Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/97099
|
| Title: | 財政議題論文兩篇
Two essays on public finance issues |
| Authors: | 吳璨羽
Wu, Tsan Yu |
| Contributors: | 蔡文禎
何怡澄
Tsay, Wen Jen
Ho, Yi Cheng
吳璨羽
Wu, Tsan Yu |
| Keywords: | 避稅
審計委員會
薪酬委員會
重疊
長期照顧
榮民
Tax Avoidance
Audit Committees
Compensation Committees
Overlap
Long Term Care
Veterans Affairs |
| Date: | 2016 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-06-01 13:48:43 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本論文分為兩部分，第一章為獨立董事同時任職於審計委員會和薪酬委員會對於避稅的影響，第二章 長期照顧需求與供給分析和所需經費估算-以國軍退除役官兵輔導委員會之機構式服務推估。
第一章採用2013至2014年臺灣上市(櫃)公司為樣本，研究審計委員會和薪酬委員會，兩個委員會中，成員重疊是否會有租稅規避行為。
若公司治理結構缺乏審計監督機制，將使得租稅受到侵略，而稅務風險管理是屬於董事會的責任。設立審計委員會之目的，為提升董事會之專業能力，達到財務資訊監督的目的，對於財報品質，會有正向的影響，從租稅的觀點而言，較不會有規避租稅的行為。設立薪酬委員會職責則為需對公司董事、經理人及監察人之薪資報酬提出建議，避免高階經理人為追求其自身薪資極大化，而對盈餘進行操控。同時任職於審計委員會和薪酬委員會之委員，得以瞭解薪酬的訂定並理解財報品質對於公司的重要性，對於企業風險降低和公司治理有良好的助益。Schön (2008) 以公司角度而言，良好的公司治理應延伸到企業的態度，包含租稅繳納的義務。
綜觀國內、外文獻，雖有探討審計委員會設對於避稅的影響，有設立薪酬委員會對於財報品質的影響，亦有公司治理與稅務管理稍有琢磨，雖然Lanis and Richardson (2011)開始探究董事會的組成對於公司治理和稅務激進性的影響，惟在本文研究以前，各項租稅研究，都僅限於考慮董事會項下的單一委員會對於租稅的影響，未考量委員會之間成員如果重疊對於租稅的影響。
本文參考Chandar,Chang and Zheng (2012) ，成員對於審計委員會的比例，分別探究審計委員會和薪酬委員會的重疊人數，對於避稅的影響。擬探究審計委員會或薪酬委員會成員的多寡及審計委員會設立和薪酬委員會成員重疊，對於避稅的關聯性。
本文實證發現審計委員會和薪酬委員會的重疊和避稅之間呈現負相關，亦即有重疊成員者，租稅規避行為會降低，隨著重疊人數越和租稅規避行為呈現U字型。
第二章採用國軍退除役官兵輔導委員會（以下簡稱退輔會）資料，推估長期照顧需求與供給分析及其所需經費狀況，有鑑於行政院會於2015年5月15日通過「長期照顧服務法」本文探究未來榮民長期照顧服務是否已經足夠？所需增列經費為何？
採用退輔會資料，推估長期照顧需求與供給分析，研究在實證研究方面，主要下面結論(一)無論採用現行退輔會失能、失智床推估或參考長期照顧服務法調查的失能率據以推估，皆發現未來退輔會的長照供給大於需求，勢必需要尋找解決方式，例如: 改變入住榮家的對象，改善榮民房舍及設施環境，提昇服務品質，提升榮民入住率。(二) 經費方面，若採用若採長期照顧十年計畫補助內容，若為中(低)收入戶，入住長期照顧機構服務，每人每月最多補助18,600元計算，所需經費為2014年對於按照失能率推估失能人口，其中補助中低收入戶或低收入戶，所需經費約為1,688萬，到了2024年補助中低收入戶或低收入戶，經費約為1,255萬；若按入住失能失智床位數估算失能人口，2014年所需補助中低收入戶或低收入戶，經費約為480萬，2024年所需補助經費則為437萬。(三)經費方面，若採投保身分為第六類第一目由退輔會負擔未來入住安養機構所需經費試算，若採用方法一，按照失能率推估失能人口的方式，2014年所需經費為22億8仟萬，至2024年為16億9仟萬；若採用方法二，退輔會入住的失能、失智床推估所需經費6億4千萬，2024年為5億9仟餘萬。
This dissertation discusses two issues in public finance: the first part is an empirical study of effect on tax avoidance when the audit and compensation committees overlap themselves in corporations; the second part is a case study of the Veterans Affairs Council, R.O.C. and analysis of the long term care demand and requirements of the Veterans.
