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| Title: | 專利法關於人工智慧發明重要議題之研究
A study on the Core Issues of Invention Related to Artificial Intelligence in Patent Law |
| Authors: | 鄭禕寧
Cheng, Yi-Ning |
| Contributors: | 沈宗倫
Shen, Chung-Lun
鄭禕寧
Cheng, Yi-Ning |
| Keywords: | 人工智慧
軟體專利
專利適格性
權利主體
先前技術
進步性
Artificial intelligence
Software patent
Patent eligibility
Subject of rights
Inventive step
Non-obviousness |
| Date: | 2019 |
| Issue Date: | 2019-09-05 16:31:34 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 從人臉、語音識別到自動駕駛汽車，人工智慧已經跳脫科幻電影的虛構，逐漸走入並且遍佈我們的生活。雖然就目前已知的技術來說，人工智慧尚未具備思考能力，然而科學家不斷地希望能夠突破限制，讓人工智慧不僅能夠成為生活上的輔助、協助人類進行研究發明，甚至是由人工智慧獨立完成發明。
為了鼓勵創作與發明，我國制定了智慧財產權相關法律如專利法、商標法及著作權法，惟因其保護之前提為精神上創作，目前的保護對象即權利歸屬主體，皆僅限於自然人。隨著人工智慧越來越接近人類，開始能夠進行創作甚至思考，進而可能成為真正有貢獻之發明人時，現有的智慧財產權相關法制規範，將會面臨包含權利主體、專利要件等適用上之困境，。
事實上，人工智慧之本質與電腦軟體極為相似，其對於現行法制造成的衝擊，除了上述權利歸屬即要件認定問題外，另一方面則再次喚起了電腦軟體於智慧財產法上的適格性議題。就此，本文將討論範圍限縮在專利法，先從技術角度剖析介紹人工智慧之內涵與發展，再從專利法立法目的切入，綜合各國規範見解與近期發布之相關審查指南分析其發明適格性，進一步討論當由人工智慧產生衍生之發明時，應如何進行權利主體之認定，以及其對於相關產業造成之利弊影響。
Artificial intelligence (A.I.) such as face recognition, voice recognition, autopilot, etc., has become not only the sci-fi movie plots but been all over our lives. Although A.I. hasn’t been capable of thinking like a real human-being yet according to the technology known so far, scientists still keep working on breaking through the restrictions, making the artificial intelligence become an important assistant role in human life. It helps people during the research process, and can even become the independent inventor.
Intellectual property law such as patent law, trademark law, and copyright law are enacted to encourage creation and invention. While the premise of the law protection above currently should be mental activity of human, in other words, “natural person” is the only subject of rights of creator and inventor. It may cause problems when A.I. starts to act like human and even be able to make the substantive features of the invention. Thus, it is essential to decide whether to enable the eligibility of subject of right of artificial intelligence in advance.
In fact, the essence of A.I. is very similar to computer software. Besides the problems of subject of right mentioned above, the impact of A.I. on the current law system also evoked the issue of eligibility of computer software on intellectual property law once again. In this regard, this article limits the scope of discussion to the patent law, and introduce the connotation and development of A.I. from the technical point of view. After that, it will cut through the legislative purpose of the patent law, analyze the opinions and guidelines issued recently in different countries, and also the identification of the subject of rights and the pros and cons of related industries. |
| Reference: | 壹、 中文資料（按作者姓氏筆劃排序）
一、 書籍
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二、 專書論文
1. 沈宗倫，人工智慧科技與智慧財產權法制的交會與調和，載：人工智慧相關法律議題芻議，頁177-214，2018年11月。
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五、 法院判決
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4. 智慧財產法院105年度行專更(一)字第4號行政判決。
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6. 智慧財產法院106年度行專訴字第76號行政判決。
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貳、外文資料（按作者首字母排序）
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6. Goodfellow, Ian et al., Generative Adversarial Nets, 2014 NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (2014).
7. Hochreiter, Sepp & Schmidhuber, Jürgen, Long Short-Term Memory, NEURAL COMPUTATION (1997).
8. Kurach, Karol et al., The GAN Landscape: Losses, Architectures, Regularization, and Normalization, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LEARNING REPRESENTATIONS (2019).
9. Lu, Chaochao & Tang, Xiaoou, Surpassing Human-Level Face Verification Performance on LFW with GaussianFace, PROCEDDING OF THE 29TH AAAI CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (2014).
