Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110867
|
| Title: | 臺灣珊瑚礁保育策略研究
Protecting the rainforests of the sea : a framework to manage the coral reefs of Taiwan |
| Authors: | 愛麗絲
Manikowska, Aleksandra Monika |
| Contributors: | 卜道
David Blundell
愛麗絲
Aleksandra Monika Manikowska |
| Keywords: | 臺灣
珊瑚礁
海岸管理
在地社群
共同治理
Taiwan
Coral reefs
Coastal management
Indigenous communities
Collaborative governance |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-07-11 12:14:11 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 珊瑚礁位處熱帶海洋的赤道附近。台灣島被北回歸線分為南與北，為理想的珊瑚礁棲息地。然而，台灣珊瑚礁的保育地位和現代威脅，特別缺乏國際出版的科學研究和數據；加上社會缺乏保護珊瑚礁和沿海資源的必要認識，讓「台灣是海鮮國家，而不是海洋國家」的錯誤認知持續阻礙了保育工作。因此，本文通過文獻回顧和訪問利益相關者，來理解包括政府機構，學者和在地社區成員間的珊瑚礁論述。結果發現，政府機構和在地社區之間的深度不信任使得海洋保護工作複雜化，加上滿足短期利益往往犧牲環境整體資源。然而，通過實施沿海綜合管理計劃(ICZMP)可能為解決方案，在所有利益攸關的共議合作中，確保保育海岸和健康珊瑚礁的諸多可持續利益。
The majority of the coral reefs are located in the tropical oceans between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with a particularly high concentration near the equator. The Tropic of Cancer runs through the center of Taiwan, dividing the island into tropical and subtropical climate zones in the South and North, respectively, and creating an ideal habitat for the coral reef ecosystem. Yet, there is an insufficient amount of scientific research and data regarding the status of and threats to Taiwan’s coral reefs, especially in English-language publications. There furthermore exists a lack of awareness of the need to protect the reefs and coastal resources, with the widespread mentality that ‘Taiwan is a seafood country, not an ocean country’ hindering conservation efforts. Strife at the political level, in part a result of Taiwan’s unique historical events, translate into legislative and economic priority given elsewhere.
This paper thus aims to realign this information asymmetry through intensive literature reviews and interviews with key stakeholders, including governmental institutions, scholars, and members of indigenous communities. Results show that deep mistrust and miscommunication between governmental institutions and the indigenous communities complicate marine conservation efforts. Satisfying short-term dominant interests frequently comes at the expense of environmental progress, a phenomenon that does not seem to substantially change with the election cycles. Nevertheless, progress has been made through such measures as the implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. However, persistent issues such as improper enforcement of laws, prioritization of immediate economic gains over long-term ecological concerns, opposition from interest groups, and a lack of incentives and awareness at all levels to protect coastal regions continue to impede effective coral reef and coastal management. Overall, despite the monumental challenges set before marine conservation, the solution lies within a unified collaboration of all the stakeholders determined to protect and cultivate the many benefits of a sustainably managed coast and healthy coral reefs. |
| Reference: | Bibliography
Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy and Minna J. Hsu. 1999. ‘CITES Implementation through the Wildlife Conservation Law of Taiwan.’ Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 2:1, 26 Nov. 2009. Pp. 64-68.
Ansell, Chris and Alison Gash. 2007. ‘Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.’ JPART 18:4, 13 Nov. 2007. Pp. 543-571.
Arrigo, Linda Gail and Gaia Puleston. 2006. ‘The Environmental Movement in Taiwan after 2000: Advances and Dilemmas.’ What has changed? Taiwan Before and After the Change in Ruling Parties. Eds. Dafydd Fell et al. Germany: Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG.
Arrigo, Linda Gail, Si Jilgilan, Si Maraos. 2002. ‘A Minority within a Minority: Cultural Survival on Taiwan’s Orchid Island.’ Cultural Survival, June 2002. Accessed 2 March 2017. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/minority-within-minority-cultural-survival-taiwans-orchid
Balmford, Andrew et al. 2004. ‘The worldwide costs of marine protected areas.’ PNAS, Vol. 101, No. 25, June 2004, pp. 9694-9697. Accessed 23 March 2017. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403239101.
Barbier, Edward B. 2006. ‘Natural Barriers to Natural Disasters: Replanting Mangroves after the Tsunami.’ Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4:3, April 2006. Pp. 124-131.
Bayrer, Ralph L. 2009. Free People, Free Markets: Their Evolutionary Origins. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC.
Bellwood, Peter et al. 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University Press.
