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    題名: 國際法上國際航用海峽制度之研究
    作者: 張福恒
    貢獻者: 王人傑
    張福恒
    日期: 1984
    上傳時間: 2016-11-09 16:07:58 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 序言
    早在研究所一年級選修王師人傑的「海洋法專題研究」時,即決定在海洋法的範疇內尋找論文研究題材,但一直找不到自己想寫的題目。後來索性把聯合國海洋法會議非正式綜合談判文件 ( ICNT ) 拿來,從第一條一直看到最後一條,再回過頭來仔細推敲幾個大標題,結果發現該文件第三部分「國際航用海峽」,無論其廣度或深度(廣度指該部分規範的範圍,深度指海峽制度之淵源,演變和海峽沿岸國及使用國之爭論),均很適合碩士論文研究之素材。最主要的是,國際航用海峽即將在海洋法中獨樹一幟,以它在國際法上之制度作為研究之對象也是一項嶄新的課題和挑戰。
    國際航用海峽在全球商業航運,美、蘇軍事戰略對抗和海峽沿岸國安全、衛生上均處於十分關鍵之地位。兩伊戰爭爆發後,許多西方工業國家和第三世界國家賴以進口石油的主要航道--荷姆茨海峽,在伊朗威脅加以封鎖的陰霾下,有關維持國際航用海峽暢通及航行安全等問題,又成為舉世關心之焦點。事實上,聯合國第三屆海洋法會議召開的目的之一即在合理解決國際航用海峽的航行問題。本文研究之目的亦即在分析國際航用海峽之重要性、海峽沿岸國和使用國之不同立場和主張以及一九八二年海洋法公約所建立之海峽制度,究竟有無缺失?或已經是現階段最接近完美之法律制度?
    本文寫作期間最大的困擾在於有關「國際航用海峽」的原始資料(特別是聯合國第三屆海洋法會議各國對於海峽的提案和談判過程)和專著期刊的蒐集十分困難,國內圖書館所能提供的相當有限而且缺少最近三、四年的出版品,所幸在一九八二年十月七日海洋法公約簽署以後,外交部即開始積極研究並廣泛自國外蒐集資料,另一方面邀請國內海洋及法律專家、學者共同研議我國對該公約應採取何種立場,加入或不加入?各有何利弊?這是本文自山窮水盡到柳暗花明的一個關鍵。
    本文承蒙外交部條約司陳副司長榮傑博士熱心指點資料蒐集方向並惠借許多第三屆海洋法會議有關的第一手資料和專書;外交部條約司申學長佩璜細心提調一系列國際航用海峽的專論;使本文之寫作有一個相當紮實的根基,在此謹對陳副司長及申學長敬致最深的謝意和敬意。內人美雪日、夜幫忙謄稿、校對,並使作者毫無後顧之憂的全力完成本文,在此一併致謝。當然,最要感謝的是王師人傑,在身負黨國重責之際,還得在百忙之中撥冗悉心指導,耐心批閱,苦心安排討論時間,實惠我至深且鉅,在此謹致最崇高的敬意和謝意。
    「行者常至,為者常成」,經過四年的堅忍圖成,今日終得了卻一樁心願,在學術的浩瀚領域裹,踏出踏實的一小步。聯合國第三屆海洋法會議所制定的海洋法公約雖完成於一九八二年十月,但作者輾轉取得該公約中文及英文約本時已是一年後的事了,本文之進度亦因此而稍受影響,但由此暴露出國內學術研究在最新資料和文件的取得上,十分缺乏時效。
    附帶一提的是,在今年六月,亦即是最後關鍵時刻中,作者家裏因位於六張犁山下,竟連續兩次慘遭淹水,光清洗就花去作者及內人一星期時間,所受的財物損失可以不計,精神上蒙受的壓力和痛苦,直似人間地獄再現,在停電期間,只能戴著眼鏡,就著閃爍不足的燭光,字字汗滴地爬著格子。天災可恕,人禍難饒,台北市政府的若干低能作為或不作為,作者及其他受害居民誓化悲痛為督促市政府全力革新進步之力量。
    本文,限於資料蒐全不易及作者個人能力,雖全力以赴,恐仍有負王師期望。此外,疏漏、謬誤在所難免,尚祈諸位師長、先進不吝指正,俾作者仍有百尺竿頭更進一步的機會,則幸莫大焉。
    張福恒 謹識於
    國立政治大學外交研究所
    序言 壹
    導論1
    第壹章 國際航用海峽及其法律制度之建立6
    第一節 國際航用海峽的法律制度8
    第一項 國際航用海峽的分類10
    第二項 國際航用海峽的定義12
    第一款 名稱之演進與商榷12
    第二款 地理上及國際航運上之定義14
    第三款 國際法上之定義17
    第三項 國際航用海峽的適用範圍19
    第二節 國際航用海峽的重要性20
    第一項 海峽在國際航運交通和經濟上之重要性21
    第二項 海峽在全球軍事戰略和國際政治上之重要性23
    第三節 領海擴張對國際航用海峽的影響28
    第一項 領海制度與外國船舶之無害通過權29
    第二項 公海制度與航行自由32
    第三項 海峽制度與外國船舶、航空器之過境通行權34
    第貳章 無害通過制度56
    第一節 無害通過權之演進56
    第一項 無害通過權之歷史透視56
    第二項 一九五八年領海公約之規定61
    第三項 一九八二年海洋法公約之規定66
    第二節 沿海國的權利與義務70
