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    Title: 艾奎諾三世政府與杜特蒂執政初期美中菲關係之研究 : 2010-2018
    On the U.S.-China-Philippines Relations Under the Aquino III Government and the First Two Years of Duterte Administration : 2010-2018
    Authors: 車懿恬
    Che, I-Tien
    Contributors: 李明
    Lee, Ming
    車懿恬
    Che, I-Tien
    Keywords: 美中菲關係
    艾奎諾三世
    杜特蒂
    抗衡
    扈從
    避險
    U.S.-China-Philippines Relations
    Aquino III
    Duterte
    Balancing
    Bandwagoning
    Hedging
    Date: 2018
    Issue Date: 2019-01-23 15:53:37 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 從艾奎諾三世時期到杜特蒂上任至今,菲律賓與美國、中國大陸這兩大強權的關係起了很大的變化。艾奎諾三世任內的菲律賓走得與美國相當近,猶如東南亞的日本一般,在外交政策上不僅與美國如出一轍,軍事合作上也與美國密切往來,假想敵也同樣皆為中國大陸。在南海主權爭端中,情況更是明顯。2012年的黃岩島衝突事件後,中菲衝突白熱化,美菲則是加緊聯合軍演,美軍也高舉航行自由之旗幟在南海數度與中共解放軍差點擦槍走火。然而隨著杜特蒂上任,菲律賓的外交政策大轉彎,美中菲的三邊關係也因此走向新的局面。

    本文將透過「抗衡」、「扈從」與「避險」三種小國對大國採取的不同策略作為分析架構,檢視兩政府在美中之間究竟係採取何種策略及其背後原因。抗衡係不願意接受大國的支配,並透過提升自身實力過拉攏外部力量對抗大國。扈從則相反,即接受大國的主導,依大國要求、配合其偏好加以調整該國政策方向與立場。避險是介於前兩者之間,一定程度地同時接受又抗衡大國的主宰地位,保持彈性與自主性,避免選擇純粹抗衡或扈從的風險與代價。

    艾奎諾三世採取的策略是對美扈從、對中抗衡。艾奎諾三世接受美國的支配,使美國不會想侵犯菲律賓的國家利益。很重要的原因是扈從美國的同時能夠達到抗衡中國大陸的目的。而中菲在南海主權的衝突鬧得沸沸揚揚,中共強硬的態度令艾奎諾三世認為中共不能侵犯菲國的核心利益,不願意受其主宰,進而採取與之抗衡的策略。

    反觀杜特蒂選擇在美中之間擺盪,依照自身利益與情況,採取模糊、左右逢源的外交政策。杜特蒂在考量地緣現實與近來發展後所採取的應為避險策略。除能夠降低單一抗衡或扈從美中的風險外,亦能搭上美國「印太戰略」與中共「一帶一路」的便車,在政治、經濟與軍事上替菲律賓謀求利益最大化之目標。
    Reference: 一、中文部分
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    (四) 網路資料
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    〈杜特蒂飛抵北京 王毅親自迎接〉,中央通訊社,< http://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/201610180419-1.aspx>,2016年10月18日。
    〈南海爭議 一次看懂〉,中央通訊社,< https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/201704040138.aspx>,2017年4月4日。
    〈美中關係與“修昔底德陷阱”〉,美國之音,< http://www.voachinese.com/a/how-do-the-us-and-china-avoid-thucydides-trap-20130617/1684398.html>,2013年6月19日。
    〈美國反恐報告稱:美中未分享反恐信息〉,美國之音,< https://www.voacantonese.com/a/country-report-on-terrorism/1672002.html>,2013年5月31日。
    〈美關注中越南海鑽油爭議 籲雙方和平處理〉,BBC中文網,< https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2014/05/140508_us_vietnam_china_oilrig>,2014年5月8日。
    〈援助菲律賓反恐 陸提供首批武器彈藥〉,聯合報,
    <https://udn.com/news/story/7331/2740531?from=udn-referralnews_ch2artbottom> ,2017年10月5日。
    王嘉源,〈東協外長會議認可《南海行為準則》框架〉,中國時報,< http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170805003704-260408>,2017年08月05日。
    李家忠,〈中越關係正常化的前前後後〉,中國共產黨歷史網,< http://www.zgdsw.org.cn/n1/2017/0623/c244516-29359242.html>
    邱國強,〈特派專欄 杜特蒂到訪是陸外交的大驚喜〉,中央通訊社,< http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201610190073-1.aspx >,2016年10月19日。
    馬穎慧,〈美反恐報告:中共的恐怖份子定義缺證據〉,大紀元,< http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/14/5/2/n4146034.htm>,2014年5月2日。
    許勤華,〈十九大報告譜寫中國大國外交新篇章〉,人民網,<http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/1107/c40531-29630807.html>,2017年11月7日。
    斯洋,〈川普政府警告中國再提印太戰略強調自由和開放〉,美國之音,< https://www.voacantonese.com/a/asia-pacific-20180403/4331795.html>,2018年4月4日。
    曾冠融,〈『美國掰掰』菲律賓總統杜特蒂要求美軍撤離〉,台灣英文新聞,< https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/3054048>,2016年12月18日。
    曾復生,〈川普亞洲行 手腳被看破〉,國家政策研究基金會,< https://www.npf.org.tw/3/17690>,2017年11月15日。
    辜樹仁,〈新總統反貪之路 險阻多〉,《天下雜誌》,< https://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5000327>,2011年4月13日。
    達斯古普塔,〈鄰國紛紛退出中國項目,一帶一路嚴重受挫〉,《美國之音》,< https://www.voachinese.com/a/news-china-myanmar-pakistan-projects-20171204/4148433.html>,2017年12月5日。
    趙春山,〈一帶一路地緣政治效應〉,國家政策研究基金會,< https://www.npf.org.tw/1/17725>,2017年11月20日。
    趙珺、譚星宇、王霽平,〈中國有一帶一路,菲律賓有雄心2040〉,《中國報導》,<https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/world/ovmvnam.html>,2017年5月11日。
    遠藤淳,〈「杜特蒂經濟學」中的中國力量〉,日本經濟新聞中文網,<https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/politicsaeconomy/economic-policy/24945-2017-05-03-04-53-00.html>,2017年5月3日。