10. Mikolov, Tomas et al., Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and Their Compositionality, ADVANCES IN NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (2013).
11. Moore, Gordon E., Progress in Digital Integrated Electronics, INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING 11 (1975).
12. Park, Taesung et al., Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalization, COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION (2019).
13. Ting, DSW et al., Development and Validation of a Deep Learning System for Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Eye Diseases Using Retinal Images From Multiethnic Populations With Diabetes, JAMA (2017).
14. Zhu, Jun-Yan et al., Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks, COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION (2018).
15. Zoph, Barret & Le, Quoc V., Neural Architecture Search with Reinforcement Learning, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LEARNING REPRESENTATIONS (2017).
IV. Journal Papers
1. Abbott, Ryan, I Think, Therefore I Invent: Creative Computers and the Future of Patent Law, 57 B.C. L. REV. 4, 10979 (2016).
2. Abbott, Ryan, Patenting the output of autonomous inventive machine, 10 LANDSLIDE 16. (2017)
3. Darrach, Brad., Meet Shakey, the First Electronic Person, LIFE MAGAZINE 58 (1970).
4. Davies, Colin, An Evolutionary Step in Intellectual Property Rights - Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property, 27 COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW 6, 601 (2011).
5. DeCosta III, Frank A., Intellectual Property Protection for Artificial Intelligence, 24 WESTLAWESTLAW J. INTELLNTELL. PROPROP. 1 (2017).
6. Denicola, Robert C., Ex machina: Copyright protection for computer-generated works, 69 RUTGERSUTGERS U. L. REVEV. 251 (2016)..
7. Fraser, Erica, Computers as Inventors – Legal and Policy Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Patent Law, 13 SCRIPTed 3, 305 (2016).
8. Gelernter, H. L. & Rochester N., Intelligent behavior in problem-solving machines, 2 IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 336 (1958).
9. Hattenbach, Ben & Glucoft, Joshua, Patents in an Era of Infinite Monkeys and Artificial Intelligence, 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 32 (2015).
10. Hodgkin, A. L. & Huxley, A. F., Action potentials recorded from Inside a nerve fibre, 144 NATURE 710 (1939).
11. Hopfield, John, Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities, 79 PROC. NAT’L ACAD. SCI. U. S. A. 2554 (1982).
12. Kohlhepp, Peter M., Note When the Invention Is an Inventor: Revitalizing Patentable Subject Matter to Exclude Unpredictable Processes, 93 MINN. L. REV. 795 (2008).
13. LeCun, Y. et al., Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition, 1 NEURAL COMPUTATION 541 (1989).
14. Lederberg, Joshua, How Dendral Was Conceived and Born, A HISTORY OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 14 (1987).
15. Lee, Edward, Digital Originality, 14 VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L. 940 (2012).
16. McCulloch, Warren S. & Pitts, Walter,. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, 5 BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 115 (1943).
17. Mnih, Volodymyr et al., Human-Level Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning, 518 NATURE 529 (2015).
18. Pearlman, Russ, Recognizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) as Authors and Investors under U.S. Intellectual Property Law, 24 RICH. J. L. & TECH. 21 (2018).
19. Ravid, Shlomit Y. & Liu, Xiaoqiong, When artificial intelligence systems produce inventions: an alternative model for patent law at the 3A era, 39 CARDOZO L. REV. 2215 (2018).
20. Robinson, W. Keith & Smith, Joshua T., Emerging Technologies Challenging Current Legal Paradigms, 19 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 2, 355 (2018)..
21. Rosenblatt, Frank., The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain, 65 PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW 386 (1958).
22. Samuelson, Pamela, Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works, 47 U. PITT. L. REV. 1185, 1207 (1985).
23. Schuster, W. Michael, Artificial Intelligence and Patent Ownership, 75 WASH. & LEE L. REV., 1945 (2018).
24. Searle, John,. Minds, Brains, and Programs, 3 BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 417 (1980).
25. Shannon, Claude E., A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, 57 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 471 (1937).
26. Silver, David et al., Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search, 529 NATURE 484 (2016).
27. Slagle, James R., A heuristic program that solves symbolic integration problems in freshman calculus: symbolic automatic integrator, 10 JOURNAL OF THE ACM 507 (1963).
