Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99465
|
| Title: | 一個關於十五到二十一歲貝里斯中學生的研究：宗教信仰及實務、性行為與罹患愛滋病機率的交互關係
CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOSITY, SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AND HIV RISK: A STUDY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AGES 14~21 IN STANN CREEK DISTRICT, BELIZE |
| Authors: | Green, Allison
Green, Allison |
| Contributors: | 湯京平
Tang, Ching Ping
Allison Green
Green, Allison |
| Keywords: | 保守宗教派別
保守宗教信仰
HIV風險
青少年
中學
conservative religious denominations
conservative religious beliefs
HIV risk
adolescents
high schools |
| Date: | 2016 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-07-21 10:48:43 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 支持減輕與消除HIV/AIDS的國際援助組織改善了其接受資助與贈款之方式。當援助國正為解決國內或區域議題而忙碌，其對全球援助的承諾也漸漸不再是援助組織優先關注的事。而今，受援國的本地組織與公民社會團體也進而創造、追求具有附加價值且有效預防HIV的方法。在1986年確診第一起HIV病例後，貝里斯三十年來持續地在預防HIV上投注心力；而其成效有所起伏。過去幾年，HIV感染率較高者為：有同性性行為之男性、20至24歲間的年輕女性與40至49歲間的中壯年男性。至今，尚未有研究完整地分析為何HIV在不同人口群間有不同的感染率。
為著手上述問題之初步分析，本研究探討宗教信仰虔誠度（religiosity）在「性決定（sexual decision-making）」的角色與後續HIV感染風險。宗教信仰虔誠度，可從人們活化宗教傳統的方式以及人們在日常生活中全心投入於宗教的程度得知。對許多人而言，宗教是指引決策的道德準則，而性行為是一在宗教道德規範內的事項。本研究檢視，14至21歲居於貝里斯Stann Creek年輕人習自基督教派學校的保守宗教信仰如何影響其性行為，以及該性行為如何與HIV感染風險相關。
研究結果發現，保守宗教信仰對宗教實踐、性實踐與傳染風險有顯著影響。宗教信仰與宗教實踐、性實踐皆為顯著正相關之關係。性實踐與宗教實踐顯示為是在模型中促進自變項與依變項互動之中介變項（mediating variables）。結果分析說明了針對年輕人「一體適用（one-size fits all）」的策略是難以描繪和實踐的。與宗教、性行為與HIV風險無關，仍有許多有待我們驗證並解答Olivier（於2010年）提出的問題：宗教會是我們的無關緊要他者、是敵人或者是盟友？（Will religion be “an irrelevance, an adversary or an ally?”）
International aid organizations working to support HIV/AIDS mitigation and elimination have streamlined their grant-making approach. As donor countries are grappling with national and regional issues, pledges to these donors for global development aid has become less of a priority. Now, local, civil society organizations who are recipients are compelled to create and seek value-added and efficiency methodologies to HIV prevention. In Belize, HIV prevention efforts have been ongoing for thirty years since the first case of HIV was identified in 1986, with national achievements fluctuating during this time. The last couple years have seen the burden of HIV infection heaviest in men who have sex with men (MSM), young women 20~24 years and older men 40~49 years (MOH, 2015). And to date, no comprehensive analysis of what has led to the fluctuations in HIV rates in different populations has been conducted.
In an effort to begin that analysis, this study looks at the role of religiosity in sexual decision-making and consequent HIV risk. Religiosity can be defined as the way a person animates to his/her religious tradition, how a person gives life to religion in everyday life. For many, religion is a moral gauge that guides decision-making, and sexual activity is one such phenomenon that lies within the spectrum of morality. The research tests how young peoples’ (between 14~21 years in Stann Creek district, Belize) conservative religious beliefs learned in denominational schools affect their sexual behaviours and how those behaviours translate to HIV risk.