    簡紹琪,〈從死對頭到好夥伴 美國越南關係大躍進〉,風傳媒,<http://www.storm.mg/article/48124>,2015年4月30日。

    二、英文部分
    (一) 政府出版品
    Department of Foreign Affairs – Republic of the Philippines, “Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano Meets United States Secretary Of State Rex Tillerson,” < https://www.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/dfa-releasesupdate/13556-foreign-affairs-secretary-alan-peter-cayetano-meets-united-states-secretary-of-state-rex-tillerson >, August 7, 2017.
    Estrada, Darlene V. “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for the Philippines.” Foreign Service Institute, Republic of the Philippines, < http://www.fsi.gov.ph/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-implications-for-the-philippines/>, March 2018.
    Lum, Thomas and Ben Dolven. “The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests-2014”, Congressional Research Service, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43498.pdf> May 15, 2014, p.9.
    Lum, Thomas and Larry A. Niksch. “The Republic of the Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service, <https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20060110_RL33233_21b6c7dc280249e6c07029cf0eaf62f6d497e047.pdf> January 10, 2006. pp. 6-16.
    Lum, Thomas. “U.S. Assistance Programs in China, Congressional Research Service,” < https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22663.pdf >, December 2, 2014, p.13.
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China. “Wang Yi Holds Talks with Foreign Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano of the Philippines,” < http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1544880.shtml>, March 21, 2018.
    National Economic and Development Authority of the Philippines. “Vision 2040 Public Consultations: Discussions with the Filipino Youth,” < http://www.neda.gov.ph/2017/11/02/vision2040/ >, November 12, 2017.
    Office of the United States Trade Representatives. “U.S.-China Trade Facts,” < https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china>
    Philippines Statistics Authority. “Highlights of Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines: First Semester 2017,” <https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-first-semester-2017>, October 10, 2017.
    Republic of the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs. “America Has Failed Us,” <http://www.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/phl-embassies-and-consulates-news/10586-statement-of-secretary-perfecto-r-yasay-jr>, October 5, 2016.
    Republic of The Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs. “Statement of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs”, <http://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/newsroom/dfa-releases/9900-statement-of-the-secretary-of-foreign-affairs-2>, July 12, 2016.
    The White House. “Joint Statement between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines,” < https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-united-states-america-republic-philippines/>, November 13, 2017.
    Top Trading Partners/United States Census Bureau. <https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/index.html#2012>
    U.S. Agency for International Aid. < https://explorer.usaid.gov/cd/PHL?fiscal_year=2016&measure=Obligations>
    U.S. Agency for International Aid. < https://explorer.usaid.gov/cd/PHL?fiscal_year=2017&measure=Obligations>
    U.S. Agency for International Aid. < https://explorer.usaid.gov/cd/PHL?fiscal_year=2015&measure=Obligations>
    U.S. Department of State. “Decision in the Philippines-China Arbitration,” < https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/07/259587.htm>, July 12, 2016.