Birkeland, Charles. 1997. Life and Death of Coral Reefs. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Blundell, David. 2017. ‘Stone ages to early historical seafaring in Monsoon Asia.’ Religion, Law, and State: Cultural Re-invigoration in a New Age. Chapter 7. Hsun Chang and Chih-wei Tsai, Eds. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines. Pp. 193-216.
Blundell, David, ed. 2012. Taiwan Since Martial Law: Society, Culture, Politics, Economics. Berkeley: University of California, & Taipei: National Taiwan University Press.
Blundell, David. 2011. ‘Taiwan Austronesian Language Heritage Connecting Pacific Island Peoples: Diplomacy and Values.’ IJAPS 7:1, January 2011. Pp. 75-91
Blundell, David, Michael Buckland, and Jeanette Zerneke (with Yu-Hsiu Lu and Andrew Limond). 2010. ‘Empowering Pacific Language and Culture Mapping with Applied Case Studies in Taiwan and the Philippines.’ Endangered Austronesian, Papuan and Aboriginal Languages. Gunter Senft, ed. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: National Australian University. Pp. 137-152.
Blundell, David, ed. 2009. Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory. Revised Edition. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum, & Berkeley: Phoebe A. Hearst Museum, University of California.
Blundell, David. 2008. ‘Endangered Languages in revitalization Development and Mapping Featuring the Batanes and Orchid Island.’ 2nd International Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization, and Multilingual Education in Ethnolinguistic Communities, Bangkok, Thailand, July 1st-3rd, 2008. Pp. 1-11.
Booker, Francesca et al. 2013. ‘Reef Dependency and Change: Barbados Case Study.’ Future of Reefs in a Changing Environment Project. Accessed 13 March 2017. http://www.force-project.eu
Brander, Robert W., Paul S. Kench, Deirdre Hart. 2004. ‘Spatial and temporal variations in wave characteristics across a reef platform, Warraber Island, Torres Strait, Australia.’ Marine Geology 207, June 2004. Pp. 169-184.
Briney, Amanda. 2017. ‘The World’s Largest Coral Reefs.’ ThoughtCo. Accessed 20 March 2017. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-worlds-largest-coral-reefs-1435124
Bruckner, Andrew. 2002. ‘Life-Saving Products from Coral Reefs.’ In Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. XVIII Issue 3, Spring 2002. Accessed 12 January 2017. http://issues.org/18-3/p_bruckner/
Buchanan, James. 1965. ‘An Economic Theory of Clubs.’ Economica, New Series 32:125, February 1965. Pp. 1-14.
Burke, Lauretta et al. 2012. Reefs at Risk Revisited: Summary for Decision Makers. Washington: World Resources Institute.
Burke, Lauretta et al. 2011. Reefs at Risk Revisited. Washington: World Resources Institute.
Cao, Long et al., 2007, ‘Effects of carbon dioxide and climate change on ocean acidification and carbonate mineral saturation,’ Geophysical Research Letters 34:5, March 2007. Pp. 1-5.
Carlton, James T. 1999. ‘The Scale and Ecological Consequences of Biological Invasions in the World’s Oceans.’ Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management. Eds. O. T. Sandlund, P. J. Schei, and Å. Viken. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp. 195-212.
Chang, Hsun and Chih-Wei Tsai. 2017. Religion, Law, and State: Cultural Re-invigoration in a New Age. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Chang, Rich. 2011. ‘Groups call for nuclear referendum.’ Taipei Times, 12 April 2011. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/04/12/2003500553
Chao, Vincent Y. 2011. ‘JAPAN DISASTER: Underwater volcanoes pose risk to plant, activists say.’ Taipei Times, 15 March 2011. Accessed 24 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/03/15/2003498234
Chen, Wei-Han. 2016. ‘Flying fish control spark debate.’ Taipei Times, 9 May 2016. Accessed 3 March 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/05/09/2003645858
Ching, Leo. 2000. ‘Savage Construction and Civility Making: The Musha Incident and Aboriginal Representations in Colonial Taiwan.’ positions 8:3, Winter 2000. Pp. 795-818.
Chiu, Yen Liang. 1989. ‘Aborigines and their struggle towards radical democracy.’ Ethnicity: Identity, Conflict, Crisis. Eds. Kumar David and Santasilan Kadirgamar. Hong Kong: ARENA Press. Pp. 143-154.
Chiu, Yu-Tzu. 1999. ‘Activists ask for delay of nuke plant.’ Taipei Times, 29 October 1999. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/1999/10/29/0000008580
Chua, Thia-Eng. 1993. ‘Essential Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management.’ Ocean and Coastal Management 21:1-3. Pp. 81-108.
Congleton, Roger D. 1992. ‘Political Institutions and Pollution Control.’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 74:3, August 1992. Pp. 412-421.