    第一項 沿海國的權利71
    第二項 沿海國的權利與義務78
    第三節 外國船舶權利義務82
    第一項 特殊性質或載有特殊物質之船舶82
    第二項 漁船84
    第三項 軍艦84
    第四項 非商業目的之政府船舶88
    第五項 商船及用於商業目的的政府船舶89
    第六項 潛艇及其他潛水器89
    第四節 無害通過制度與國際航用海峽90
    第一項 適用無害通過制度之國際航用海峽90
    第二項 不得予以停止之無害通過權94
    第叁章 過境通行制度113
    第一節 國際航用海峽通過權之爭116
    第一項 海峽沿岸國之主張116
    第二項 海峽使用國之主張120
    第三項 軍艦通過權之爭125
    第四項 潛艇潛航之爭129
    第五項 航空器飛越權之爭134
    第二節 過境通通行權之法律意義137
    第三節 海峽沿岸國的權利和責任141
    第一項 海峽沿岸國的權利141
    第二項 海峽沿岸國的義務146
    第四節 外國船舶和航空器的權利和義務147
    第一項 外國船舶和航空器的權利147
    第二項 外國船舶和航空器的共同義務148
    第三項 外國船舶的義務150
    第四項 外國航空器的義務151
    第五節 群島海道通過權與過境通行權153
    第肆章 重要國際航用海峽之個案研究173
    第一節 受專門國際公約規範之國際航用海峽173
    第一項 麥哲倫海峽173
    第二項 波羅的海峽176
    第三項 土耳其海峽181
    第二節 受海洋法公約規範之國際航用海峽190
    第一項 直布羅沱海峽190
    第二項 荷姆茨海峽194
    第三項 麻六甲及新加坡海峽195
    第五章 結論210

    附圖、附表及附錄
    附圖一:丹麥海峽233
    附圖二:土耳其海峽234
    附圖三:直布羅沱海峽235
    附圖四:荷姆茨海峽236
    附圖五:麻六甲及新加坡海峽237
    附表一:世界海峽一覽表238
    附錄一:U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, Pat Ⅲ. 245
    參考文獻: 一、中文部分(包括文件、書籍、期刊、雜誌、報紙)
    1.丘宏達主編,現代國際法。台北:三民書局,民國六十二年,
    2.朱子芬編著,海洋法。台北:正中書局,民國六十六年壹修一版。
    3.沈克勤編著,國際法。台北:臺灣學生書局,民國六十四年,增訂四版。
    4.雷崧生編著,國際法院成案。台北:正中書局,民國五十九年,台三版。
    5.雷崧生著,國際法原理,上、下冊。台北:正中書局,出版時間不詳。
    6.張永恒編著,國際法院--訴訟案與諮詢意見案。台北:正中書局,民國六十六年。
    7.俞寬賜著,從國際法觀點研究大陸礁層。台北:商務印書館,民國六十四年。
    8.王人傑,「國際法上海峽制度之研究」。政大學報,期卅七~八。
    9.丘宏達,「我國擴大領海及宣佈二百 經濟區的研究」。中國時報,民國六十八年十月五日,版二。
    10.林瑞龍,「國際海峽通過權問題與第三屆海洋法會議」。台大法學論叢,卷十,期二,民國七十年。
    11.蘇慶威,「新加坡海峽的國際法上地位與新加坡的領海問題」。南洋大學學報,期二,一九七一年。
    12.蘇義雄,「新海洋法下之船舶通行權」。中興法學,期十四,民國六十七年。
    13.譚溯澄,「領海擴張與重要國際海峽之穿越問題」。新時代,卷十六,期五,民國六十五年。
    14.鄒宇光,「麻六甲海峽問題(一)」。問題與研究,卷十一,期八。
    15.雷崧生,「麻六甲海峽問題(二)」。問題與研究,卷十一,期八。
    16.陳長文,「海洋法之回顧與展望」。新時代,卷十六,期五,民國六十五年。
    17.林金莖,「海洋法會議與海洋新秩序」。中央日報,民國六十四年三月十六日,版二。
    18.俞寬賜,「海洋法之發展與編纂」。東方雜誌,卷九,期十一及十二;卷十,期一,民國六十五年五、六、七月。
    19.杜蘅之,「美國對海洋法會議之挑戰」。聯合報,民國六十五年四月卅日,版二。
    20.杜蘅之,「國際法的難題:海峽」。台灣新生報,民國六十四年二月廿四日,版二。
    21.杜蘅之,「新海法之下的台灣海峽地位」。聯合報,民國六十五年七月一日,版二。
    22.李登科,「西太平洋海運線共同防衛研議」。問題與研究,卷廿二,期十二,民國七十二年。
    23.喬一名,「蘇聯與東南亞的關係」。問題與研究,卷廿二,期六,民國七十二年。
    24.黃煥文,世界兵學與全球戰略。香港:亞洲出版社,民國四十六年。
    25.領海暨鄰接區公約,一九五八年。
    26.公海公約,一九五八年。
    27.聯合國海洋法公約,一九八二年。
    二、英文部分
    (A) Books:
    1. Alexandersson, Gunnar, The Baltic Straits, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.
    2. Amacher, Ryan C. & Sweeney, Richard James, (ed), The Law of the Sea: U.S. Interests and Alternatives, Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1976.
    3. Anand, R.P., Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983.
    4. Andrassy, Juraj, International Law and the Resources of the Sea, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1970.
    5. Bowett, Derek W., The Legal Regime of Islands in International Law, N.Y.: Oceana Publications Inc., 1979.
    6. Brittin, Burdick H. & Waston, Liselotte B., International Law for Seagoing Officers, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
    7. Brown, E.D., Passage through the Territorial Sea, Straits used for Int’l Navigation and Archipelagoes, London: David Davies Memorial Institute 1975.
    8. Bruel, Erik, International Straits-- A Treatise on Int’l Law, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1947.
    9. Burke, W.T., Contemporary Law of the Sea: Transportation, Communication and Flight, Rode Island: Law of the Sea Institute, Univ. of R.I., Occassional Paper No.28, 1975.
    10. Butler, William E., The Soviet Union and the Law of the Sea, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University press.
    11. ______________, Northeast Arctic Passage, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff Int’l Publishers, 1978.
    12. DeRocher, Frederick G., Freedom of Passage through Int’l Straits: Community Interest amid Present Controversy, Coral Gables F.L.: University of Miami Sea Grant Program, 1972.
    13. El-Hakin, Ali A., The Middle Eastern States and the Law of the Sea, N.Y.: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1979.
    14. Gold, Edgar, Maritime Transport, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1981.
    15. Higgins, A. Pearce & Colombos, C. John, The Int’l Law of the Sea, London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1945.
    16. Hollick, Ann L. & Osgood, Robert E., New Era of Ocean Politics, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974.