    U.S. Department of State. “Remarks by Secretary of State John Kerry and Philippines Foreign Secretary Perfecto Yasay Before Their Meeting,” < https://ph.usembassy.gov/remarks-secretary-state-john-kerry-philippines-foreign-secretary-perfecto-yasay-meeting/ >, July 27, 2016.
    U.S. Department of State. “Secretary Tillerson`s Meeting With Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Cayetano,” < https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/09/274492.htm >, September 28, 2017.
    U.S. Department of State. “Signing of the Manila Declaration On Board the USS Fitzgerald in Manila Bay, Manila, Philippines,” < https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/177226.htm >, November 16, 2011.
    U.S. Department of State. “South China Sea,” <https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/08/196022.htm>, August 3, 2012
    U.S. Department of State. “U.S. Relations With the Philippines,” < https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm >, December 15, 2016.
    U.S. Department of State. “U.S.-China Joint Statement on Countering the Threat of Improvised Explosive Devices,” < https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/fs/fs/265912.htm>, January 21, 2017.
    U.S. Department of State. < https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/philippines>
    U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. “United States to Boost Counterterrorism Support for Philippine Law Enforcement,” <https://ph.usembassy.gov/united-states-to-boost-counterterrorism-support-for-philippine-law-enforcement/>, July 19, 2018.

    (二) 專書
    Tow, William T. and Douglas Stuart. The New US Strategy towards Asia. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.
    Walt, Stephen M. The Origins of Alliance. New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.
    Dittmer, Lowell and Ngeow Chow Bing eds. Southeast Asia and China: A Contest in Mutual Socialization. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2017.
    Caceres, Sigfrido Burgos. China’s Strategic Interests in The South China Sea: Power and Resources. London: Routledge, 2014.

    (三) 期刊文章
    Advincula, Julian V. Jr. “China’s Leadership Transition and the Future of US-China Relations: Insights from the Spratly Islands Case.” Journal of Chinese Political Science, vol. 20, Issue 1, March 2015, pp. 51–65.
    Castro, Renato Cruz De. “The US-Philippine Alliance: An Evolving Hedge against an Emerging China Challenge.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 31, no. 3, 2009, pp. 399-423.
    . “Weakness and Gambits in Philippine Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century.” Pacific Affairs, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 697-717, December 2010.
    Chung, Chien-Peng and Thomas J. Voon. “China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative.” Political-Economic Calculations of Southeast Asian States, Asian Survey, vol. 57, Number 3, May/June 2017, pp. 416-449.
    Clemente, Tina S. “Understanding the Economic Diplomacy between the Philippines and China.” International Journal of China Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016, pp. 215-233.
    Clinton, Hilary. “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy, < http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/ >, October 11, 2011.
    Cruz, Luis T. “Philippine-China bilateral-relations in the 1990s.”Asian Studies, vol. 31-32, 1995-1996, pp. 79-85.
    Dalpino, Catharin. “US Security Relations with Southeast Asia in the Trump Administration.”Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 39, no. 1, April 2017, pp. 3-8.
    Duyen, Tran Thi. “Philippines shakes up foreign relations under President Duterte.” Strategic Vision, vol.5, no 30, December 2016, pp. 9-13.
    Heydarianm, Richard Javad. “Evolving Philippines-U.S.-China Strategic Triangle: International and Domestic Drivers.” Asian Politics & Policy, vol. 9, no. 4, 2017, pp. 564-582.
    Kazianis, Harry J. “For the US, Sailing Around the South China Sea Is Not Strategy.” National Interest, <https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-us-sailing-around-the-south-china-sea-not-strategy-16429>, June 2, 2016.
    Kuik, Cheng-Chwee. “How Do Weaker States Hedge? Unpacking ASEAN states’ alignment behavior towards China.” Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 25, no. 100, 2016, p. 500-514.
    Lu, Wen-hao. “Toppling Pillars. (US-Philippines Relations).” Strategic Vision, vol. 5, no. 29, October 2016, pp. 14-18.
    Misalucha, Charmaine G. and Amador III Julio S. “U.S.-Philippines Security Ties: Building New Foundations?” Asian Politics & Policy, vol. 8, no.1, January 2016, pp. 51-61.
    Quintos, Mary Fides A. “The Philippines: Hedging in a Post-Arbitration South China Sea?”Asian Politics & Policy, vol. 10, no. 2, April 2018, pp. 261-282.