Cowen, Tyler. 2013. ‘Public Goods and Externalities.’ The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Accessed 19 May 2017. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/PublicGoodsandExternalities.html
Dai, Chang-Feng. ‘The Proposed Coral Reef Marine Protected Area Network in Taiwan.’ Accessed 6 March 2017. http://www.globalislands.net/userfiles/Taiwan_2.pdf
Daley, Ben. 2014. The Great Barrier Reef: An Environmental History. UK: Taylor & Francis Group.
De Voogd, N. J., D. F. R. Cleary, F. Dekker. 2013. ‘The coral-killing sponge Terpios hoshinota invades Indonesia,’ Coral Reefs 32:3, September 2013. Accessed 15 May 2017. doi:10.1007/s00338-013-1030-4
Delfin, Francisco G. 2014. ‘Shaping Incentives Toward Effective Collaboration: Lessons for Conservation Practice.’ Public Administration Review 74:2. Pp. 231-232.
Dietz, Thomas, Elinor Ostrom, Paul C. Stern. 2003. ‘The Struggle to Govern the Commons.’ Science 302:5652, New Series, 12 Dec. 2003. Pp. 1907-1912.
Fell, Dafydd. 2012. Government and Politics in Taiwan. London: Routledge.
Ferraiuolo, Jean. 2014. ‘10 of the Most Expensive Tropic Fish.’ The Richest. Accessed 15 March 2017. http://www.therichest.com/luxury/most-expensive/10-of-the-most-expensive-tropical-fish/
Francis, Robert C. et al. 2007. ‘Ten Commandments for Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Scientists.’ Fisheries 32:5, May 2007. Pp. 217-233.
Glavovic, Bruce. 2008. ‘Ocean and Coastal Governance for Sustainability: Imperatives for Integrating Ecology and Economics.’ Ecological Economics of the Oceans and Coasts. Eds. Murray Patterson and Bruce Glavovic. MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Pp. 313-342.
Goodwin, Edward. 2013. International Environmental Law and the Conservation of Coral Reefs. London: Routledge.
Green, Stephanie J. et al. 2012. ‘Invasive Lionfish Drive Atlantic Coral Reef Fish Declines.’ PLoS ONE 7(3): e32596. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032596. Accessed 23 March 2017.
Haldar, Ishita. 2011. Global Warming: The Causes and Consequences. New Delhi: Mind Melodies.
Hardin, Garrett. 1968. ‘The Tragedy of the Commons.’ Science 162:3859, New Series, 13 Decemher 1968. Pp. 1243-1248.
Harvey N. and B. Caton. 2003. Coastal Management in Australia. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press.
Henrich, Soren. Illustration in ‘British Columbia`s Natural Legacy.’ Accessed 19 March 2017. http://www.biodiversitybc.org/EN/main/downloads/tnp-2.html
Hepworth, Robert. 2003. ‘Saving coral reefs through international alliances.’ Synergies, Issue 7, January 2003. Pp. 1-8.
Hess, Steve. 2013. Authoritarian Landscapes. New York: Springer.
Ho, Ming-Sho. 2013. ‘Lukang anti-DuPont movement (Taiwan).’ The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. Eds. David A. Snow et al. USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbespm332
Ho, Ming-sho. 2006. ‘Challenging State Corporatism: The Politics of Taiwan’s Labor Federation Movement.’ The China Journal 56, July 2006. Pp. 107-127.
Ho, Ming-Sho. 2005. ‘Weakened State and Social Movement: the paradox of Taiwanese environmental politics after the power transfer.’ Journal of Contemporary China 14:43, May 2005. Pp. 339-352.
Ho, Ming-Sho. 2003. ‘The Politics of Anti-Nuclear Protest in Taiwan: A Case of Party-Dependent Movement (1980–2000).’ Modern Asian Studies 37:3. Pp. 683-708.
Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove. 1999. ‘Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs.’ Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 50. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. Pp. 839-866.
Holland, Jennifer S. 2007. ‘Acid Threat.’ National Geographic, Nov. 2007. Photograph by David Liittschwager. Accessed 23 March 2017. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/11/marine-miniatures/acid-threat-text
Holmes, Oliver. 2015. ‘South China Sea Images Reveal Impact on Coral of Beijing’s Military Bases.’ The Guardian. Accessed 17 March 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/sep/17/south-china-sea-images-reveal-impact-on-coral-of-beijings-military-bases
Hostetler, Laura. 2000, ‘Qing Connections to the Early Modern World: Ethnography and cartography in eighteenth-century China,’ Modern Asian Studies 34:3, July 2000. Pp. 623-662.