    17. Howard, Harry N., Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974.
    18. Janis, Mark W., Sea Power and the Law of Sea, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath & Company, 1976.
    19. Johnson, Barbara & Zacher, Mark W., Canadian Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea, London: Univ. of British Columbia Press, 1977.
    20. Johnston, Douglas M. Regionalization of the Law of the Sea, Massa-chusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company,1978.
    21. Knight, H. Gary, The Law of the Sea: Cases, Documents, and Readings, Louisiana: Claitor’s Law Books, 1978.
    22. Koh, Kheng-Lian, Straits in Int’l Navigation: Contemporary Issues, London: Ocean Publications Inc., 1982.
    23. Lapidoth, Ruth, Freedom of Navigation with Special Reference to Int’l Waterways of Middle East, Jarusalem: The Hebrew Univ. Press, 1975.
    24. Lapidoth, Ruth, The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.
    25. Lee, Yong Leng, Southeast Asia and the Law of the Sea, Singapore: Singapore Univ. Press, 1978.
    26. Leifer, Michael, Malacca, Singapore and Indonesia, The Netherlands: Sijthoff Noordhoff, 1978.
    27. Magone, Gerald J., Marine Policy for America: The U.S. at Sea, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1977.
    28. McDougal, M. & Burke W.T., The Public order of the Oceans: A Contemporary Int’l Law of the Sea, New Heaven: Yale Univ. Press, 1962.
    29. M’Gonigle, R. Michael & Zacher, Mark W., Pollution, Politics, and Int’l Law: Tankers at Sea, California: California Univ. Press, 1979.
    30. Morris, Gerald L., Northwest Arctic Passage, The: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983.
    31. O’Connell, D.P., The Int’l Law of the Sea, Vol. 1,N.Y.: The Clarendon Press, 1982.
    32. Oda, Shigeru, The Int’l Law of the Ocean Development, Vol.1, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff Int’l Publishers, 1976.
    33. __________, The Law of the in our Time-Ⅱ: the United Nations Seabed Committee 1968-1973, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1977.
    34. __________, The Int’l Law of the Ocean Development-- basic documents, Vol.2, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979.
    35. Papadakis, Nikos, The Int’l Legal Regime of Artificial Islands, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1977.
    36. Park, C.H., The Korean Straits, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983.
    37. Platzoder, Renate, Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: Documents, vol.1, N.Y.: Oceana Publications Inc., 1982.
    38. Prescott, J.V.R., The Political Geography of the Oceans, N.Y. : John Wiley Sons, 1975.
    39. Ramazani, R.K., The Persian Gulf and the Straits of Hormuz, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979.
    40. Rao, P. Sreenivasa, The Public Order of Ocean Resources: Acritique of the Contemporary Law of the Sea, Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    41. Truver, Scott G., The Strait of Gibratar and the Mediterranean, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980.
    42. Vali, Ferenc A., The Turkish Straits and NATO, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1972.
    43. Yates, George T. Y Young, John Hardin, Limits to National Jurisdiction over the Sea., Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1974.
    (B) Articles:
    1. Alexander, Lewis A. , “Indices of National Interest in the Oceans”, 1 Ocean Development c International Law Journal (1973).
    2. ________________, “Regional Arrangements in the Oceans”, 71 American Journal of International Law, (hereinafter cited as AJIL), (1977)
    3. Allott, Philip, “Power Sharing in the Law of the Sea”, 77 AJIL (1983).
    4. Amin, S.H., “The Regime of International Straits: Legal Implication for the Straits of Hormuz”, 12 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, ( hereinafter cited as JMLC ), (1981).
    5. Anand, R.P., “Tyranny of the Freedom of the Sea Doctrine”,12 International Studies (1973).
    6. _________, “Freedom of Navigation through Territorial Waters and International Straits”, 14 Indian Journal of International Law (1974).
    7. Bowett, D.W., “The Second U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea”, 9 International & Comparative Law Quarterly, (hereinafter cited as ICLQ), (1960).
