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    Title: 美國就船源污染刑事追訴制度研究
    A Study of Criminal Prosecutions of MARPOL Violations in the United States
    Authors: 張佳菱
    Chang, Chia-Ling
    Contributors: 陳貞如
    Chen, Chen-Ju
    張佳菱
    Chang, Chia-Ling
    Keywords: 聯合國海洋法公約
    防止船舶污染國際公約
    履約規則
    環保法令遵循計畫
    內部調查
    油汙染
    認罪協議
    極地規則
    港口國管制
    美國司法部手冊
    國際海事組織
    吹哨者
    白領犯罪
    2020全球限硫令
    UNCLOS
    MARPOL
    International Maritime Organizaton
    IMO Instruments Implementation Code
    Environmental Compliance Plan
    Internal Investigation
    Oil Pollution
    Plea Agreement
    POLAR Code
    Port State Control
    U.S. Justice Manual
    Whistleblower
    White Colar Crime
    2020 Global Sulphur Cap
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-09-02 12:24:34 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 今年是地球日50周年,美國政府自1990年代後期開始啟動船舶污染防治計畫,對蓄意造成海洋污染的船東提出刑事追訴。不僅為國家獲得高額罰款收益,還能將部分款項撥到全美各地作為海洋生態復育基金,是世界上執行《防止船舶污染國際公約(MARPOL公約)》最成功的國家。

    因政治上的限制,台灣並非《聯合國海洋法公約》締約國,儘管國內用公告方式生效《防止船舶污染國際公約》與相關附則,但並未有明確罰則以嚇阻蓄意違反公約相關規定,致造成來自船源排放違法物質污染海洋之行為。

    本論文係以船東視角,整理分析美國20年來船東因違反《防止船舶污染國際公約》所致之海事刑事起訴案件,研究美國將來自船源污染案刑事入罪的執法模式,檢視美國司法單位如何跨部門緊密合作,從偵查、起訴到結案。用最少的國家司法資源,完成嚴謹的執法,為國家獲得最大的利益,成功遏止環境犯罪蔓延。其中吹哨者獎勵機制及環保法令遵循計畫,是最值得我國未來立法可參考的部分。藉由吹哨者獎勵與保護機制,鼓勵大眾勇於揭弊,嚇阻不法。目前國內法令遵循計畫偏重財經方面,未來可考慮增加環境犯罪法人於緩刑期間,須由法院指派專人監管執行環保法令遵循計畫的規定,敦促企業加強公司治理、落實環保法規、善盡企業社會責任。

    船東在兼顧營運獲利與保護環境法益的社會責任同時,必須與時俱進,精熟環保法規,定期更新船舶設備與加強船員工作訓練,避免人為疏失可能帶來公司的營運風險。
    This year is the 50th Anniversary of the Earth Day. The United States has initiated the Vessel Pollution Program, which began in the late 1990s, the criminal action instituted against the shipowners who intentional polluted the ocean have brought not only substantial criminal fines revenues to the government, but also provided financial supports to the nationwide restitution of local marine environments. Upto to now, United States is the most successful country in enforcing the MARPOL Convention.

    Due to political constraint, Taiwan is not a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Despite of the fact that we have codified the MARPOL Convention into our domestic laws, there is no stipulation in law that can make knowing violation of the Convention a felony or stricter criminal sanctions against the violators to avoid the recurrence of the intentional discharge of illegal substances from ships into our sea.

    This essay is to analyze the major MARPOL investigation cases conducted by the United States in recent 20 years from Shipowner’s perstpective. Reviewing the process of criminalization of MARPOL violation cases, we can learn the perfect cooperation among the government agencies from case initiation, investigation, prosecution, to sentencing. Various measures have been taken that facilitate the prosecution, amoung which the implementation of whilstleblower award/protection scheme and environmental compliance clan can be taken into the consideration for our future amendment of relevant envornmental protection laws. The whistleblower award/protection scheme encourages people to pay attention to the potential polution crimes and provide with evidences that can facilitate the prosecution of violation case and reduce the burden of proof/workload on the part of the prosecutors.