Hu, Cheng-Heng. 2014. ‘Making Stressful Coasts into Austronesian Practice Ground? Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Yami/Tao Agro-Forests.’ Journal of Austronesian Studies 5:2, December 2014. Pp. 43-68.
Huang, Chih Huei. 2015. ‘Ethnic Diversity, Two-Layered Colonization, and Complex Modern Taiwanese Attitudes toward Japan.’ Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and Its Contested Legacy. Ed. Andrew D. Morris. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Pp. 133-154.
Huang, Chin-Hao and Patrick James. 2014. ‘Blue, Green or Aquamarine? Taiwan and the Status Quo Preference in Cross-Strait Relations.’ The China Quarterly 219, Sept. 2014. Pp. 670-692.
Huang, Shelley. 2010. ‘Aboriginal artefacts found at site of nuclear plant.’ Taipei Times, 28 April 2010. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/04/28/2003471695
Hwang, Jim. 2014. ‘Blue Revolution.’ Taiwan Today, 1 February 2014. Accessed 20 May 2017. http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?post=23734&unit=12,29,29,33,45
Jennings, Ralph. 2007. ‘Nuclear dump to leave Taiwan tropical isle.’ Reuters, 28 May 2007. Accessed 15 May 2017. http://www.reuters.com/article/environment-taiwan-waste-dc-idUSTP30244720070529
Kau, Michael Ying-Mao. 2016. Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle. London: Routledge
Kenchington, Richard et al. 2012. ‘Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.’ Sustainable Management and Climate Adaptation. Eds. Richard Kenchington et al. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. Pp. 101-125.
Kimrua, Tadashi, F.D. Chang, S. Pae, H. Hui, P. O. Ang, J. G. Je and C. L. S. Choi. 2004. ‘Status of Coral Reefs in East and North Asia: China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.’ In Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Ed. C. Wilkinson. Volume 1. Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science. Pp. 277-301.
Koster, Pepijn. ‘Overfishing – a global disaster.’ Overfishing.org. Accessed 16 March 2017. http://overfishing.org/pages/what_is_overfishing.php
Kotchen, Matthew. 2012. ‘Public Goods,’ draft chapter prepared for Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: An Encyclopedia, eds. J. Whitehead and T. Haab, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.
Ku, Kun-hui. 2012. ‘Rights to Recognition: Minorities and Indigenous Politics in Emerging Taiwan Nationalism.’ Taiwan Since Martial Law: Society, Culture, Politics, Economics. Ed. David Blundell. Berkeley: University of California, & Taipei: National Taiwan University Press. Pp. 91-130.
Kuo, Chao-Yang et al. 2012. ‘Recurrent Disturbances and the Degradation of Hard Coral Communities in Taiwan.’ PLoS ONE 7(8): e44364. Accessed 11 May 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044364
Lin, Chia-Nan. 2017. ‘Gas terminal could threaten coral: biologist.’ Taipei Times, 24 June 2017. Accessed 26 June 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/06/24/2003673191
Lin, I-Fan. 2011. ‘Taiwan: Nuclear Waste on Orchid Island.’ Global Voices, 31 March 2011. Accessed 15 May 2017. https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/taiwan-nuclear-waste-on-orchid-island/
Lin, Sean. 2017. ‘Taipei sewage system office says pollution limited.’ Taipei Times, 6 April 2017. Accessed 12 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/04/06/2003668158
Liu, Pi-Jen, Pei-Jie Meng, Li-Lian Liu, Jih-Terng Wang, Ming-Yik Leu. 2012. ‘Impacts of human activities on coral reef ecosystems of southern Taiwan: A long-term study.’ Marine Pollution Bulletin 64:6, June 2012. Pp. 1129-1135.
Loa, lok-sin. 2012. ‘Tao protest against nuclear facility.’ Taipei Times, 21 Feb. 2012. Accessed 2 March 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/02/21/2003525985/1
Loper, Christy et al. 2008. ‘Socioeconomic Conditions along the World’s Tropical Coasts: 2008.’ California: Print Runner.
Lovell, Jeremy. 2012. ‘Is Human Impact Accelerating Out of Control?’ Scientific American. Accessed 19 March 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-human-impact-accelerating-out-of-control/
Marshall, Paul and Heidi Schuttenberg. 2006. A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching. Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
Mattlin, Mikael. 2011. Politicized Society: The Long Shadow of Taiwan’s One-party Legacy. USA: NIAS Press.
McCalman, Iain. 2012. ‘Turtle War: Captain Cook`s environmental crisis on the Great Barrier Reef.’ The Great Circle 34:2. Pp. 7-18.