Findings were that conservative religious beliefs does have a significant effect on religious practices, sexual practices and transmission risk. Religious beliefs, religious practices and sexual practices are positively and significantly correlated. Sexual and religious practices have been found to be mediating variables, variables facilitating the interactions between the independent and dependent variables in the model. The analysis of these results prove just how elusive a one-size-fits-all strategy for young people is and can be. There remains much to be tested, not in the least regarding religion, sexual behaviours and HIV risk for us to resolve Olivier’s (2010) question: will religion be “an irrelevance, an adversary or an ally”? |
| Reference: | Agadjanian, V. (2005). “Gender, religious involvement, and HIV/AIDS prevention in Mozambique.” Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 7: 1529-1539. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S0277953605001073 Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2004). “A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It.” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 14, no. 1: 47-54. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Baldwin, J.D. & Baldwin, J.I. (1988). “Factors affecting aids‐related sexual risk‐taking behavior among college students.” The Journal of Sex Research 25, no. 2: 181-196. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1d9b762f-f7fb-4369-83a9-7636ded1a00b%40sessionmgr107&vid=2&hid=125. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Bandura, A. (1999). “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2: 21-41.
Beer, N. (2013). The need for youth access to sexual reproductive health services.
[PowerPoint Slides]. Stakeholder consultation on proposed youth access to SRH services
legislation. Belmopan.
Belize. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59500/Belize/276046/Religion. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Bishop Wright flogs BFLA, UNIBAM, NAC and Red Cross. Amandala March 14, 2014. http://amandala.com.bz/news/bishop-wright-flogs-bfla-unibam-nac-red-cross/. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Brewster, K.L., Cooksey, E.C., Guilkey, D.K., & Rindfuss, R.R. (1998). “The Changing Impact of Religion on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behavior of Adolescent Women in the United States”. Journal of Marriage and Family 60, no. 2: 493-504.
http://www.jstor.org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/stable/pdf/353864.pdf?_=14652446742. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Burton, N. (2012). “Our Hierarchy of Needs.” Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201205/our-hierarchy-needs. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
CDC. (2014). Understanding the HIV Continuum of Care. Belize City: Author. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/dhap_continuum.pdf. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Coleman, E. (2002). “Promoting Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior” The Journal of Sex Research 39, no. 1 special issue: 3-6.
http://search.proquest.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/docview/215280907/fulltextPDF/1FC32636015C4B63PQ/3?accountid=10067. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Davidson, J.K., Moore, Sir N.B., Earle, J.R., & Davis, R. (2008). “Sexual Attitudes and Behavior at Four Universities: Do Region, Race and/or Religion Matter?” Adolescence 43, no. 170: 189-220. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a1bfd6b0-f4a5-437b-bfbb-bb16a951e60b%40sessionmgr103&vid=2&hid=125. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Emerson, M. O., & Hartman, D. (2006). “The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism.” Annual Review of Sociology 32: 127-144. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.12314. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Galvan, F., Collins, R.L., Kanouse, D.E. … & Golinelli, D. (2007). “Religiosity, Denominational Affiliation, and Sexual Behaviors among People with HIV in the United States.” The Journal of Sex Research 44, no. 1: .49-58. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/detail/detail?sid=53091b39-a4c1-4f56-8f66-0e4b2c7fee1e%40sessionmgr107&vid=0&hid=125&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtdHcmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Genrich, G. L., & Brathwaite, B. A. (2005). “Response of religious groups to HIV/AIDS as a source of infection in Trinidad.” BMC Public Health 5: 121. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-5-121.pdf. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Gillum, R.F., & Holt, C.L. (2010). “Associations between Religious Involvement and Behavioral Risk Factors for HIV/AIDS in American Women and Men in a National Health Survey.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 40, no. 3: 284-293. http://link.springer.