The first part of dissertation investigates the membership overlap of audit and compensation committees in listed companies at stock exchange market of year 2013 to 2014, and analyzes if the overlap has an effect on their tax avoidance tendency.
If a corporate lacks of auditing mechanism in its governance structure, the tax avoidance will be hindered which increases the risk of tax management. The purpose of audit committee is to improve the capabilities of financial supervision for Board of Directors, which takes the most responsibility of tax risk management. If the Board of Directors has better management over tax risk, it will benefit the quality of the financial statement, and decrease the tendency of tax avoidance. The establishment of a compensation committee is to suggest adequate compensation and benefit range for managers, supervisors and directors, and avoid them maximizing their own interests by manipulating the earnings. The study argues that if a member works in both audit and compensation committees at the same time, he/she will have better understandings of both compensation policies and the importance of financial statement to a company, as the result, it will have a positive effect on risk management as well as corporate governance.
Previous literature mostly focused on the relationship between audit committee and tax avoidance, the establishment of compensation committee and its impact on quality of financial statement, or the corporate governance’s effect on tax management. Despite Lanis and Richardson (2011) investigated how the composition of Directors of Boards have impact on its corporate governance and aggressive tax planning, there is still little discussion around how the overlap of these two committees will affect tax avoidance and management.
The first part of this dissertation is based on Chandar,Chang and Zheng’s (2012) study, investigates the proportion of audit committee to all members, and then discusses the impact of overlap between audit and compensation committees on tax avoidance. The finding indicates that there is negative relationship between the overlap of the two committees and its tax avoidance behaviors; to be more specifically, if there’s more overlap between those two committees is, the tax avoidance behaviors will be fewer. The study also investigated the relationship between square of overlap between the two committees and its tax avoidance, and discovered that there is U-shape relationship between them.
The second part of the dissertation predicts the long term care demand and need of the veterans, and the budgets in the future based on the data from the Veterans Affairs Council, R.O.C. As Long-term Care Services Act is promulgated in 2015, the long term care policies become an important issue in public finance. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the long-term care services for the veterans are sufficient, as well as whether more budgets should be added.
The key findings of this study include:
1. Based on either current occupied beds for disability or Dementia veterans from the Veterans Affairs Council, R.O.C. or the disability rate obtained from long term care act survey, there will be excess supply of services provided by Veterans Affairs Council, R.O.C. The recommendation to re-balance the supply and demand could include: adjust the qualifications for people who are eligible to stay at Veterans Home, improve the facilities and environments of Veterans Home so that the veterans will be more willing to move in.
2. According to current Ten-Year Plan for Long-term Care, each low and low-middle income citizen can receive NT dollars &18, 600 subsidies at maximum each month if they decide to join institutional care service program. Based on the disability rate of the elderly in 2014, the prediction of budget to cover the subsidies should be 16 millions 880 thousand NT dollars; when it comes to year 2024, the government should prepare 12 millions and 550 thousand NT dollars to cover the subsidies; on the other hand, if the prediction on disabled population is based on the occupied beds of disability or Dementia patients, the budget for low and low-middle income of 2014 should be 4 million 800 thousand NT dollars; and it will become 4 million 370 thousand NT dollars in year 2024.
3. Given that the enrolled individuals are veterans or veterans’ dependent household representatives in healthcare program, and the expenses of institutional care are covered by Veterans Affairs Council, R.O.C., the budget predictions will vary: if the disabled population is estimated based on the current disability rate, the budget will be 2,280 million NT dollars in 2014, and 1,690 million NT dollars in 2024; if the prediction is based on the occupied beds of disability or Dementia patients, the budget will be 640 million NT dollars in 2014, and around 590 million NT dollars in 2024. |
| Reference: | 第一篇
英文文獻
Armstrong, C. S., J. L. Blouin and D. F. Larcker (2012), “The incentives for tax planning,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(1-2), 391- 411.DOI: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.04.001
Amiram, D., A. M. Bauer, and M. M. Frank (2014), “Tax Avoidance at Public Corporations Driven by Shareholder Demand: Evidence from Changes in Shareholder Dividend Tax Policy,” Working paper.