Mora, Camilo. 2015. Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Myers, Stephen et al. 2012. ‘Adaptive learning and coastal management in South-east Queensland, Australia.’ Sustainable Management and Climate Adaptation. Eds. Richard Kenchington et al. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. Pp. 157-176.
Nihoul, Jacques C. J. and Chen-Tung Arthur Chen. 2009. Oceanography, vol. III. Oxford, UK: EOLSS Publishers/UNESCO.
Ostrom, Elinor. 2009. ‘Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems.’ Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, and Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. Pp. 408-444.
Ostrom, Elinor. 2008. ‘Institutions and the Environment.’ Institute of Economic Affairs, September 2008, pp. 24-31.
Ostrom, Elinor. 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1997. ‘Self-Governance of Common-Pool Resources.’ Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University.
Ostrom, Elinor, Roy Gardner, James Walker et al. 1994. Rules, Games, and Common-pool Resources, USA: University of Michigan Press.
Pasour, E. C. 1981. ‘The Free Rider as a Basis for Government Intervention.’ The Journal of Libertarian Studies V:4, Fall 1981. Pp. 453-464.
Pastreich, Emmanuel. 2005. “Sovereignty, Wealth, Culture and Technology: Mainland China and Taiwan Grapple with The Parameters of ‘Nation State’ in the 21st Century.” HAOL 7, Spring 2005. Pp. 57-66.
Plucer-Rosario, G. 1987. ‘The effect of substratum on the growth of Terpios, an encrusting sponge which kills corals.’ Coral Reefs 5:4. Pp. 197-200. Accessed 15 May 2017. doi:10.1007/BF00300963
Ritchie, Alex. ‘The Effects of Three Species of Macroalgae on Acropora Aspera Physiology,’ The Stanford Undergraduate Research Journal. Pp. 39-43.
Robert W. Brander et al. 2004. ‘Spatial and temporal variations in wave characteristics across a reef platform, Warraber Island, Torres Strait, Australia.’ Marine Geology 207. Pp. 169-184.
Robinson, Sarah. 2014. ‘#FightForTheReef draws international attention to Great Barrier Reef dumping.’ The Social, 13 June 2014. Accessed 28 December 2016. http://www.thesocial.ca/real-life/tech/fightforthereef-draws-international-attention-to-g?app=CTVGO
Rocliffe, Steve et al. 2014. ‘Towards a Network of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) in the Western Indian Ocean.’ July 2014. PLoS ONE 9(7): e103000. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103000. Accessed 24 March 2017.
Rongo, Teina et al. 2007. ‘Watersheds and Coral Reefs: Conservation Science, Policy, and Implementation.’ BioScience, Vol. 57, No. 7, July 2007. Pp. 598-607.
Roy, Denny. 2003. Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sabine C.L. et al. 2004. ‘The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2’. Science 305:5682. Pp. 367–371.
Sadovy, Yvonne J. et al. 2003. While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade. Manila, Philippines: Asia Development Bank.
Samuelson, Paul. 1954. ‘The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.’ The Review of Economics and Statistics 36:4, November 1954. Pp. 387-389.
Schattschneider, E.E. 1960. The Semisovereign People. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1993. ‘Some Propositions about Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy.’ Reihe Politikwissenschaft No. 10, September 1993. Pp. 1-19.
Sheen, S.Y. et al. 1994. ‘Swine Waste Treatment in Taiwan.’ Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Accessed 30 May 2017. http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=type&id=20110802095125
Shih, Yi-Che. 2017. ‘Coastal Management and Implementation in Taiwan.’ Journal of Coastal Zone Management 20:1. Pp. 1-7.
Stocker, Laura et al. 2012. ‘Sustainable coastal management?’ Sustainable Management and Climate Adaptation. Eds. Richard Kenchington et al. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. Pp. 29-56.
Tang, Chia-Ling. 2011. ‘Taipower must pay US$29m: court.’ Taipei Times, 10 March 2011. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/03/10/2003497827
Tang, Ching-Ping and Shui-Yan Tang. 2014. ‘Managing Incentive Dynamics for Collaborative Governance in Land and Ecological Conservation.’ In Public Administration Review 74:2, pp. 220-231.
Tang, Ching-Ping and Shui-Yan Tang. 2009. ‘Institutional Adaptation and Community-Based Conservation of Natural Resources: The Cases of the Tao and Atayal in Taiwan.’ Human Ecology 38:1, 30 September 2009. Pp. 101-111.
Tang, Ching-Ping and Shui-Yan Tang. 2000. ‘Negotiated Autonomy: Transforming Self-Governing Institutions for Local Common-Pool Resources in Two Tribal Village in Taiwan.’ Human Ecology 29:1, March 2001. Pp. 49-67. Tang, Ching-Ping and Shui-Yan Tang. 1997. ‘Democratization and environmental politics in Taiwan.’ Asian Survey 37:3, 1 March 1993. Pp. 281-294.
