政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/99466

政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > International Master`s Program in International Studies > Theses > Item 140.119/99466

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99466

Title:	外援對民主化及人權運動的影響:1994-2014 The Effect of Democracy and Human Rights Promotion Through Foreign Aid: A Case of The Gambia-EU Relations from 1994-2014.
Authors:	英子杰 Njie, Ennu
Contributors:	柯惠敏 Ko, Ariel 英子杰 Njie, Ennu
Keywords:	國際援助民主人權 foreign aid democracy human rights
Date:	2016
Issue Date:	2016-07-21 10:48:46 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	世界上以國際援助提升民主化與人權並非是近期的現象。儘管在援助上需要一些微妙的條件，國際組織與已發展中的自由民主仍然經常使用援助來提升良善治理。但在近20年間，援助的重點已經放在民主與人權的原則上。儘管目前已經有研究持續發現國際對民主及人權的援助的效果很低，但是目前為止還沒有找出可被接受的解釋。此研究以感知差異和非傳統援助的能力為基礎，致力於找出更進一步在國際援助上，對於無法有效促進民主及人權的解釋。本研究以甘比亞與歐盟的關係進行個案研究，如果甘比亞與歐盟對於民主與人權的感知有明顯的不同，另外甘比亞也可以接受無條件援助，因此本研究假設歐盟的國際援助對甘比亞將僅有些許的影響。本研究結論是，甘比亞與歐盟對於人權的感知有很大的不同；再者，本研究發現有條件援助在促進民主與人權上的效果，會造成無條件的援助無法發揮其功能。關鍵字：國際援助、民主化、人權 The use of foreign aid to promote democracy and human rights around the world is not a recent phenomenon. International organisations and developed liberal democra-cies have often used aid to promote good governance albeit with subtle conditionali-ties. In the last two decades however, there have been emphasis in the conditioning of aid to democracy and human rights principles. Even though studies continue to unrav-el the low effect foreign aid have on democracy and human rights promotion, there is yet no agreeable explanation why this is so. In this research, I seek to advance an ex-planation based on perception difference and availability of other non-traditional do-nors as causal for the low effect of foreign aid on democracy and human rights pro-motion. Using a case study of The Gambia–EU Relations, I hypothesised that EU foreign aid will have little impact, if The Gambia and EU perception of democracy and human rights are significantly different and The Gambia can access aid from other non-conditional donors. The study concludes that while The Gambia and EU have no significant perception difference of democracy, there is important difference of human rights perception. Moreover the study found that conditional aid effect on democracy and human rights promotions is thwarted by non-conditional aid Key words: foreign aid, democracy and human rights
Reference:	Alesina, A. and Dollar, D. (2000). Who give foreign aid to whom and why? Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1),33-63 Ambrose, B. P. (1995). Democratization and the protection of human rights in Africa: Problems and prospects. Westport, U.S.A: Praeger Publishers. Armony C.A. and Schamis, H.E. (2005). Babel in democratization studies. Journal of Democracy vol.16 (4), 113-128 Ausderan, J. (2014). How naming and shaming affects human rights perceptions in shamed country. Journal of Peace Research, 51(1), 81-96. Babarinde, O. and Gerrit, F. (ed.). (2005). The European Union and developing coun-tries:The Cotonou Agreement. Lieden, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Balla, E. and Reinhardt, G.Y. (2008) Giving and receiving foreign aid: does conflict count? World Development Vol.36,12, 2566-2585 Bermeo, B. S. (2011). Foreign aid and regime Change: A role for donor intent. World Development, 39, (11), 2021–2031, Boadi, G .E. (2015). Africa’s waning democratic commitment. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 101-113. Bomah James (2007). Democracy across ‘from Dêmos to Dêmoi’ .The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England. Bountagkidis, G. K., Fragkos, C. K., & Fragos, C. C. (2015). EU development aid towards Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the normative principle. Social Science, 4, 85-116. Brown, S. (2005). Foreign aid and democracy promotion: Lessons from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research, 17(2), 179-198 Brown, W. (2013). Sovereignty matters: Africa, donors and aid relationships. African Affairs, 112(447), 262-282. Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid policies and growth. American Economic Re-view, 90(4), 847-869. Burnell,P. (2000). Democracy assistance: Origin and organizations, in idem (ed.): Democracy assistance. International Co-operation for Democratization, London: Frank Cass, S. 34-64 Carothers, T. (2015). Democracy aid at 25: Time to choose. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 59-73. Clist, P. (2011). 25 years of aid allocation practice: Whither selectivity? World Devel-opment, 39(10), 1724–1734 Dreher, A., Minasyan, A. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2013). Government ideology in donor and recipient countries: Does political proximity matter for the effectiveness of aid? Kiel institute for the world economy, Hindenburgufer 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany, Working Paper No. 1870. Dunning, T. (2004). Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold War politics, donor credibil-ity, and democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58(2), 409-423 Dutta, N., Lesson, P. T.& Willaimson, C. R., (2013). Amplification effects: Foreign aid impacts on political institutions. Kyklos, 66(2), 208-228. Fareed, Z. (1997). The Rise of illiberal democracy .Foreign Affairs, 76 (6), 22-43 Fisher, J. (2012). Managing donor perceptions: Contextualizing Uganda’s 2007 inter-vention in Somalia. African Affairs, 111 (444), 404- 423. Fleck, R. K. and Kilby, C. (2010). Changing aid regimes? U.S. foreign aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror, Journal of Development Economics, 91 (2), 185–197. Gazibo, M. (2012). Beyond Electoral Democracy: Foreign Aid and the Challenge of Deepening Democracy in Benin. WIDER Working Paper 2012/033. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. Griffiths, M. (ed.) (2007). International relations theory for the 21st Century. New York, U.S.A: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Heckelman,J.C. (2010). Aid and democratization in the transition economies .Kyklos, 63 (4) 558–57 Kaballo, S. (1995). Human rights and democratization in Africa. Political Studies, XLIII, 189-203 Kersting, E. and Kibly, C. (2014) Aid and democracy redux. European Economic Re-view. 67,125-143 Knack, S. (2004). Does foreign aid promotes democracy. International Studies Quar-terly, (48) 251-266. Kreutz, J. (2015). Human rights, geostrategy, and EU foreign policy, 1989-2008. In-ternational Organizations, 69, (1)195-217. Kurki, M.(2012). Democracy and conceptual contestability: reconsidering concepts of democracy in democracy promotion. International Studies Review 12 (3) 362-386 Lebovic, J. H. & Voeten, E. (2009). The cost of shame: International organizations and foreign aid in the punishing of human rights violators. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1): 79–97. Lipset, M. S. (1969). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105. Manners, I. (2008). Creative efforts: Normative power of the European Union. International Affairs, 84( I), 45-60. Mingst, K. A. & Arreguin-Toft, I.M. (2011). Essentials of international relations, New York, U.S.A, London, UK, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. McCrudden, C. (2008). Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights .European Journal of International Law, 19(4), 1-70. McCormick,J.M. and Mitchell, N.J. (1988).Economic and political explanations of human rights violations. World Politics,Vol.40 (4) 476-498. Nielson, R. A. (2013). Rewarding human rights? Selective aid sanctions against hu-man rights repressive states. International Studies Quarterly, 57,791-803 Pace M. Dr. (2009). Liberal or social democratic aspects of the EU democracy promo-tion agenda in the Middle East. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). Resnick, D. and Van de Walle, N. (2013). Democratic trajectories in Africa: Unravel-ing the impact of foreign aid. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Van de Veen, M. A. (2011). Ideas, interest and aid, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Young, R. (2009). Democracy promotion as external governance? Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 895-915 Wendt A.,(1994).Collective identity formation and the international state. American Political Science Review. Vol 88. No.2, 384-396. Wendt A.(1999).The social theory of international politics. Cambridge university press. The Pitt Building,Trumpington street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS European Convention of Human Rights Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia, 1997 Cotonou Agreement, 2000, Revised edition,2010 Lomè Convention 1975 Lisbon Treaty, 2007 NEWSPAPERS Hussain Misha, ‘Middle East Fund Gambia as EU Cuts Aid over Human Rights con-cerns,’ Reuters, December 10th, 2014. Ndow Musa, ‘Gambians protest against EU demands ‘Daily Observer Newspaper, January 14th, 2013. Touray Suiwaibu, ‘Gambia: Result of 1996 presidential election put Jammeh as win-ner,’ Forayaa Newspaper, October 21st, 1996. Dialogue or rhetoric: what does The Gambia government wants in its relationship with EU? Forayaa Newspaper editorial, December 2nd, 2014. ‘Hamat Bah Condemns Indemnity Act Bill, ‘Daily Observer, April 18th, 2001.Retrived from :( http://allafrica.com/stories/200104180438.html) ‘Banjul is a dictatorship Darboe tells coalition supporters’, The Independent Newspa-per 24th, May 2005. (http://allafrica.com/stories/200205240432.html) REPORTS AND PRESS RELEASES European Commission ‘General Report on the Activities of the European Union 2014. Adopted by the European Commission on 13 February 2015 under reference number COM(2015) 57. European Union, (2012). Statement by the EU High Representative, Catherine Ashton on the execution in The Gambia. (http://www.eeas.europa.eu) EU Presidency Statement – United Nations Human Rights Council: Item 3: Promotion and protection of all human rights, including right to development. retrieved from :(http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_9260_en.htm) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the republic of China (Taiwan) April 29th, 2014, International Cooperation and Development Report, 2013. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, (1995). Finding of NDI Assessment mission to The Gambia. National Authorizing Office, The Gambia Ministry of Finance,(2014)The Gambia-EU Cooperation Annual Cooperation Report. The Gambia -European Community Cooperation Joint Annual Report 2008.July,2009. International Bar Association,. ‘Under pressure: A report on the rule of law in The Gambia.August, 2006
Description:	碩士國立政治大學國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS) 103862007
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1038620071
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[International Master`s Program in International Studies] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
007101.pdf	1576Kb	Adobe PDF2	471	View/Open

社群 sharing

Loading...