    Roy, Denny. “Southeast Asia and China: Balancing or Bandwagoning?” Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 27, no. 2, 2005, pp. 305-322.
    Scott, David. “Conflict Irresolution in the South China Sea.” Asian Survey, vol. 52, no. 6, November/December 2012, pp. 1019-1042.
    Sutter, Robert. “The United States and Asia in 2017.” Asian Survey, vol.58, no. 1, 2017, pp. 10-20.
    Yang, Alan Hao. “Prioritizing National Interests in the South China Sea: Policy Continuities and Changes in Key ASEAN Countries, A Bridge over Troubled Waters: Prospects for Peace in the South and East China Seas.” Prospect Foundation, October 2014, pp. 155-176.

    (四) 網路資料
    “Barack Obama meets Rodrigo Duterte at ASEAN talks after `son of a whore` slur.” ABC News, <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-08/obama-meets-duterte-after-whore-slur/7825024>, September 8, 2016.
    “China’s belt-and-road plans are to be welcomed—and worried about.” The Economist. < https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/07/26/chinas-belt-and-road-plans-are-to-be-welcomed-and-worried-about>, July 26, 2018.
    “Duterte Says America Will Never Die for PH.” Philippine Daily Inquirer, <http://globalnation.inquirer.net/126835/duterte-tomilitary-attaches-ph-not-out-for-war-china-should-just-let-us-fish-in-seas>, August 2015.
    “Duterte’s pivot.” The Economist, < http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21708984-philippines-until-now-staunch-american-ally-falling-chinese-camp-dutertes-pivot>, October 22, 2016.
    “Fourth Quarter 2016 Social Weather Survey: Net trust in Rody Duterte stays Excellent at +72.” Social Weather Stations, <http://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20161222102416>, December 24, 2016.
    “Philippine, Vietnamese navies boost ties in goodwill visit.” Rappler, < https://www.rappler.com/nation/166499-philippines-vietnam-boost-ties-navy-ship-goodwill-visit>, April 9, 2017.
    “Philippines declines US development aid package to focus on rebuilding Marawi.” South China Morning Post, < https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2124984/philippines-declines-us-development-aid-package-focus>, December 19, 2017.
    “Sri Lanka signs deal on Hambantota port with China.” BBC News, < https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40761732>, July 29, 2017.
    “That `awkward moment` when Obama met Duterte after `whore` spat.” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37303922>, September 8, 2016.
    “Trump praises Duterte for anti-drug campaign in call transcript.” Reuters, < https://www.reuters.com/article/us-phliippines-duterte-trump/trump-praises-duterte-for-anti-drug-campaign-in-call-transcript-idUSKBN18K0FN>, May 24, 2017.
    “Typhoon Haiyan: China gives less aid to Philippines than Ikea.” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/14/typhoon-haiyan-china-aid-philippines-ikea>, Nov 14, 2013.
    “US Indo-Pacific strategy.” Philstar, < https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/01/21/1779867/us-indo-pacific-strategy>, January 21, 2018.
    Andal, Rodolfo. “President Duterte, Kerry affirm PH-US long standing relations.” beyonddeadlines. < http://beyonddeadlines.com/2016/07/27/president-duterte-kerry-affirm-ph-us-long-standing-relations/>, July 27, 2016.
    Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. “Members and Prospective Members of the Bank.” < https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html>
    Baviera, Aileen. “President Duterte’s Foreign Policy Challenges.” Project MUSE, vol. 38, no. 2, August 2016, pp. 202-208.
    Bello, Walden. “A Budding Alliance: Vietnam and the Philippines Confront China.” Foreign Policy in Focus, < https://fpif.org/budding-alliance-vietnam-philippines-confront-china/>, March 18, 2014.
    Bower, Ernest Z. and Gregory B. Poling. “Implications and Results: United States–Philippines Ministerial Dialogue,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, https://www.csis.org/analysis/implications-and-results-united-states%E2%80%93philippines-ministerial-dialogue, May 4, 2012.
    Brunnstrom, David. “U.S. urges bigger Chinese role to combat global terrorism, Reuters, < https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-china-idUSKBN19A2HT>, June 20, 2017.
    Galang, Mico A. “What’s happened to the Philippines–Vietnam strategic partnership?” East Asia Forum, < http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/05/31/whats-happened-to-the-philippines-vietnam-strategic-partnership/ >, May 31, 2018.
    Heydarian, Richard Javad. “PHILIPPINE-VIETNAMESE RELATIONS CHALLENGED BY REGIONAL SHIFTS.”Center for Strategic and International Studies, < https://amti.csis.org/philippine-vietnamese-relations-challenged-regional-shifts/>, October 26, 2017.