Thomas, Stephen. 1983. ‘Wind, Wave, and Stars: A Sea of Natural Signs.’ The Navigators: Pathfinders of the Pacific. Pp. 8-13.
Tsuchida, Shigeru. 2009. ‘Japanese Contribution to the Linguistic Studies of the Formosan Indigenous Languages.’ Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory. Ed. David Blundell, revised edition. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum & Berkeley: Phoebe A. Hearst Museum, University of California. Pp. 71-97.
Van der Horst, Linda. 2016. “Taiwan`s Illegal Fishing Is ‘Out of Control.’” The Diplomat, 14 April 2016. Accessed 12 May 2017. http://thediplomat.com/2016/04/taiwans-illegal-fishing-is-out-of-control/
Vega-Thurber, Rebecca et al. 2012. ‘Macroalgae Decrease Growth and Alter Microbial Community Structure of the Reef-Building Coral, Porites astreoides.’ PLoS ONE 7(9): e44246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044246. Accessed 23 March 2017.
Wang, Chris. 2014. ‘Annette Lu vows pursuit of anti-plant referendum.’ Taipei Times, 16 July 2014. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/16/2003595238
Wei, Clarissa. 2016. ‘Taiwan`s Last Traditional Fishing Village Is Running Out of Fish.’ Munchies, 2 April 2016. Accessed 13 May 2017. https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/taiwans-last-traditional-fishing-village-is-running-out-of-fish
Weidner, Helmut et al. 2002. Capacity Building in National Environmental Policy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Whaley, Floyd. 2015. ‘China’s Island-Building Is Ruining Coral Reefs, Philippines Says.’ The New York Times. Accessed 17 March 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/world/asia/chinas-island-building-is-ruining-coral-reefs-philippines-says.html?_r=0
Wilkinson, Clive. 2008. Status of coral reefs in the world: 2008. Townsville, Australia: Global Coral Reef Monitoring network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre.
Williams, Jack and Chang-Yi David Chang. 2008. Taiwan’s Environmental Struggle. New York: Routledge.
Wilson, E.G. et al. ‘Why Healthy Oceans Need Sea Turtles: The Importance of Sea Turtles to Marine Ecosystems,’ July 2010. Accessed 10 March 2017. http://oceana.org
Yang, Su-Ming and Evelyn Kao. 2016. ‘Taiwan changes fisheries law to avoid EU ban on seafood exports.’ Focus Taiwan, 15 May 2016. Accessed 12 May 2017.
Ye, Ruiping. 2013. ‘Colonisation Without Exploitation: The Qing Policies in Taiwan during the High Qing Period (1684−1795).’ Journal of the Australasian Law Teachers Association 8. Pp. 1-15. Accessed at http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlALawTA/2013/8.html
Yender, Ruth A. et al. 2010. ‘Oil Spills in Coral Reefs: Planning and Response Considerations.’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Zolfagharifard, Ellie. 2016. ‘Watch cargo ships sale Earth’s oceans: Hypnotic interactive map follows the route of giant vessels over a year.’ The Daily Mail. Accessed 23 March 2017. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3562440/Watch-cargo-ships-sail-Earth-s-oceans-Hypnotic-interactive-map-follows-route-giant-vessels-year.html
Films
Sam Low and Boyd Estus. 1983. The Navigators: Pathfinders of the Pacific, digitally ed. 2014.
CCA Orchid Island Yami Boat Launching Ceremony part B, tnntv [Youtbe Documentary]. Accessed 13 March 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7XIGG70I9k
Chinese-language Publications
Lian Heng 连横. 1918. 台湾通史, Comprehensive History of Taiwan, (Taiwan Yinhang, Taiwan Wenxian Congkan 128, 1962).
清高宗实录选辑Selected Veritable Records of the Qianlong Emperor Selected Veritable Records of the Qianlong Emperor (Taiwan Yinhang, Taiwan (Taiwan Yinhang, Taiwan Wenxian Congkan 186, 1964) 30 (‘Veritable Records of Qianlong’).
Shi Lang. ‘A Memorial Requesting for Annexation of Taiwan’, recorded in Gao Gongqian 高拱乾(1696) 台湾府 志Gazetteer of Taiwan Prefecture (Taiwan Yinhang, Taiwan Wenxian Congkan 65, 1960).