28. Smith, Gerald F., Beyond critical thinking and decision making: teaching business students how to think, 27 JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION 24 (2003).
29. Stern, Richard H., Alice v CLS Bank: US Business Method and Software Patents Marching towards Oblivion?, 36 EUR. INTELL. PROP. REVEV. 619 (2014)..
30. Turing, Alan,. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungs problem, 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY 230 (1937).
31. Turing, Alan., Computing Machinery and Intelligence, 49 MIND 433 (1950).
32. Vertinsky Liza & Rice, Todd M. (2002),. Thinking About Thinking Machines: Implications Of Machine Inventors For Patent Law, 8 B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L., 574 (2002).
33. Weizenbaum, Joseph,. ELIZA--A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine, 9 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 36 (1966).
34. Wu, Andrew J. (1997),. From Video Games to Artificial Intelligence: Assigning Copyright Ownership to Works Generated by Increasingly Sophisticated Computer Programs, 25 AIPLA Q. J. 131 (1997).
35. Young, Tom et al., Recent Trends in Deep Learning Based Natural Language Processing, IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE (2018).
V. Cases
1. Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int`l, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014);.
2. BASCOM Global Internet Services v. AT&T MOBILITY, 827 F. 3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
3. BASCOM Global Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 107 F.Supp.3d 650 (N.D. Tex. 2015)
4. Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
5. Berkheimer v. HP, Fed. Cir. No. 2017-1437 (May. 31, 2018);
6. Bilski v. Kappos, 130 S. Ct. 3221 (2010).
7. Blue Spike v. Google Inc., No. 2016-1054, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 20371 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
8. Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Barr Labs., Inc., 40 F.3d 1223, 1228 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
9. CLS Bank Int’l v. Alice Corp., 685 F. 3d at 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
10. CLS Bank Int’l v. Alice Corp., 717 F. 3d 1269 (Fed. Cir. (2013)
11. CLS Bank Int’l v. Alice Corp., 768 F. Supp.2d at 225 (2011).
12. Core Wireless Licensing S.A.R.L. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 880 F.3d (Fed. Cir. 2018).
13. DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
14. Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.Supp.3d 1167 (C.D. Cal. 2014).
15. Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 822 F. 3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
16. EPO Case Number T 0489/14 (Feb. 22, 2019).
17. EPO Case Number T 1358/09 (Nov. 21, 2014).
18. Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Systems, Inc., 879 F.3d (Fed. Cir. 2018).
19. Glasswall Solutions Ltd. v. ClearSwift Ltd., 754 Fed. Appx. 996 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
20. Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. (1972).
21. Hybritech Inc. v. Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., 802 F.2d 1367, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 1986),
22. Iln re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943 (2008).
23. Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, Inc., Fed. Cir. No. 2016-2502 (Jul. 20, 2018);
24. Mayo Collaborative v. Prometheus Labs., 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012).
25. McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games America Inc., 837 F. 3d 1314 (2016)
26. Naruto v. Slater, 888 F.3d 418 (2018).
27. Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. (1978).
28. PurePredictive, Inc., v. H2O.AI, Inc., Case No. 17-cv-03049-WHO. (N.D. Cal. Aug. 29, 2017).
29. Smart Systems Innovations, LLC v. Chicago Transit Authority, Fed. Cir. No. 2016-1233 (Oct. 18, 2017).
30. Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals, 887 F.3d 1117 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
VI. Official Documents
1. 2018 European Patent Convention Guidelines for Examination.
2. European Patent Office, Case Law of the Boards of Appeal, 8th edition, 24, available at http://documents.epo.org/projects/babylon/eponet.nsf/0/5148B6F13CBE8990C1258017004A9EF6/$File/case_law_of_the_boards_of_appeal_2016_en.pdf (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
3. European Patent Office, Patenting Artificial Intelligence Conference Summary (May 30, 2018), available at https://e-courses.epo.org/pluginfile.php/23523/mod_resource/content/2/Summary%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Conference.pdf (Last visited: 2019/03/11).
