：以台灣立委選舉為例〉，《台灣政治學刊》，第22卷第1期，頁1-50。
楊孟麗，2003，〈投票意願與經濟不景氣〉，《選舉研究》，第10卷第2期，頁159-191。
劉嘉薇，2008，〈2005年縣市長選舉選民投票決定之影響因素-台北縣、台中市、雲林縣以及高雄縣的分析〉，《臺灣民主季刊》，第5卷第1期，頁1-43。
蔡佳泓，2001，〈解析臺灣選民的投票參與〉，《選舉研究》，第8卷第2期，頁25-58。
蕭怡靖，2009，〈選制認知與投票參與-2008年立法委員選舉的多層分析〉，《政治學報》，第47期，頁29-58。
莊文忠、洪永泰，2016，《選舉人性別投票統計改良之研究》，中央選舉委員會委託研究，計畫編號PG10505-0031。
英文文獻
Adams, James and Merrill Samuel III. 2003. “Voter Turnout and Candidate Strategies in American Elections”. The Journal of Politics, 65(1), 161-189.
Almond, Gabriel Abraham and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Unversity Press;
Anderson, Christopher J. and Christine A. Guillory. (1997). “Political Institutions and Satisfaction With Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems”. American Political Science Association, 91(1): 66-81.
Ansolabehere, Stephen and Eitan Hersh. 2012. “Validation: What Big Data Reveal About Survey Misreporting and the Real Electorate”. Political Analysis, 20(4): 437-459.
Antunes, Rui. 2010. “Theoretical Models of Voting Behavior”. Exedra, 4: 145–170.
Arceneaux, Kevin and David W. Nickerson. 2009. “Who Is Mobilized to Vote? A Re-Analysis of Seven Randomized Field Experiments”. American Journal of Political Science, 53: 1-16.
Barnes, Samuel H.. 1977. Representation in Italy: Institutionalized Tradition and Electoral Choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Barro, Robert J.. 1999. “Determinants of democracy”. Journal of Political economy, 107(S6): S158-S183.
Berelson, Bernard R., Paul F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Blais, André and Kees Aarts. 2006. “Electoral Systems and Turnout”. Acta Politica, 41: 180-196.
Blais, André. 2000. To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Boix, Carles. 2001. “Democracy, development, and the public sector”. American Journal of Political Science, 45(1): 1-17.
Broockman, David E. 2016. “Approaches to Studying Policy Representation”. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 41(1): 181-215.
Brown, David S. and Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak. 2009. “The transforming power of democracy: regime type and the distribution of electricity.”. American Political Science Review, 103(2): 193-213.
Brown, David S. and Wendy Hunter. 2004. “Democracy and Human Capital Formation in Latin America”. Comparative Political Studies, 37(7): 842-864.
Burden, Barry C. 2000. “Voter Turnout and the National Election Studies”. Political Analysis, 8(4): 389-398.
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Cancela, João and Benny Geys. 2016. “Explaining Voter Turnout: A Meta Analysis of National and Subnational Elections”. Electoral Studies, 42(2): 264–275.
Clarke, Harold D., David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart and Paul Whiteley. 2004. Political Choice in Britain. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Robert Alan. 1957. “Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker”. Journal of Public Law, 6: 279-295.
Dahl, Robert Alan. 2000. “A Democratic Paradox?”. Political Science Quarterly, 115(1): 35-40.
Dalton, Russel J.. 2007 The Good Citizen: How the Young are Transforming American Politics. Washington DC: CQ Press.
Dalton, Russell J. and Martin P. Wattenberg. 2000. Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advance Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., Scott C. Flanagan, and Paul Allen Beck. 1984. Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Denny, Kevin and Orla Doyle. 2009. “Does Voting History Matter? Analysing Persistence in Turnout”. American Journal of Political Science, 53(1): 17-35.
Diamond, Larry. 1990. “Three Paradoxes of Democracy”. Journal of Democracy, 1(3): 48-60.
Diamond, Larry. 1992. “Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered”. in Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset. eds. Gary Marks and Larry Diamond. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, p.93-139.
Diamond, Larry. 1997. “Consolidating Democracy in the Americas”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 560: 12-41.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Happer and Row.
Dreze, Jean and Amartya Sen. 1989. Hunger and public action. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Finkel, Steven E. and Karl-Dieter Opp. 1991. “Party Identification and Participation in Collective Political Action”. The Journal of Politics, 53(2): 339-371.
Fiorina, Morris P. 1978. “Economic Retrospective Voting in American National Elections: A Micro-Analysis”. American Journal of Political Science, 22(2): 426–443.