Public Documents/Un-authored Sources
‘Achievements of Taiwan’s Marine Protected Areas.’ Accessed 30 May 2017. http://faweb.fa.gov.tw/en/WorldOceansDay/content.aspx?id=3&chk=e18b2aa9-f67e-4a67-84d1-4367f00160b9¶m=pn%3D1
Anthropocene. Accessed 19 March 2017. http://www.anthropocene.info
Austronesian Language Map. Peter Bellwood 2000. ECAI Austronesia: Maps. Accessed 13 June 2017. http://ecai.org/austronesiaweb/ECAIaustronesia/AustronesiaMaps.htm
CFR, Global Conflict Tracker. 2016. ‘Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea.’ Last updated 11 June 2016. Accessed 11 June 2016. http://www.cfr.org/global/global-conflict-tracker/p32137#!/conflict/territorial-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea
‘Change for Power 2015.’ Taiwan Power Company Sustainability Report. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.taipower.com.tw
‘Coastal Zone Management Act.’ Document provided by CPA.
‘Coral.’ National Geographic. Accessed 29 December 2016. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/coral
‘Corals,’ NOAA Ocean Service Education. Accessed 15 May 2017. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/coral04_reefs.html
Coral Reef Alliance, ‘Tourism.’ Accessed 18 March 2017. http://coral.org/coral-reefs-101/why-care-about-reefs/tourism
‘Country Profiles,’ GNNCSDS. Accessed 29 May 2017. http://www.ncsds.org/index.php/sustainable-development-councils/country-profiles/86-country-profiles/profiles/128-taiwan
Digital Taiwan, ‘Yami Traditional Fishing Boats.’ Accessed 1 January 2017. http://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&id=1194%3Ayami-traditional-fishing-boats&Itemid=210
‘ECAI Austronesia Projects,’ Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI). Accessed 13 June 2017. http://ecai.org
‘Economic Contribution of the Great Barrier Reef.’ Accessed 14 January 2016. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au
Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan. Accessed 22 May 2017. http://web.epa.gov.tw/en
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ‘World Fertilizer trends and outlook to 2018.’ Rome 2015. Accessed 3 March 2017. http://www.fao.org
‘Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975.’ Accessed 14 January 2017. https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015C00168
Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2014, 2014, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority: Townsville, Australia. Accessed 20 June 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11017/2855
‘Human impact on the Reef,’ Queensland Museum. Accessed 15 March 2017. http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/microsites/biodiscovery/05human-impact/importance-of-coral-reefs.html
‘Integrated Coastal Management.’ Accessed 20 May 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/index_en.htm
‘Kelp Forests,’ National Marine Sanctuaries. Accessed 10 March 2017. http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/ecosystems/kelpdesc.html
Land and Sea Country Indigenous Partnerships Program TUMRA Development Funding Guidelines, GBRMPA. Accessed 20 June 2017. www.gbrmpa.gov.au
Land and Sea Country Partnerships Program.’ Accessed 20 June 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/land-and-sea-country-partnerships-program
‘Looking over the Marine - National Parks’ Coral Reef Checks.’ Accessed 30 May 2017. http://np.cpami.gov.tw/np-quarterly.html?view=endetail&catid=44&id=524&ls=1
‘Managing the Reef.’ Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Accessed 8 March 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/how-the-reefs-managed/Managing-multiple-uses/scientific-research
Marine Conservation Institute, ‘Destructive Fishing.’ Accessed 16 March 2017. https://marine-conservation.org/what-we-do/program-areas/how-we-fish/destructive-fishing/
Mata Taiwan, translated by Kimberly Lee. 2017. ‘What is Problematic About the Indigenous Traditional Lands Regulations,’ Katagalan Media, 9 March 2017. Accessed 30 May 2017. http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/03/09/25973
NASA. ‘GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP).’ Accessed 19 March 2017. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ‘Corals: The Importance of Coral Reefs.’ Accessed 10 March 2017. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/coral07_importance.html
National Marine Protected Areas Center, “Do ‘No-Take’ Marine Reserves Benefit Adjacent Fisheries?” MPA Science Brief, p. 2. Accessed 23 March 2017. http://marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov.