    8. Bradshaw, Richard E., “The Politics of Soviet Legal Doctrine and the Status of Coastal Waters”, 10 JMLC (1979).
    9. Burmester H., “The Torres Strait Treaty: Ocean Boundary Delimitation by Agreement”, 76 AJIL (1982).
    10. Burke W.T., “Surmerged Passage through Straits: Interpretations of the Proposed Law of the Sea Treaty Text”, 52 Washington Law Review (1977).
    11. ________ , “Who Goes Where, When, and How: International Law of the Sea for Transportation”, 31 International Organization (1977).
    12. Charney, Jonathan I., “Law of the Sea: Breaking the Deadlock”, 55 Foreign Affairs (1977).
    13. Cheng Tao., “Communist China and the Law of the Sea”,63 AJIL (1969).
    14. Cundick, R. Palmer, “International Straits: The Right of Access”, 5 Geoergia Journal of Int’l & Comparative Law (1974).
    15. Darman, Richard G., “The Law of the Sea: Rethinking U.S. Interests”, 56 Foreign Affairs (1978).
    16. Dean Arthur H., “The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea”, 52 AJIL (1958).
    17. Deddish, M.R., “The Right of Passage by Warships through International Straits”, Judge Advocate General’s Journal (Dec. 1969-Jan. 1970).
    18. El-Baradei, Mohamed, “The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba: A New Leagal Regime”, 76 AJIL (1982)
    19. Fitzmaurice, Gerald, “Some Results of the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea”, 8 ICLQ (1959).
    20. Gandison, W.G. Myer V.J., “International Staits, Global Communications and the Evolving Law of the Sea”, 8 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (1975).
    21. Garcia F.V., “The Latin American Contribution to the Development of the Law of the Sea”, 68 AJIL (1974).
    22. Gold, Edgar, “Vessel Traffic Regulation: The Interface of Maritime Safety and Operational Freedom”, 14 AJIL (1983)
    23. Gross Leo., “The Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Right of Innocent Passage through the Gulf of Aqaba”, 53 AJIL (1959).
    24. ________ , “Passage through the Straits of Tiran and in the Gulf of Aqaba”, 33 Law Contempary Problem (1968).
    25. Gutteridge, J., “Beyond the 3 Mile Limit: Recent Developments Affecting the Law of the Sea”, 14 Virginia Journal of Inter`l Law (1973-74).
    26. Hailbronner, Kay, “Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea”, 77 AJIL (1983).
    27. Hill, J.R., “Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea”, XVII Survival (1975).
    28. Hill, Clearence A. “U.S. Law of the Sea Position and the Effect on the Operating Navy: A Navy Official View”, 3 Ocean Development & Int’l Law (1976).
    29. Kent, H.S.K., “The Historical Origins of the Three-mile Limit", 48 AJIL (1954)
    30. Lapidoth, Ruth, “Freedom of Navigation-Its Legal History and Its Normative Basis”, 6 JMLC (1975).
    31. ____________, “Freedom of Navigation and the New Law of the Sea”, 10 Israel Law Review (1975).
    32. Lee, Luke T., “Jurisdiction over Foreign Merchant Ships in the Territorial Sea: An Analysis of the Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea”, 55 AJIL(1961).
    33. _________, “The Law of the Sea Convention and Third State”, 77 AJIL (1983).
    34. Leifer, Michael & Nelson, Dolliver, “Conflict of Interests in the Staits of Malacca”, International Affairs (April 1973).
    35. Maduro, Morris F., “Passage through International Straits: The Prospects Emerging from the Third U.N. Coference on the Law of the Sea”, 12 JMLC (1980).
    36. McGeehan, Robert, “Strategic and Security Implications of a new Ocean Regime”, 5 Strategic Review (1977).
    37. McNees, Richard B., “Freedom of Transit through Int’l Straits”, 6 JMLC (1975).
    38. Moore, John Norton, The Regime of Straits and the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea1”, 74 AJIL (1980)
    39. Nolta, Frank, “Passage through International Straits, Free or Innocent? The Interests at Stake”, San Diego Law Review (May 1974).
    40. Oda, Shigeru, “The Extent of the Territorial Sea-Some Analysis of the Geneva Conference and Recent Developments”, 6 Japanese Annual of Int’l Law (1962)
    41. Oxman, Bernard H., “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1976 New York Session”, 71 AJIL (1977).
    42. _______________ , “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1977 New York Session”, 72 AJIL (1978).