4. Japan Patent Office, Examination Handbook for Patent and Utility Model –Annex A, available at https://www.jpo.go.jp/e/system/laws/rule/guideline/patent/handbook_shinsa/document/index/app_a_e.pdf (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
5. United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2019 Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance, available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/01/07/2018-28282/2019-revised-patent-subject-matter-eligibility-guidance
6. United States Patent and Trademark Office, Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, available at https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/index.html (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
7. United States Patent and Trademark Office, MEMORANDUM (Apr. 19, 2018), available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/memo-berkheimer-20180419.PDF (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
8. United States Patent and Trademark Office, MEMORANDUM (June. 07, 2018), available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/memo-vanda-20180607.PDF (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
9. United States Patent and Trademark Office, MEMORANDUM, available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/memo-recent-sme-ctdec-20180402.PDF (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
10. United States Patent and Trademark Office, Subject Matter Eligibility Examples: Abstract Ideas (Jan. 7, 2019), available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/101_examples_37to42_20190107.pdf (Last visited: 2019/07/02).
11. United States Patent and Trademark Office, USPTO Performance and Accountability Report, 2, available at https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY18PAR.pdf (Last visited: 2019/04/22).
12. World Economic Forum, Artificial Intelligence Collides with Patent Law (Apr. 2018), available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_48540_WP_End_of_Innovation_Protecting_Patent_Law.pdf (Last visited: 2019/06/28).
13. World International Property Organization, WIPO Technology Trends 2019: Artificial Intelligence, 42, available at https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_1055.pdf (Last visited: 2019/04/26).
VII. Internet Source
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7. Barrett, Bill Defensive Use of Publications in an Intellectual Property Strategy, BIOENTREPRENEUR, available at https://www.nature.com/bioent/2003/030101/full/nbt0202-191.html (Last visited: 2019/06/26).
8. China overtakes US in AI patent rankings (Mar. 10, 2019), available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/China-overtakes-US-in-AI-patent-rankings (Last visited: 2019/04/26).
9. Definition of: programmable computer, available at https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/63683/programmable-computer (Last visited: 2019/06/05).
10. EPO ranked No. 1 for quality and service in largest-ever IAM Magazine survey (June 2018), available at https://www.epo.org/news-issues/news/2018/20180604.html (Last visited: 2019/04/27).
11. Evans, Johann, Data is everywhere, but not where it should be, available at https://www.itweb.co.za/content/WPmxVE7KRzyvQY85 (Last visited: 2019/05/19).
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14. Facebook taps `deep learning` giant for new AI lab (Dec. 2013), available at https://www.wired.com/2013/12/facebook-yann-lecun/ (Last visited: 2019/05/19)
15. FDA permits marketing of artificial intelligence-based device to detect certain diabetes-related eye problems, available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-artificial-intelligence-based-device-detect-certain-diabetes-related-eye (Last visited: 2019/05/20);
16. General Problem Solver, available at http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/general-problem-solver.html (Last visited: 2019/04/23).
17. Goldman, David ,Google will become Alphabet today (Oct. 2015), available at https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/02/technology/google-alphabet/ (Last visited: 2019/04/27).
18. Google buys UK artificial intelligence start-up DeepMind (Jan 2014), available at https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-25908379;
19. Google Has Bought A Startup To Help It Recognize Voices And Objects (Mar 2014), available at https://www.businessinsider.com/google-buys-dnnresearch-2013-3 (Last visited: 2019/05/19).
20. Google`s AlphaGo clinches series win over Chinese Go master, REUTERS (May 25, 2017), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-intelligence-go/googles-alphago-clinches-series-win-over-chinese-go-master-idUSKBN18L0LH.
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22. Hussain, Shadab, Use cases of Different Machine Learning Algorithms, available at https://blog.usejournal.com/machine-learning-algorithms-use-cases-72646df1245f (Last visited: 2019/05/19).
23. IBM Services, https://www.ibm.com/services?lnk=hpmse_ts&lnk2=learn (Last visited: 2019/06/27).
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26. Korenberg, Alexander, Kilburn & Strode, Assessing the EPO’s new guidelines on AI (Dec. 03, 2018). available at https://www.ipstars.com/articles/assessing-the-epos-new-guidelines-on-ai/arjvptju. (Last visited: 2019/06/28).
27. Landau, Josh, Iancu’s First Hearing Answers Questions, Leaves More Open (Apr. 19, 2018), available at https://www.patentprogress.org/2018/04/19/iancus-first-hearing-answers-questions-leaves-more-open/ (Last visited: 2019/06/17).
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
1056520011 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1056520011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU201900818 |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律科際整合研究所] 學位論文
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