Natural Recourses Management and Environment Department. ‘Chapter 2: Pollution by sediments.’ Food and Cultural Organization of the United Nations. Accessed 17 March 2017. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W2598E/w2598e05.htm
New England Aquarium. ‘Marine Biodiversity and Trade Flow.’ Accessed 19 March 2017. https://www.aquariumtradedata.org
‘NOAA Coral reef conservation Program.’ Accessed 28 December 2016. http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/values/fisheries
‘No plans to recommence work on Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, says premier.’ The China Post. 4 June 2016. Accessed 14 May 2017. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/06/04/468294/No-plans.htm
‘Political Parties,’ NDI. Accessed 30 May 2017. https://www.ndi.org/what-we-do/political-parties
‘Prosecutor seeks jail terms for 15 in nuclear plant scam.’ The China Post, 14 January 2003. Accessed 24 May 2017 http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/detail.asp?ID=34079&GRP=B
Reef Resilience. 2016. ‘Overfishing and Destructive Fishing Threats.’ Accessed 16 March 2017. http://www.reefresilience.org/coral-reefs/stressors/local-stressors/overfishing-and-destructive-fishing-threats
‘Sea country management.’ Accessed 9 January 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/traditional-owners-activities
Summary Report for MPAs in Taiwan. Accessed 6 March 2017 http://www.reefbase.org/key_topics/pdf/Taiwan%20mpa.pdf
‘Sustainable Under Water,’ Secore. Accessed 15 May 2017. http://www.secore.org/site/our-work/detail/sustainable-under-water.31.html
‘Taiping Island: Key site in ROC’s territory in South China Sea,’ eureporter. Accessed 30 May 2017. https://www.eureporter.co/world/2015/07/31/taiping-island-key-site-in-rocs-territory-in-south-china-sea
‘Taiwan,’ Atlas of Marine Protection. Accessed 30 May 2017. http://www.mpatlas.org/region/nation/TWN
Taiwan Indigenous Culture Park, ‘Yami Tribe.’ Accessed 2 March 2017. http://www.tacp.gov.tw/tacpeng/home02_3.aspx?ID=$3061&IDK=2&EXEC=L
‘Taiwan works to avoid EU red card,’ 12 April 2016. World Fishing & Aquaculture. Accessed 12 May 2017. http://www.worldfishing.net/news101/regional-focus/taiwan-works-to-avoid-eu-red-card
Teach Ocean Science, ‘Coral Reefs and Climate Change.’ Accessed 23 March 2017. http://www.teachoceanscience.net/teaching_resources/education_modules/coral_reefs_and_climate_change/how_does_climate_change_affect_coral_reefs
‘The Benefits of Marine Protected Areas.’ 2003. Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
‘The Decline of Reefs: Effects of Increased Carbon Emissions on Coral Ecosystems.’ Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science. Winter 2012. Accessed 7 March 2017. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/2012/03/the-decline-of-reefs-effects-of-increased-carbon-emissions-on-coral-ecosystems/#.WNS20fmGM2w
‘The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law.’ Accessed 30 May 2017. http://law.apc.gov.tw/EngLawContent.aspx?Type=E&id=8
‘The Sewage Treatment Rate.’ Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of Interior. Accessed 12 May 2017. http://www.cpami.gov.tw/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10808:the-sewage-treatment-rate&catid=17:sewer-engineering&Itemid=42
The World Bank, 2006, ‘Scaling Up Marine Management: The Role of Marine Protected Areas,’ Report No, 36635 – GLB, August 2006. Washington: The World Bank.
‘Traditional Owner connections to sea country.’ Accessed 9 January 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners
‘Traditional Owners of the Great Barrier Reef.’ Access 20 June 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/traditional-owners-of-the-great-barrier-reef
‘Traditional Use of Marine Resources Agreements.’ Accessed 20 June 2017. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/traditional-use-of-marine-resources-agreements
UNEP-WCMC. 2008. ‘National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas: a Review of Progress.’ Accessed 23 March 2017. https://archive.org/stream/nationalregional08well#page/12/mode/2up
World Resources Institute, 2011. ‘Major Coral Reef regions of the World.’ Accessed 8 March 2017. http://www.wri.org/resource/major-coral-reef-regions-world
World Resources Institute, ‘Number of People Living Near Coral Reefs in 2007’, February 2011. Accessed 15 March 2017. http://www.wri.org/resources/charts-graphs/number-people-living-near-coral-reefs-2007
WWF. ‘Coral facts.’ Accessed 28 December 2016. http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_facts/
WWF. ‘Coral reefs.’ Accessed 28 December 2016. ttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_importance/
WWF. ‘Fishing problems: Destructive fishing practices.’ Accessed 16 March 2017. http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/destructive_fishing/
ZSL, ‘The Global Trade in Marine Animals.’ Accessed 15 March 2017. https://www.zsl.org/conservation/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade-crisis/the-global-trade-in-marine-animals
Other
Accessed 30 June 2017. http://www.fa.gov.tw/en/Policy/content.aspx?id=6&chk=d31158f7-fe41-44f9-bdff-e1bc3b79fe5a
Accessed 30 May 2017. https://www.fa.gov.tw/en/AbFaMission/index.aspx |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
104926023 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926023 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 602301.pdf | 2797Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 308 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