    Moreover, the concept of compliance plan in our domestic law is soley focus on the financial related matters. In future, it is suggested to invoke similar system into our governming laws requiring the corporate criminal who violate the environemtal protection law to be subject to the scruinity of environmental compliance plan. It will assist not only the corporate to strengthen its corporate governmence but also excrcise its due diligence in full compliance with the relevant terms and conditions of the environmental protection laws.

    The Shipowners/Operators must ensure commitments from all employees including shoreside personnels and/or crews’ strict compliance with company’s environmental policies and all revevant international conventions and governing laws without fail.
    Reference: 一、中文部分

    (一)專書

    1.王兆鵬,當事人進行主義之刑事訴訟,2002年。
    2.丘宏達著、陳純一修訂,現代國際法,修訂三版七刷,2020年7月。
    3.吳嘉生,海商法與海洋法釋論,2014年。

    (二)期刊論文

    1.中國驗船中心,技術通報,第72期,頁2-4,2014年7月15日。
    2.中國驗船中心,技術通報,第82期,頁2-5,2015年11月30日。
    3.中國驗船中心,技術通報,第86期,頁2-3,2016年7月15日。
    4.中國驗船中心,技術通報,第104期,頁2-5,2019年8月20日。
    5.李聖傑,環境污染的刑事制裁,月旦法學教室,第191期,頁69,2018年9月。
    6.吳巡龍,美國妨害司法罪相關法律介紹(一) ,法務通訊,第2838期,頁3-6,2017年2月17日。
    7.朱朝亮,偵查實務講座:第三講國際刑事司法互助之模式及其運用一)-國際司法互助之總則:國際管轄原則、司法互助之義務、司法互助之權利,月旦法學教室,第99期,頁91-105。
    8.林瑞彬、張憲瑋、陳月秀,企業如何建置法令遵循計畫,全國律師月刊,九月號,頁18-27。
    9.袁雪、童凱,《極地水域船舶作業國際規則》的法律屬性析論,極地研究第31卷第3期,頁334-345,2019年9月。
    10.陳貞如,國際海事組織與中國─以港口國管制為核心,國立政治大學法學院中國法研究,第5期,頁3-45,2017年12月。
    11.陳玉萍,刑法第190條之1修正條文之前世今生,月旦法學教室第191期,頁47-58,2018年9月。
    12.許耀明,未內國法化之國際條約與協定在我國法院之地位,司法新聲,第104期,頁20-27,2012年1月。
    13.張明偉,妨害司法罪之探討-以美國聯邦法制為借鏡,軍法專刊第65卷,第2期,頁1-29,2019年4月。
    14.張朝陽,防止船舶油污染美國執法案例(下),船舶與海運通訊第49期,頁21-28,2008年1月。
    15.張佳菱,以運送人觀點看「台美司法互助協定」律師雜誌,第283期,頁54-61,2003年。
    16.黃鼎軒,緩起訴協議於法人犯罪訴追之應用,法令月刊,69卷2期,32-81頁,2018年2月。
    17.黃銘傑,吹哨者保護之國際潮流與規範理念,月旦會計實務研究,16期,頁17-23,2019年4月。
    18.曾福成,2012年版MARPOL公約之變革與影響,台灣海事安全與保安研究學刊,第6卷第1期,頁1-26,2015年10月。