Chandar, N., H. Chang, and X. Zheng (2012), “Does overlapping membership on audit and compensation committees improve a firm`s financial reporting quality?” Review of Accounting and Finance, 11(2), 141-165.DOI: 10.1108/14757701211228192
Chen, S., X. Chen, Q. Cheng, and T. Shevlin (2010), “Are family firms more tax aggressive than non-family firms?” Journal of Financial Economics, 95(1), 41-61.DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.02.003
Chyz, J.A.(2013), “Personally tax aggressive executives and corporate tax sheltering” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(2-3), 311 – 328.DOI: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.09.003
Dalton, D. R., C. M. Daily, A. E.Ellstrand, and J. L. Johnson (1999), “Number of directors and financial performance: A meta-analysis,” Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 674-686.DOI: 10.2307/256988
Desai, M. A., and D. Dharmapala (2006), “Corporate tax avoidance and high-powered incentives,” Journal of Financial Economics, 79(1), 145-179.DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.02.002
Desai, M. A., and D. Dharmapala (2009), “ Earnings Management, Corporate Tax Shelters, and Book-Tax Alignment,” National Tax Journal, 62(1), 169-186.DOI: 10.17310/ntj.2009.1.08
Dhaliwal, D. S., R. Gal-Or, V. Naiker, and D. S. Sharma (2013), “The Influence of the Audit Committee on Auditor Provided Tax Planning Services,” Working paper.
Dyreng, S. D., M. Hanlon, and E. L. Maydew (2008), “Long-Run Corporate Tax Avoidance,” The Accounting Review, 83(1), 61-82.DOI: 10.2308/accr.2008.83.1.61
Dwivedi, N., and Jain, A. K. (2005). “Corporate governance and performance of Indian firms: The effect of board size and ownership,” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 17(3), 161-172.DOI: 10.1007/s10672-005-6939-5
Eichenseher, J. W., and D. Shields (1985), “Corporate director liability and monitoring preferences,” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 4(1), 13-31.DOI: 10.1016/0278-4254(85)90010-9
Ernst and Young (2009), “Joint considerations for audit and compensation committees,” Audit Committee Leadership Network ViewPoints, 26.
Graham, J. R., and A. L. Tucker (2006), “Tax shelters and corporate debt policy,” Journal of Financial Economics, 81(3), 563 – 594.DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.09.002
Frank, M. M., L. J. Lynch, and S. O. Rego (2009), “Tax Reporting Aggressiveness and Its Relation to Aggressive Financial Reporting,” The Accounting Review, 84(2), 467-496.DOI: 10.2308/accr.2009.84.2.467
Hanlon, M., J. Slemrod (2009), “What does tax aggressiveness signal? Evidence from stock price reactions to news about tax shelter involvement,” Journal of Public Economics, 93(1-2), 26 – 141.DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.09.004
Hanlon, M., and S. Heitzman (2010), “A Review of Tax Research,”Journal of Accounting and Economics, 20(2-3), 127-178.DOI: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.002
Hoitash, U., and R. Hoitash (2009), “Conflicting Objectives within the Board: Evidence from Overlapping Audit and Compensation Committee Members,” Group Decision and Negotiation, 18(1), 57 -73.DOI: 10.1007/s10726-008-9125-y
Judge, W., and C. Zeithaml (1992) , “Institutional and strategic choice perspectives on board involvement in the strategic decision process,” Academy of Management Journal, 35, 766-794.DOI: 10.2307/256315
Khurana, I. K., and W. J. Moser (2013), “Institutional Shareholders` Investment Horizons and Tax Avoidance,” Journal of the American Taxation Association, 35(1), 111 – 134.DOI: 10.2308/atax-50315
Kim, J.-B., Y. Li, and L. Zhang (2011), “Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level analysis,” Journal of Financial Economics, 100(3), 639-662.DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.07.007
Kirchler, E., B. Maciejovsky, and F. Schneider (2003), “Everyday representations of tax avoidance, tax evasion, and tax flight: Do legal differences matter?” Journal of Economic Psychology, 24(4), 535 – 553.DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00164-2
Lanis, R., G. Richardson (2011), “The effect of board of director composition on corporate tax aggressiveness,” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 30(1), 50-70.DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2010.09.003
