Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/119573
|
| Title: | 漢娜‧莫爾（Hannah More, 1745-1833）的教育與慈善事業
The Educational and Philanthropy Work of Hannah More (1745-1833) |
| Authors: | 姚涵之
Yao, Han-Zhi |
| Contributors: | 林美香
Lin, May-Shine
姚涵之
Yao, Han-Zhi |
| Keywords: | 漢娜‧莫爾
激進主義
女性教育
主日學校
慈善
英國
Hannah More
Radicalism
Women’s education
Sunday schools
Philanthropy
British |
| Date: | 2018 |
| Issue Date: | 2018-08-27 14:43:46 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文以18世紀英國重要女性作家、慈善家和活動家漢娜‧莫爾（Hannah More, 1745-1833）為研究核心。莫爾生活的英國處在法國大革命的影響下，法國大革命使激進主義思潮出現在英國社會。激進主義者們嚴厲批判英國社會體制，他們的作品在社會中下階層廣為流傳，造成英國傳統權貴階層的不安。莫爾保守且熱心社會公共事務，希望透過作品和慈善事業，維持社會秩序的安穩。她希望藉由倡導菁英女性參與慈善，來安撫底層民眾的不滿，使他們安於現有生活，避免英國出現暴力革命。因此，莫爾的早期作品集中討論菁英女性教育，認為菁英女性應與男性共同負擔社會責任，解決社會問題，但教育體系不但無法教導女性承擔社會責任，反而助長浮誇虛榮的不良風氣，因此她倡導改革女性教育。莫爾不止積極參與討論公共事務，更親身投入慈善事業，與妹妹深入偏僻的門迪普山區，為底層勞工開辦十所主日學校，帶領勞工閱讀《聖經》、建立女性俱樂部、舉行門迪普聚會，改善門迪普地區人民的生活水準。
但莫爾的作品和慈善事業引發學者的爭議，一些學者指出，莫爾意圖維持現有社會的性別和階級秩序，因此批評她是父權社會的共謀，並指出她的慈善事業也是偽善的。本文希望以莫爾1780年至1820年間的作品和社會活動為研究核心，重新審視莫爾的教育主張與慈善事業，指出莫爾試圖在不挑戰既有社會秩序的情況下，確實地讓女性得以藉由慈善活動，而有更多參與公共事務的機會，提升了女性社會地位。她的主日學校，不僅提高當地識字率，也在物質和信仰方面改善了民眾生活，以後世觀之，她是當時大眾教育的先驅。故本文認為，保守性與進步性在莫爾身上並存，且相互融合、作用，因此莫爾這個人物值得學者重新認知。
This research focuses on Hannah More, an important women writer, philanthropist, activist in eighteenth-century Britain. At that time, British society was impacted by the French Revolution and radicalism. Radicals in eighteenth-century criticized the social order of British society. Their books and pamphlets were popular among the middle and working class, which triggering anxiety among traditional elites. More was conservative and keen on public issues, she hoped to sustain the social order through her work and philanthropic activities. She proposed that elite women should participate in philanthropic activities, to appease the poor people, making them to be content with their life. More hoped to prevent revolution. Therefore, her early works were focused on elite women’s education, she argued that both men and women should take social responsibilities, and tackle social problems. However, More also argued that the existing education system for women is defective, which not only failed to teach women to take social responsibility, but also encouraged an unpleasant ethos of vanity. Therefore, she advocated reforming women’s education.
More was not only actively involved in discussing public affairs, but also invested in philanthropy. She and her younger sister went into the remote Mendip Hills area, and founded ten Sunday schools for the poor workers, where she taught them to read the Bible. She also established some women’s clubs, and held Mendip Feast annually, all these projects were attempted to improve the lives of the poor workers in Mendip Hills.
However, More’s works and philanthropic activities sparked controversy among scholars. Some scholars pointed out that More intends to maintain the gender and class order of the existing society. Therefore, they criticized her as a conspirator of the patriarchal society, and they pointed out that her philanthropic activities were hypocritical as well.
This research will re-examine More’s educational viewpoint and philanthropic activities from 1780 to 1820, and to point out that though More did not willing to challenge the existing social order, she still attempted to enable women to participate in public issues through philanthropic works, which eventually promoted women’s social status. On the other hand, her Sunday schools not only improved the local literacy rate, but also improved the poor’s lives. She was a pioneer of mass education at that time. Therefore, this research will show that that conservatism and progressiveness coexisted in More, and they were mutually integrated and affected. As a result, Hannah More deserves a re-recognition by scholars. |
| Reference: | 參考文獻
史料
Anonymous. The Governess; or, the Boarding School Dissected. London: The Female Academy, 1785.
Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003.
Burton, John. Lectures on Female Education and Manners. London: Printed for J. Milliken, 1794.
Butler, Joseph. A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of Christ-Church. London: Printed by M. Downing, 1745.
Chapman, George. A Treatise on Education, with A Sketch of the Author’s Method. London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1773.
Corry, John. The Unfortunate Daughter: On the Danger of the Modern System of Female Education. London: B. Crosby, 1803.