Fiorina, Morris P.. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Foa, R.S., Klassen, A.J., Slade, M., Rand, A. & Collins, R. (2020). The Global Satisfaction with Democracy Report 2020. Cambridge: Centre for the Future of Democracy. https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/DemocracyReport2020.pdf [accessed November 14, 2020].
Fossen, Thomas. 2019. “Constructivism and the Logic of Political Representation”. American Political Science Review, 113(3): 824–837.
Fowler, James H.. 2006. “Habitual Voting and Behavioral Turnout”. The Journal of Politics, 68(2): 335-344.
Franklin, M.N. 2002 “The Dynamic of Electoral Participation”, in Comparing Democracies 2. New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, eds. L. LeDuc, R.G. Niemi, & P. Norris. London & Thousand Oaks: Sage, p. 148-168.
Franklin, Mark N., Thomas Mackie and Valen, Henrry. 1992. Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Franklin, Mark. 1996. “Electoral Participation”. in Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, eds. Laurence Leduc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. pp.214-233.
Franklin, Mark. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
Gerber, Alan S. and Donald P. Green. 2000. “The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment”. American Political Science Review, 94(3): 653-663.
Gerber, Alan S., Donald P. Green and Ron-Shachar. 2003. “Voting May Be Habit‐Forming: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment”. American Journal of Political Science, 47(3): 540 – 550.
Gerber, Elisabeth R., Rebecca B. Morton and Thomas A. Rietz. 1998. “Minority Representation in Multimember Districts”. American Political Science Review, 92(1): 127-44.
Gerring, John, Strom C. Thacker and Rodrigo Alfaro. 2012. “Democracy and Human Development”. The Journal of Politics, 74: 1-17.
Geys, Benny. 2006. “Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research”. Electoral Studies, 25: 637–663.
Ghobarah, Hazem Adam, Paul Huth and Bruce Russett. 2004. “Comparative Public Health: The Political Economy of Human Misery and Well-Being”. International Studies Quarterly, 48(1): 73-94.
Glass, Jenifer, Vem L. Bengtson and Charlotte C. Dunham. 1986. “Attitude Similarity in Three-Generation Families: Socialization, Status Inheritance, or Reciprocal Influence?”. American Sociological Review, 51(5), 685–698.
Grőnlund, Kimmo and Maija Setälä. (2007). “Political Trust, Satisfaction and Voter Turnout”. Comparative European Politics, 5(4): 400-422.
Hendriks, Frank. 2010. Vital Democracy: A Theory of Democracy in Action. U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Hobolt, Sara B. and Julian M. Hoerner. 2019. “The Mobilizing Effect of Political Choice”. European Journal of Political Research, 59(2): 229-247.
Huang, Chi, Wang Hung-Chung and Lin Chang-Chih. 2012. “Knowledge of the Electoral System and Voter Turnout”. The Taiwanese Political Science Review, 16(1)：237-277。
Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Joo, Man-Soo and Sungho Yun. 2014. “Expressiveness and Voting Decision: New Evidence from the Korean Parliamentary Election”. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 15: 259– 274.
Karp, Jeffrey A., and Susan A. Banducci. 2008. “Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour”. British Journal of Political Science, 38 (2): 311-334.
Karp, Jeffrey A. and David Brockington. 2005. “Social Desirability and Response Validity: A Comparative Analysis of Overreporting Voter Turnout in Five Countries”. The Journal of Politics, 67(3): 824-840.
Kartik, Navin, Richard Van Weelden and Stephane Wolton. 2017. “Electoral Ambiguity and Political Representation”. American Journal of Political Science, 61(4): 958-970.
Kiewiet, Roderick D.. 1983. Macroeconomics and Micropolitics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kurzman, Charles, Regina Werum and Ross E. Burkhart. 2002. “Democracy`s Effect on Economic Growth: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1951–1980”. Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(1): 3-33.
Lazarsfeld, von Paul Felix, Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet. 1944. The people`s choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
Leighley, Jan E. and Arnold Vedlitz. 1999. “Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation: Competing Models and Contrasting Explanations”. The Journal of Politics, 61(4): 1092-1114.
Leighley, Jan E. and Jonathan Nagler. 2014. Who Votes Now?: Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. Princeton University Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press..
Lupia, Arthur and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lupia, Arthur, Mathew D. McCubbins and Samuel L. Popkin, eds. 2000. Elements of Reason: Understanding and Expanding the Limits of Political Rationality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Manin, Bernard, Adam Przeworski and Susan C. Stokes. 1999. Introduction. In Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, eds. Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin. U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation”. American Political Science Review, 97(4): 515-528.