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/article/10.1007/s12160-010-9218-0. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Gray, P. B. (2004). “HIV and Islam: is prevalence lower among Muslims?” Social Science & Medicine 58: 1751-1756. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S027795360300367.Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Guiella, G, & Madise, N.J. (2007). “HIV/AIDS and Sexual-Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: Factors influencing the use of condoms in Burkina Faso.” African Journal of Reproductive Health 11, no. 3: 182–196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367130/. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Gyimah, S.O., Kodzi, I., Emina, J. …& Ezeh, A. (2014). “Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: Understanding the Contributions of Religion.” Journal of Religion and Health 53, no. 1: 13-26. http://link.springer.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/article/10.1007/s10943-012-9580-2. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Gyimah, S. O., Tenkorang, E. Y., Takyi, B. K., … & Fosu, G. (2010). “Religion, HIV/AIDS and Sexual Risk-Taking among Men in Ghana.” Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no.4: 531-547. http://journals.cambridge.org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/download.php?file=%2F6519_818B970479D29F15421FBAAB2A5C9FB2_journals__JBS_JBS42_04_S0021932010000027a.pdf&cover=Y&code=a4f1776cbbcd6839ae713db408d36660. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Hardy, S.A., & Raffaelli, M. (2003). “Adolescent religiosity and sexuality: an investigation of reciprocal influences.” Journal of Adolescence 26, no. 6: 731–739. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S0140197103000782Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Hollander, D. (2003). “Teenage women who are devoted to their religion have reduced sexual risk.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 2: 107-108. http://www.jstor.org.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/stable/3097793?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
History of Belize. http://www.nichbelize.org/iscr-institute-for-social-cultural-research/history-of-belize.html. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Humes, A. (2011, November 29). UNIBAM case postponed; preliminary hearing set for December 9, Amandala. http://amandala.com.bz/news/unibam-case-postponed-preliminary-hearing-set-for-december-9/. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., Cohall, A. …, & Casell, C. (2003). “Preventing Sexual Risk Behaviours & Pregnancy among Teenagers: Linking Research and Programs.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 2: 87-93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097784?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Kinsler, J., Sneed, C. D., Morisky, ,D.E., & Ang, A. (2004). “Evaluation of a school-based intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention among Belizean adolescents.” Health Education Research 19, 6: 730-738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199001. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Kirby, D. (2002). “The Impact of Schools and School Programs upon Adolescent Sexual Behavior.” The Journal of Sex Research 39, no. 1: 27-33. http://search.proquest.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/docview/215280950/1FC32636015C4B63PQ/8?accountid=10067. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Kirby, D. (2002). “Effective approaches to reducing adolescent unprotected sex, pregnancy, and childbearing.” The Journal of Sex Research 39, no. 1: 51-57.
http://search.proquest.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/docview/215280488/1FC32636015C4B63PQ/12?accountid=10067. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Lammers, C., Ireland, M., Resnick, M., & Blum, R. (2000). “Influences on adolescents’ decision to postpone onset of sexual intercourse: a survival analysis of virginity among youths aged 13 to 18 years.” Journal of Adolescent Health 26, no.1: 42–48. http://ac.els-cdn.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/S1054139X99000415/1-s2.0-S1054139X99000415-main.pdf?_tid=81db7a26-2c25-11e6-b650-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1465245208_66ddb83bbdbc946988a8a10a66cbbd24. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Lewis, J.E., & Malow, R.M. (1997). “HIV/AIDS Risk in Heterosexual College Students: A Review of a Decade of Literature.” Journal of American College Health 45, no. 4: . http://web.a.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/detail/detail?sid=6b3bb74e-dc82-48ac-bcf9-5a52c8201309%40sessionmgr4003&vid=2&hid=4214&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=9703270001&db=asr. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Manji, A., Pena, R., & Dubrow, R. (2007). “Sex, condoms, gender roles, and HIV transmission knowledge among adolescents in Leon, Nicaragua: Implications for HIV prevention.” AIDS Care 19, no. 8: 989-995. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9e5df719b-1666-45c4-be12-6cf84e637034%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=115. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Markham, C.M., Tortolero, S.R., Escobar-Chaves, S.L. …& Addy, R.C. (2003). “Family Connectedness and Sexual Risk-taking among urban youth attending Alternative High schools. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35, no. 4: 174-179. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3181247?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