Godwin, William. The Enquirer: Reflections on Education, Manners, and Literature. London: Printed for G. G. and J. Robinson,1797.
Hadley, Georgy. A New and Complete History of the Town of Kingston-Upon-Hull. London: Printed by T. Briggs, 1788.
Hatfield. Letters on the Importance of the Female Sex: With Observation on Their Manners and on Education. London: Printed by J. Adlard, 1803.
Jones, Griffth. Welch Piety, Or A Father Account of the Circulating Welch Charity Schools. London: Printed by J. Oliver, 1742.
Locke, John. On Politics and Educations. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1947.
More, Hannah. Cheap Repository Tracts. London: Printed for J. Rivington, 1810.
——. Coelebs in Search of a Wife. New York: Derby and Jackson, 1859.
——. Essays on Various Subjects Principally Designed for Young Ladies. London: Printed for J. Wilkie; and T. Cadell, 1778.
——. Hints towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess. London: Printed for T. Cadel; and W. Davies, 1805.
——. Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education, with a View of the Principles and Conduct Prevalent among Women of Rank and Fortune. London: Printed for T. Cadell; and W. Davies, 1799.
——. Remarks on the Speech of Mr. Dupont, On the Subjects of Religion and Public Education. London: Printed for T. Cadell, 1793.
——. The Riot: Or, Half a Loaf Is Better Than No Bread, In a Dialogue between Jack Anvil and Tom Hod. London: Printed by J. Marshall, 1793.
——. Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society. Dublin: Printed by P. Byrne,1788.
More, Martha, and Arthur Roberts. Mendip Annals: Or, A Narrative of the Charitable Labours of Hannah and Martha More in Their Neighbourhood, Being the Journal of Martha More. London: Leopold Classic Library, 2017.
Nelson, James. An Essay on the Government of Children, Under Three General Heads, Health, Manners and Education. London: Printed for R. Dodsley, 1763.
Neuburg, Victor. Popular Education in Eighteenth Century England. London: The Woburn Press, 1972.
Paine, Thomas. Rights of Man: Being An Answer to Mr. Burke’s Attack on the French Revolution. London: Anonymous Gentleman, 1791.
——. Rights of Man Part the Second: Combining Principle and Practice. London: Printed for J.S. Jordan, 1792.
Reeve, Clara. Plan of Education: With Remarks on the System of Other Writers. London: Printed for T. Hookham and J. Carpenter, 1792.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Emilius and Sophia: or, A New System of Education. London: Printed for T. Becket and P. A. de Hondt,1767.
Watts, Issac. An Essay towards the Encouragement of Charity Schools. London: Printed for J. Clark and R. Hett, 1728.
West, Jane. Letters to a Young Lady: In Which the Duties and Character of Women are Considered. New York: O. Penniman and C. Troy, 1806.
近人論著
一、專書
Altick, Richard D. English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
Brewer, John. The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 2013.
Carter, Philip. Men and the Emergence of Polite Society: Britain 1660-1800. London: Longman, 2001.
Clarke, Norma. The Rise and Fall of the Women of Letters. London: Pimlico, 2004.
Comitini, Patricia. Vocational Phalarope and British Women’s Writing, 1790-1810: Wollstonecraft, More, Edgeworth, Wordsworth. Hants: Ashgate, 2005.
Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850. London: Routledge, 1987.
Dickinson, Harry. British Radicalism and the French Revolution, 1789-1815. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.
——. The Politics of the People in the Eighteenth-Century Britain. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995.
Donawerth, Jane. Conversational Rhetoric: The Rise and Fall of a Women’s Tradition, 1600-1900. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011.
Elliott, Dorice William. The Angel out of the House: Philanthropy and Gender in Nineteenth-Century England. London: University Press of Virginia.
Ferguson, Moria. Mary Wollstonecraft. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
Ford, Charles. Hannah More: A Critical Biography. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1996.
Hecht, J. Jean. The Domestic Servant Class in Eighteenth-Century England. London: Routledge, 1956.
Hopkins, Mary Alden. Hannah More and Her Circle. London: Longmans, 1947.
Hunt, Margaret R. The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender and the Family in England 1680-1780. London: University of California Press, 1996.
Jones, Mary Gwladys. Charity School Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Jones, Mary Gwladys. Hannah More. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952.
Knight, Helen C. Hannah More; or, Life in Hall and Cottage. New York: M. W. Dodd, 1851.
Kowaleski-Wallace, Elizabeth. Their Fathers’ Daughters: Hannah More, Maria Edgeworth and Patriarchal Complicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Lawson, John, and Harold Silver. A Social History of Education in England. New York: Routledge, 1973.
Lundin, Matthew. Paper Memory: A Sixteen-Century Townsman Writes His World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
McCalman, Iain. The Romantic Age: British Culture 1776-1832. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Mellor, Anne K. Mothers of the Nation: Women’s Political Writing in England, 1780-1830. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Olsen, Kirstin. Daily Life in 18th-Century England. London: Greenwood Press, 1999.