Mansbridge, Jane. 2011. “Clarifying the Concept of Representation”. American Political Science Review, 105(3): 621-630.
Matsusaka, John G. 2015. Responsiveness` as a Measure of Representation. Unpublished paper, University of Southern California.
McGuire, James W. 2004. ‘Democracy, Health Care, and Under- 5 Mortality: A Cross-National Study of Developing Countries. Wesleyan University. Unpublished manuscript.
Miller, Warren E. and Donald E. Stokes. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress”. The American Political Science Review, 57(1): 45-56.
Meltzer, Allan. H. and Scott F. Richard. 1981. “A Rational Theory of the Size of Government”. Journal of Political Economy, 89(5): 914-927.
Mueller, Dennis C.. 2003. Public Choice III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nagel, Jack H.. 1975. The Descriptive Analysis of Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Norris, Pippa. 2002. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parry, Geraint, George Moyser and Neil Day. 1992. Political Participation and Democracy in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel . 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California.
Plutzer, Eric. 2002. “Becoming a Habitual Voter: Inertia, Resources, and Growth in Young Adulthood”. The American Political Science Review, 96(1): 41-56.
Powell, G. Bingham. 2004. Party System Polarization and Ideological Congruence: Causal Mechanisms. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.
Powell, G. Bingham and George S. Vanberg. 2000. “Election Laws, Disproportionality and Median Correspondence: Implications for Two Visions of Democracy”. British Journal of Political Science, 30(03): 383-411.
Rehfeld, Andrew. 2009. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates, and Gyroscopes in the Study of Political Representation and Democracy”. American Political Science Review, 103(2): 214-230.
Rehfeld, Andrew. 2011. “The Concepts of Representation”. American Political Science Review, 105(3): 631-641.
Ricci, David M. 1984. The Tragedy of Political Science: Politics, Scholarship, and Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Riker, William H. 1982. Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
Riker, William H. and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting”. The American Political Science Review, 62(1): 25-42.
Rosenstone Steven J. and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participa-tion, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
Ross Michael. 2006. “Is democracy good for the poor?”. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4): 860–874.
Schweber, Howard. 2016. “The Limits of Political Representation”. American Political Science Review, 110(2): 382-396.
Sellers, Jefferey M., Daniel Kübler Alan Walks, Melanie Walter-Rogg and Philipppe Rochat. 2013. Metropolitan Geography, Electoral Participation, and Partisan Competition. In American Political Science Association. Annual Meeting. Chicago, 29 August 2013 - 1 September 2013.
Smets, Kaat and Carolien van Ham. 2013. “The Embarrassment of Riches? A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Research on Voter Turnout”. Electoral Studies, xxx: 1-16.
Solijonov, Abdurashid. 2016. Voter Turnout Trends Around the World. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Stockemer, Daniel and Lyle Scruggs. 2012. “Income Inequality, Development and Electoral Turnout – New Evidence on a Burgeoning Debate”. Electoral Studies, 31(4): 764-773.
Taagepera, Rein and Matthew Soberg Shugart. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Election Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Taylor, Rupert. 2009. Consociational Theory: McGarry and O’Leary and the Northern Ireland Conflict. New York: Routledge.
Taylor, Peter J., Graham Gudgin and R. J. Johnston. 1986. The Geography of Representation: A Review of Recent Findings. In Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, eds. Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart. New York: Agathon Press, pp. 183-192.
Tesbelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
van Deth, Jan W. 2001. “Studying Political Participation: Towards a Theory of Everything?” Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, Grenoble, France, http://uni-mannheim.academia.edu/JanWvanDeth.
van Deth, Jan W. 2014. “A conceptual map of political participation”. Acta Politica, 49: 349-367.
Verba, Sidney and Norman Nie. 1972, Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995, Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass./London, England: Harvard University Press.
Visser, Max. 1998. Five Theories of Voting Action: Strategy and Structure of Psychological Explanation. Netherlands: Twente University Press.
Wattenberg, Martin P. 1994. Dealignment in the American Electorate. in Parties and Politics in American History: A Reader, eds. L. Sandy Maisel and William G. Shade. New York: Garland.
Weisberg, Herbert F. and Bernard Grofman. 1981. “Candidate Evaluation and Turnout”. American Politics Quarterly, 9: 197–220.
Wilkinson, Richard and Kate Pickett 2010. “The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone”. Journal of Social Policy, 42(4): 840-842.
Wolfinger, Raymond E. and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes?. New Haven: Yale University Press. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
政治學系
101252503 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101252503 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202100375 |
| Appears in Collections: | [政治學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 250301.pdf | | 5172Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 165 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