McCree, D.H., Wingood, G.M., DiClemente, R. …& Harrington, K.F. (2003). “Religiosity and risky sexual behavior in African-American adolescent females.” Journal of Adolescent Health 33, no. 1: 2–8. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S1054139X0200460Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Ministerial Declaration from the first meeting of Ministers of Health and Education to stop HIV & STIs in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2009). http://data.unaids.org/pub/BaseDocument/2008/20080801_minsterdeclaration_en.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (2012). National Youth Development Policy of Belize. http://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Belize_2013_National_Youth_Development_Policy.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (2013). Belize Education Sector Strategy 2011-16. http://www.moe.gov.bz/index.php/belize-education-sector-strategy. Retrieved May
Ministry of Finance. Horizon 2030: National Development Framework for Belize: 2010-2030. http://www.cdn.gov.bz/belize.gov.bz/images/documents/NATIONAL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK%202010-2030%20USER%20FRIENDLY%20VERSION.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Ministry of Health of Belize. (2012). Central American Behavioural Seroprevalence Survey of HIV and other STIs in More Vulnerable Populations: Sex workers, men who have sex with men and persons with HIV: Belize 2011- 2012. Executive Summary.
Ministry of Health of Belize. (2015). HIV Surveillance Report 2015. Belize City: Author.
Muula, A. (2010). “Marriage, not Religion, is associated with HIV Infection among Women in Rural Malawi.” AIDS and Behavior 14, no. 1: 125-131. http://link.springer.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/article/10.1007/s10461-009-9624-0. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
National AIDS Commission. (2013). Corozal Youth KAP Study: Sexual Knowledge Attitudes and Practice among youth 16 to 21 in the Corozal District. Belize City: Author.
National AIDS Commission. (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices in Sexual Behaviour and HIV in Belize: 2014 Country Report. Belize City: Author.
National AIDS Commission. (2013). Belize Report NCPI. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/ncpi/2014countries/Belize%20NCPI%202013.pdf. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
National Committee for Families and Children. (2010). Belize National Plan of Action for Children and Adolescents Monitoring Report 2004-09. http://www.dbzchild.org/uploads/docs/monitoring_report_2010.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
National Women’s Commission. (2013). The Revised National Gender Policy. http://www.nationalwomenscommissionbz.org/the-revised-national-gender-policy-2013/. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Nonnemaker, J.M., McNeely, C.A. & Blum, R.W. (2003). “Public and private domains of religiosity and adolescent health risk behaviors: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.” Social Science & Medicine 57, no. 11: 2049–2054.. http://ac.els-cdn.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/S0277953603000960/1-s2.0-S0277953603000960-main.pdf?_tid=4e19df38-2c26-11e6-8e09-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1465245551_2c71363898fe133942094148588d69ec. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Olivier, J., (2010). “In Search of Common Ground for Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Communication: Mapping the Cultural Politics of Religion and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Cape Town. http://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/12388/thesis_hum_2010_olivier_j.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Park, I. U., Sneed, C. D.; Morisky, D. E. …& Hearst, N. (2002). “Correlates of HIV Risk among Ecuadorian Adolescents.” AIDS Education and Prevention 14, no. 1: 73-83. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=fbfa33c9-9cd9-477f-8c1f-7e1d5c223a21%40sessionmgr104&vid=1&hid=125. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (2015). Positive Youth Development Curriculum. Belize City: Author.