    (三)學位論文

    1.陳明堂,國際公約在台灣國內法化之研究-以人權與海洋法制為中心,國立臺灣海洋大學海洋法律與政策學院海洋法律研究所博士學位論文,2017年6月。

    (四)網路資料

    1.中華民國司法部,https://www.judicial.gov.tw。
    2.中華民國法務部廉政署,https://www.aac.moj.gov.tw。
    3.中華民國外交部, http://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw。
    4.中華民國交通部,https://www.motc.gov.tw。
    5.中華民國交通部航港局,https://www.motcmpb.gov.tw。
    6.中華民國行政院環保署水質保護網,https://water.epa.gov.tw。
    7.中華民國海洋委員會海洋保育署,https://www.oca.gov.tw/ch/index.jsp。
    8.臺灣高雄地方法院全球資訊網,http://ksd.judicial.gov.tw。
    9.美國國務院,https://share.america.gov。
    10.美國國務院國際信息局,https://web-archive-2017.ait.org.tw
    11.中華人民共和國最高人民法院, http://www.court.gov.cn。
    12.中國港口,http://www.chinaports.com 。
    13.澳門特別行政區政府,https://www.io.gov.mo 。
    14.環境資訊中心,https://e-info.org.tw。
    15.維基百科, https://zh.wikipedia.org。
    16.大紀元, https://www.epochtimes.com。
    17.上報, https://www.upmedia.mg。
    18. ETtoday,https://www.ettoday.net。
    19.日月光投資控股股份有限公司, https://www.aseglobal.com。

    二、英文部分

    (一)專書

    1.Judson W. Starr, Amy J. McMaster, John F. Cooney, Joseph G. (Jerry) Block, and David G. Dickman, ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES DESKBOOK, (2nd ed. 2014).
    2.IMO, MARPOL Consolidated Edition eBook (2017).
    3.Alan Khee-Jin Tan, Vessel-source Marine Pollution: The Law and Politics of International Regulation (2005).
    4.Alla Pozdnakova, Criminal Jurisdiction Over Perpetrators of Ship-Source Pollution: International Law, State Practice and EU Harmonisation (2013)
    5.Andree Kirchner, International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations (2003).
    6.Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, Current Maritime Issues and the International Maritime Organization (1999).

    (二)期刊論文
    1.Daisy de Wolff, Hiding Behind the Flag: Jurisdictional Impediments Imposed by the Law of the Flag on the Enforcement of Violations of Annex I of Marpol 73/78 Pursuant to the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 42 Fordham Int`l L.J. 1475- 1518 (2019)
    2.John F. Cooney, Multi-Jurisdictional and Successive Prosecution of Environmental Crimes: The Case for A Consistent Approach, 96 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 435-464 (2006).
    3.Mark Szepesi, MARPOL 73/78: The Challenges of Regulating Vessel-Source Oil Pollution, Manchester Student L. Rev., 73-109 (2013).

    (三)網際網路
    1.Australian Strategic Policy Institute, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au.
    2.BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news.
    3.CARNIVAL Corporation & PLC, https://carnivalsustainability.com.
    4.Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu.
    5.Corporate Crime Reporter, https://www.corporatecrimereporter.com.
    6.GARD P&I Club, http://www.gard.no.
    7.International Maritime Organization, http://www.imo.org.
    8.INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int.
    9.Justia Legal Resources, https://law.justia.com.
    10.Jim Walker’s Cruise Law News, https://www.cruiselawnews.com.
    11.MARINE DEFENDER, https://www.marinedefenders.org.
    12.National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.com.
    13.National Whistleblower Center, https://www.whistleblowers.org.
    14.North of England P&I Association Limited, https://www.nepia.com.
    15.Orlando Sentinel, htps://www.orlandosentinel.com.
    16.PEW Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org.
    17.Princess Cruises, https://www.princess.com.
    18.Standard Club, https://www.standard-club.com.
    19.Transport & Environment https://www.transportenvironment.org.
    20.United Nations, https://www.un.org.
    21.United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov.
    22.United States Coast Guard,https://www.dco.uscg.mil.
    23.United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov.
    24.United States Department of Transportation, https://www.bts.gov.
    25.United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.gc.noaa.gov.
    26.United States Sentencing Commission, https://guidelines.ussc.gov.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法學院碩士在職專班
    98961224
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098961224
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001609
    Appears in Collections:[法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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