    43. _______________ , “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Seventh Session (1978)”; 73 AJIL (1979)
    44.________________, “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The English Session (1979)”, 74 AJIL (1980)
    45. _______________, “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Ninth Session (1980)”, 75 AJIL (1981)
    46. Oxman, Bernard H. , “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Tenth Session (1981)”, 76 AJIL (1982)
    47. Pharand, Donat, “Soviet Union Warns U.S. against Use of Northeast Passage”, 62 AJIL (1968).
    48. _____________, “The Law of the Sea: International Straits”, 7 Thesaurus Acroasium (1977).
    49. Pirtle, Charles E., “Transit Rights and U.S. Security Interests in International Straits The `"Strait Debate`" Revisited”, 5 Ocean Development & Int’l Law (1978).
    50. Pritan, Merani & Sterling, Jimmie L., “Leagal Consideration of the Israeli-Egyptian Dispute Involving the Right of Innocent Passage through the Straits of Tiran”, Indian Journal of Int’l Law (July 1971).
    51. Ratiner, Leigh S., “U.S. Ocean Policy: An Analysis”, 2 JMLC (1971).
    52._____________ , “The Law of the Sea: A Crossroads for American Foreign Policy”, 60 Foreign Affairs (1982).
    53. Reisman, W. Michael, “The Regime of Straits and National Security: An Appraisal of International Lawmaking”,74 AJIL (1980).
    54. Richardson, Elliot, “Power, Mobility and the Law of the Sea”, 58 Foreign Affairs (1980)
    55. Robertson, Horace B., “Passage through International Straits: A Right Preserved in the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea”, 67 California Law Review (1979).
    56. Selak, Charles B., “A Consideration of the Legal Status of the Gulf of Aqaba”, 52 AJIL (1958).
    57. Shaw, R.E., “Judicial Status of the Malacca Straits in International Law”, 15 Japanese Annual of Int’l Law (1971).
    58. Shyan, M., “International Straits and Ocean Law”, 15 Indian Journal of Int’l Law (1975).
    59. Smith, Brian, “Innocent Passage as a Rule of Decision: Navigation V. Environmental Protection”, 21 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (1982).
    60. Smith, Clyde A., “Constraints of Naval Geography on Soviet Naval Power”, 27 Naval War College Review (1974)
    61. Stevenson, J.R. & Oxman, Bernard, “The Preparation for the Law of the Sea Conference”, 68 AJIL (1974).
    62. ___________________________ , “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Caracas Session”, 69 AJIL (1975).
    63. ___________________________, “The Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1975 Geneva Session”, 69 AJIL (1975).
    64. Swing, J.T “Who will Own the Oceans”, 54 Foreign Affairs (1976).
    65. Young, Elizabeth, “New Laws for Old Navies: Military Implications of the Law of the Sea”, 16 Survival (1974).
    (C) Documents:
    1. Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, U.N. Doe. A/CONF. 13/L. 52, April 29, 1958.
    2. Convention on the High Seas, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 13/L. 53, April 29, 1958.
    3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, U.N. Doc. A/Conf. 62/122, October 7, 1982.
    4. I. C. J. Reports, Corfu Channel Case, April 9, 1949.
    5. Draft Articles on Straits Used for International Navigation, by U.S.S.R., A/AC. 138/SC. Ⅱ/L.7, July 25, 1972.
    6. Draft Articles on the Breadth of the Territorial Sea, Straits, and Fisheries, by U.S.A., A/AC, 138/SC. Ⅱ/ L.4, July 30, 1971.
    7. Draft Articles on the Territorial Sea and Straits, by U.K., A/CONE. 62/C.2/L.3, July 3, 1974.
    8. Draft Articles on Navigation through the Territorial Sea Including Straits Used for International Navigation, by Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Philippines, Spain and Yemen, A/AC. 138/SC. Ⅱ/L.18., April 2, 1973.
    9. Churchill, Robin, et al. (ed.), New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Documents, Vol. Ⅱ, Ⅲ, X & XI, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973-81.
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