Ramos, A. (2014). Churches and GOB break impasse over Revised Gender Policy. Amandala. http://amandala.com.bz/news/churches-gob-break-impasse-revised-gender-policy/. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Ramos, A. (2013). Teachers fight the Gender Policy. Amandala. http://amandala.com.bz/news/teachers-fight-gender-policy-2013/. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Rolison, M. R & Scherman, A. (2002). “Factors influencing adolescents` decisions to engage in risk-taking behavior.” Adolescence 37, no. 147: 585-96. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=2cbba531-d6f9-4f74-889b-9965957e81b9%40sessionmgr104&vid=2&hid=125. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Rostosky, S.S., Wolcox, B., Wright, M.L. C. & Randall, B.A. (2004). “The Impact of Religiosity on Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Review of the Evidence.” The Journal of Adolesecent Research 19, no. 6: 677-697. file:///C:/Users/allison.green/Downloads/Rostosky_Wilcox_JAR.pdf. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall.
Sanders-Phillips, K. (2002). “Factors influencing HIV/AIDS in women of color.” Public Health Report 117, Suppl 1: S151–S156. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913693/pdf/pubhealthrep00207-0156.pdf. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Sinha, J.W., Cnaan, R.A. & Gelles, R.J. (2007). “Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study.” Journal of Adolescence 30, no 2: 231–249. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S0140197106000200Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Smith, C. (2003). “Theorizing Religious Effects among American Adolescents.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42, no. 1: 17–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/doi/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00158/epdf. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Statistical Institute of Belize. (2013). 2010 SIB Census Report. Belize City: Author.
Statistical Institute of Belize. (2015). Mid-Year Population Estimates by Age Group & Sex 2008-14. Belize City: Author. http://www.sib.org.bz/statistics/population. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Szaflarski, M. (2013). “Spirituality and Religion among HIV-Infected Individuals.” Current HIV/AIDS Reports 10: 324-332. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11904-013-0175-7. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Takyi, B. K. (2003). “Religion and women’s health in Ghana: insights into HIV/AIDs preventive & Protective Behavior.” Social Science and Medicine 56: 1221-1234. http://www.sciencedirect.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/science/article/pii/S0277953602001223 Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Tenkorang, E., Rajulton, F., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2009). “Perceived Risks of HIV/AIDS and First Sexual Intercourse among Youth in Cape Town, South Africa.” AIDS Behaviour 13: 234-245. http://download-v2.springer.com/static/pdf/209/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10461-008-9470-5.pdf?token2=exp=1432016443~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F209%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10461-008-9470-5.pdf*~hmac=f802552e5d3da678426f2b973dcde04c197339ec2d408d8cfa8a96455d6476cc. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Tinsley, B. J., Lees, N. B.; & Sumartojo, E. (2004). “Child and Adolescent HIV Risk: Familial and Cultural Perspectives.” Journal of Family Psychology 18, no. 1: 208-224. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3bc1da3e-c981-4d7f-8b75-9dd1f5bef902%40sessionmgr4002&vid=2&hid=4214. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Trinitapoli, J. (2009). “Religious teachings and influences on the ABCs of HIV prevention in Malawi.” Social Science & Medicine 69: 199-209. http://ac.els-cdn.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/S0277953609002445/1-s2.0-S0277953609002445-main.pdf?_tid=a4a2d5a6-fdee-11e4-bb2b-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1432016393_27eb76a9e67c6433f807be1fdd889010. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
UNAIDS. (2014). Global AIDS Country Progress Report 2014 Belize. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents//BLZ_narrative_report_2014.pdf. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
UNFPA. (2011). Rapid Assessment of Sexual and Reproductive Health & HIV Linkages. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/linkages/RASbelize.pdf. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
UNFPA. (2012). Exploring Young Persons Perceptions
of HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health Information and Services available in Belize. Belize City: Author.
UNICEF. (2015). Statistics: Basic Indicators. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/belize_statistics.html#117. Retrieved May 20, 2015. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
Master of International Studies, English Cheng (IMPIS)
103862009 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103862009 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