Owen, David. English Philanthropy 1660-1960. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964.
“More, Hannah. 1745–1833.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 14 Feb. 2018. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1005856.
Perkin, Harold. The Origins of Modern English Society. London: Routledge, 2002.
Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Work of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Porter, Roy. English Society in the 18th Century. London: Penguin Books, 1991.
——. The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment. London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.
Prochaska, Frank, and F. K. Prochaska. Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Richardson, Alan. Literature, Education, and Romanticism: Reading as Social Practice, 1780-1832. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Roberts, Clayton, and David. Roberts. A History of England vol. 2. London: Pearson Higher Education, 2008.
Scheuermann, Mona. In Praise of Poverty: Hannah More Counters Thomas Paine and the Radical Threat. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2002.
Speck, William Arthur. Stability and Strife: England, 1714-1760. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Stott, Anne. Hannah More: The First Victorian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
二、期刊及專書論文
汪采燁，〈從沃斯通克拉夫特的旅行經驗論其激進思想與理性思想之轉變〉，收錄於羅衛東主編，《啟蒙及其限制》，杭州：浙江大學出版社，2012。
楊肅獻，〈法國大革命時期英國激進派的人權理論〉，《國立台灣大學文史哲學報》，38.7(臺北，1990)，頁163-193。
Boylan, Anne M. “Evangelical Womanhood in the Nineteenth Century: The Role of Women in Sunday Schools.” Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 62-80.
Chanover, Pierre. “Rousseau: A Pedagogical Bibliography.” The French Review 46, no. 6 (1973): 1148-1158.
Demers, Patricia. “Sisters Across the Centuries: Hannah More and Grace Irwin.” In Bluestocking Now: The Evolution of a social Role, edited by Deborah Hellar, 157-174. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015.
Gleadle, Kathryn. “Rev. of Hannah More: The First Victorian.” The English Historical Review 119, no. 481 (2004): 465-466.
Gilmartin, Kevin. “‘Study to Be Quiet’: Hannah More and the Invention of Conservative Culture in Britain.” English Literature History 70, no. 2 (2003): 493-540.
Hole, Robert. “Hannah More on Literature and Propaganda, 1788-1799.” History 85, no. 280 (2000): 613-633.
LoPatin-Lummis, Nancy. “Rev. of Hannah More: The First Victorian.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 36, no. 3 (2004): 539-541.
Midgley, Clare. “Rev. of Mothers of the Nation: Women’s Political Writing in England, 1780-1830.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 35, no. 2 (2003): 317-318.
Miller, P. J. “Women`s Education, ‘Self-Improvement’ and Social Mobility-A Late Eighteenth-Century Debate.” British Journal of Educational Studies 20, no. 3 (1972): 302-314.
Myers, Mitzi. “Hannah More’s Tracts for the Times: Social Fiction and Female Ideology.” In Fetter’d or Free? British Women Novelist, 1670-1815, edited by Mary Anne Schofield and Cecilia Macheski, 264-284. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1986.
Pedersen, Susan. “Hannah More Meets Simple Simon: Tracts, Chapbooks, and Popular Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century England.” Journal of British Studies 25, no. 1 (1986): 84-113.
Peterson, Linda H. “From French Revolution to English Reform: Hannah More, Harriet Martineau, and the ‘Little Book’.” Nineteenth-Century Literature 60, no. 4 (2006): 409-450.
Smith, Hilda L. “Rev. of Mothers of the Nation: Women’s Political Writing in England, 1780-1830.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 33, no. 3 (2001): 485-486.
Stott, Anne. “‘A Singular Injustice towards Women’: Hannah More, Evangelicalism and Female Education” In Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain, 1750-1900, edited by Sue Morgan, 23-34. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Stott, Anne. “Evangelicalism and Enlightenment: The Educational Agenda of Hannah More.” In Educating the Child in Enlightenment Britain: Beliefs, Cultures, Practices, edited by Mary Hilton and Jill Shefrin, 41-55. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
Stott, Anne. “Hannah More and the Blagdon Controversy 1799-1802.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 51, no. 2 (2000): 319-346.
Sutherland, Kathryn. “Hannah More’s Counter-Revolutionary Feminism.” In Revolution in Writing: British Literary Responses to the French Revolution, edited by Kelvin Everest, 27-73. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1991.
Taylor, Barbara. “Feminists Versus Gallants: Manners and Morals in Enlightenment Britain.” Representations 87, no. 1 (2004): 125-148.
Trouille, Mary. “The Failings of Rousseau’s Ideals of Domesticity and Sensibility.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 24, no. 4 (1991): 451-483.
Waldron, Mary. “Rev. of In Praise of Poverty: Hannah More Counters Thomas Paine and the Radical Threat, by Mona Scheuermann.” The Modern Language Review 99, no. 3 (2004): 749-752. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
歷史學系
104153017 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1041530171 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/THE.NCCU.Hist.007.2018.A04 |
| Appears in Collections: | [歷史學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 017101.pdf | 3325Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 429 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