Laux, C., and V. Laux (2009), “Board Committees, CEO Compensation, and Earnings Management,” The Accounting Review,84(3), 869-891.DOI:10.2308/accr.2009.84.3.869
Lev, B., and D. Nissim (2004), “Taxable Income, Future Earnings, and Equity Values,” The Accounting Review, 79(4), 1039 – 1074.DOI: 10.2308/accr.2004.79.4.1039
Miller, G. S., and D. J. Skinner (2003), “Determinants of the Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets under SFAS No. 109,” The Accounting Review, 73(2), 213-233.DOI:10.1506/480D-098U-607R-5D9W
Mills, L. F. (1998), “Book-Tax Differences and Internal Revenue Service Adjustments,” Journal of Accounting Research, 36(2), 343-356.DOI: 10.2307/2491481
Mills, L. F., and K. J. Newberry (2001), “The Influence of Tax and Nontax Costs on Book‐Tax Reporting Differences: Public and Private Firms,” Journal of the American Taxation Association, 23(1), 1-19.DOI: 10.2308/jata.2001.23.1.1
Minnick, K., and T. Noga (2013), “Do corporate governance characteristics influence tax management?” Corporate Governance, 13(4), 384 – 396.DOI: 10.1108/CG-03-2010-0027
McGuire, S. T., T. C. Omer, and D. Wang (2012), “Tax Avoidance: Does Tax-Specific Industry Expertise Make a Difference?” The Accounting Review, 87(3), 975-1003.DOI:10.2308/accr-10215
O`Reilly, C. A. III, D. Caldwell, and W. Barnett (1989) , “Work group demography, social integration, and turnover” Administrative Science Qularterly, 34, 21-37.DOI:10.2307/2392984
Phillips, J. D. (2003), “Corporate Tax‐Planning Effectiveness: The Role of Compensation‐Based Incentives,” The Accounting Review, 78(3), 847-874.DOI: 10.2308/accr.2003.78.3.847
Reckers, P. M., D. L. Sanders, and S. J. Roark (1994) “The Influence of Ethical Attitudes on Taxpayer Compliance,” National Tax Journal, 47(4), 825-836.
Rego, S. O., and R. Wilson (2012), “Equity Risk Incentives and Corporate Tax Aggressiveness,” Journal of Accounting Research, 50(3), 775 – 810.DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-679X.2012.00438.x
Richardson, G., G. Taylor, and R. Lanis (2013). “The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis,” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 32(3), 68-88.DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.02.004
Robinson, J. R., Y. Xue, and M. H. Zhang (2012), “Tax Planning and Financial Expertise in the Audit Committee,” Working paper.
Sharma, V. D., and E. R. Iselin (2012). “The association between audit committee multiple-directorships, tenure, and financial misstatements,” Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31(3), 149-175.DOI: 10.2308/ajpt-10290
Slemrod, J., and S. Yitzhaki (2002), “Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration,” Handbook of Public Economics, 3, 1423-1470.DOI:10.1016/S1573-4420(02)80026-X
Stickney, C. P., and V. E. McGee (1982), “Effective corporate tax rates the effect of size, capital intensity, leverage, and other factors,” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 1(2), 125-152.DOI: 10.1016/S0278-4254(82)80004-5
Taylor, G., G. Richardson (2012), “International Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices: Evidence from Australian Firms,” The International Journal of Accounting, 47(4), 469 – 496.DOI: 10.1016/j.intacc.2012.10.004
Zheng, X., and C. P Cullinan (2010), “Compensation/audit committee overlap and the design of compensation systems,” International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 7(2), 136-152.DOI: 10.1057/jdg.2009.23
英文書籍
Schön, W. (Ed.). (2008). Tax and corporate governance (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media
英文網站
Australian Taxation Office , Retrieved April 11 2016, from: https://goo.gl/y87FLJ
中文文獻
李秀伶(2011)，「淺談審計委員會之設置」，《證券暨期貨月刊》29(6)，26-36。
葛克昌(1977)，「租稅規避之研究」，《臺大法律論叢》6(2) ， 167-187。
陳明進(2003)，「我國租稅優惠對營利事業租稅負擔之影響」，《管理評論》22(1) ， 127-151。
陳明進與蔡麗雯(2006)，「財稅差異決定因素及課稅所得推估之研究」，《管理學報》23(6) ，739-763。
第二篇
英文文獻
BOX, G.E, D.A.PIERCE(1970) . “ Distribution of residual autocorrelations in autoregressive-integrated moving average time series models, ” Journal of the American statistical Association,65(32), 1509-1526.
Branch, L. G, and A. M. Jette(1982). “A prospective study of long-term care institutionalization among the aged, ” American Journal of Public Health, 72(12), 1373-1379.
Callahan, I. J., and S. S.Walbck(1981) Reforming the long-term care system. Lexington, MA: Lexington Booh.