    Hiebert, Murray. “After Announcing ‘Separation From the US,’ Philippines President Embraces China.”Yale Global, < https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/after-announcing-separation-us-philippines-president-embraces-china>, October 20, 2016.
    Jennings, Ralph. “Leaning on US, Philippines boldly pushes back on China in sea dispute.” The Christian Science Monitor, < http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0426/Leaning-on-US-Philippines-boldly-pushes-back-on-China-in-sea-dispute >, April 26, 2012.
    Katigbak, Jose. “Cayetano, Pompeo discuss South China Sea in Washington.” Philstar, < https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/23/1827162/cayetano-pompeo-discuss-south-china-sea-washington#XPpfH8idwEeJYuCO.99>, June 23, 2018.
    Landler, Mark. “Trump’s Mixed Messages Fail to Reassure Asian Allies.” The New York Times, < https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/14/world/asia/trump-asia-trade-north-korea.html?_ga=2.40514346.983047853.1529660955-1684156241.1447921762>, November 14, 2017.
    Leyco, Chino S. “PH seen to benefit from Belt and Road Initiative.” Manila Bulletin, < https://business.mb.com.ph/2017/06/20/ph-seen-to-benefit-from-belt-and-road-initiative/>, June 20, 2017.
    Limaye, Yogita. “Sri Lanka: A country trapped in debt.” BBC News, < https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40044113>, May 26, 2017.
    Paddick, Richard C. “Behind Duterte’s Bluster, a Philippine Shift Away From the U.S.” The New York Times, < http://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20161010/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-obama/en-us/ >, October 10, 2016.
    Park, Yuni. “U.S.-China counter-terrorism co-operation and its perspective on human rights.” Asia Focus, < http://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Asia-focus-56.pdf>, December, 2017.
    Perlez, Jane, “In Victory for Philippines, Hague Court to Hear Dispute Over South China Sea,” NewYork Times, < https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/31/world/asia/south-china-sea-philippines-hague.html?_ga=2.227201241.591116083.1544730916-1844856864.1544730916 >, October 30, 2015.
    Ranada, Pia. “Duterte in Vietnam: What to expect.” Rappler, < https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/147595-duterte-vietnam-official-visit>, September 28, 2016.
    . “Duterte sends off `good friends` Vietnamese fishermen.” Rappler, < https://www.rappler.com/nation/151133-philippines-president-duterte-sends-off-vietnamese-fishermen>, November 2, 2016.
    . “`Sorry` Duterte sends off Vietnamese fishermen shot at by PH Navy.” Rappler, < https://www.rappler.com/nation/189931-philippines-duterte-sorry-send-off-vietnamese-fishermen-navy>, November 29, 2017.
    Romero, Alexis. “China to give Philippines additional P3.8-billion aid.” Philstar, < https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/04/11/1804815/china-give-philippines-additional-p38-billion-aid>, April 11, 2018.
    Rommel, C. Banlaoi. “U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy: What`s in it for Philippines?” Rappler, < https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/203988-us-indo-pacific-strategy-philippines>, June 3, 2018.
    Roy, Mabasa. “PH’s strategic position poses security concerns – PM Abe.” Manila Bulletin, < https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/15/phs-location-crucial-to-solving-regions-crises/>, November 16, 2017.
    Valencia Mark J. “Amid China-US rivalry, Asean finds a role model in Duterte’s Philippines.” South China Morning Post, < https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2139937/amid-china-us-rivalry-asean-finds-role-model-dutertes>, April 2, 2018.
    . “South China Sea tensions: does the US have an endgame, beyond war?” South China Morning Post, < https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/united-states/article/2149366/south-china-sea-tensions-does-us-have-endgame>, June 7, 2018.
    Vera, Ben O de. “Philippine ambition: No more poor Filipinos by 2040.” Asia News Network, < http://www.asianews.eu/content/philippine-ambition-no-more-poor-filipinos-2040-30486>, October 15, 2016.
    Whaley, Floyd and Schmitt Eric. “U.S. Phasing Out Its Counterterrorism Unit in Philippines.” The New York Times, < https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/world/asia/us-will-disband-terrorism-task-force-in-philippines.html >, June 26, 2014.
    Wroughton, Lesley. “Kerry to meet Philippines` Duterte on cooperation, China talks.” Reuters, < https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-ruling-kerry-idUSKCN107085>, July 27, 2016.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    104253019
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104253019
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/THE.NCCU.DIP.001.2019.F09
    Appears in Collections:[外交學系] 學位論文

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