Doty, P. (1986), “ Family care of the elderly: The role of public policy, ” The Milbank Quarterly, 34-75.
Fox, P. L., P.Raina and A. R.Jadad (1999). “Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review, ” CMAJ, 160(3), 329-33.
Greenberg, J. N. and A.Ginn (1979). “A multivariate analysis of the predictors of long-term care placement, ” Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 1(1), 75-99.
Hachinski ,V. C.. D.Iliff, E.Zilhka,G. H. Du Boulay, V. L.McAllister,J.Marshall, & L.Symon(1975) “Cerebral blood flow in dementia, ” Archives of neurology, 32(9), 632-637.
Hing, E., and B.Bloom (1991). “Long-term care for the functionally dependent elderly, ” American journal of public health, 81(2), 223-225.
Huber, M., R.Rodrigues, F.Hoffmann, K.Gąsior and B. Marin (2009). “Facts and figures on longterm care for older people: Europe and North America, ” European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna.
McNamee, P., B. A. Gregson, D. Buck, C. H. Bamford, J. Bond and K. Wright (1999), “ Costs of formal care for frail older people in England:: the resource implications study of the MRC cognitive function and ageing study (RIS MRC CFAS) , ” Social science and medicine, 48(3), 331-341.
Norton, E. C. (2000), “Long-term care, ” Handbook of health economics, 1, 955-994.
Spillman, B. C., and J. Lubitz, (2000), “The effect of longevity on spending for acute and long-term care,”. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(19), 1409-1415.
Yu, F., K. M.Rose, S. C. Burgener, C.Cunningham, L. L.Buettner,E. Beattie, …and A.Kolanowski, (2009). “Cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, ” Journal of gerontological nursing, 35(3), 23-29.
Weissert, W., T.Wan, B.Livieratos, B.and S.Katz(1980). “ Effects and costs of day-care services for the chronically ill: a randomized experiment, ” Medical care,18(6), 567-584.
Weissert, W. G., C. M .Cready, and J. E.Pawelak (1988). “The past and future of home-and community-based long-term care, ” The Milbank Quarterly, 309-388.
中文期刊
李佩玲（2013），新北市高齡守護需求及在地老化之研究，新北市政府2013年度自行研究報告。
李玉春、林麗嬋、吳肖琪、鄭文輝、傅立葉、衛生署長期照護保險籌備小組(2013)，臺灣長期照護保險之規劃與展望。社區發展季刊，141，26-44。
呂寶靜(2005)，支持家庭照顧者的長期照護政策之構思。國家政策季刊，4(4)， 25-40。
行政院經濟建設委員會(2009)，我國長期照顧需求推估及服務供給現況。臺灣經濟論衡，7，54-71。
許佩蓉、張俊喜、林靜宜、林壽惠、李世代(2006)，機構式長期照護綜論。臺灣老年醫學雜誌，1(4)198-215。
陳正芬(2011)，我國長期照顧政策之規劃與發展。社區發展季刊，133，197-208頁
張國偉(2011) ，誰需要長期照顧？ 慢性疾病擴張的討論。社區發展季刊136，426-444。
吳淑瓊(2005) ，人口老化與長期照護政策。國家政策季刊，4(4)，5-24。
王雲東、薛承泰、鄧志松、陳信木、楊培珊、詹慶恩(2012)，我國失能與失智人口及其所需照顧服務員人力之推估。臺大社工學刊，25，51-102。
中文調查報告
「2009-2010年國民長期照顧需要調查」，衛生福利部。
鄭文輝、林志鴻（2004），推動長期照護保險可行性之研究，行政院經濟建設委員會委託研究成果報告
葉莉莉、薄景華、翟文英(2009) ，我國長期照顧資源供給調查，行政院經濟建設委員會委託研究。
王雲東主持(2009)，我國長期照護服務需求評估，行政院經濟建設委員會委託。
中文書刊
102年榮民輔導統計要覽，退除役官兵輔導委員會。
中文網路資料
陳柏琪、張靜貞、陳肇男(2014)，臺灣老年長期照顧需求之推計‐‐‐GEMTEE 模型之應用。取自: http://www.econ.sinica.edu.tw。
退輔會統計資料（期刊）網。2015年3月2日下載。取自: http://www.vac.gov.tw/vac/ipredra_57.asp。
內政部簡易生命表。取自:http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/Life/List.html，使用102年生命表。 |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
財政學系
99255502 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G9925550211 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [財政學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 292 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
