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    Title: 國中生父母採取忽視型管教相關背景因素之探討
    國中生父母採取忽視型管教相關背景因素之探討
    Authors: 徐百儀
    Contributors: 王鍾和
    徐百儀
    Date: 2002
    Issue Date: 2016-05-09 16:54:50 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 　　為瞭解父母對青少年子女採取忽視型管教程度之現況，以及父母忽視型管教行為與子女特徵（年齡、性別、家庭子女數、出生序）、父母特徵（性別、年齡、母親就業與否、職業類別）、父母婚姻品質、家庭結構等背景變項的關係，乃以國民中學一、二、三年級學生共789人為研究對象，採用個人基本資料料量表、父母忽視型管教量表、職業分類調查表以及父母婚姻衝突量表等研究工具，獲得所需資料，再以Pearson積差相關、獨立樣本t考驗、相依樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、二因子變異數分析、多元逐步迴歸等統計方法進行分析。結果發現：
    　　1.父母對15歲（國三）的子女採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於13歲（國一）和14歲（國二）的子女。
    　　2.父母對性別不同的子女採取忽視型管教程度無顯著差異存在。
    　　3.家庭子女數在四位以上，父母對子女採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於子女數在四位以下者。
    　　4.母親對中間排行的子女，採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於對老大，但父親對不同排行子女採取忽視管教程度則無顯著差異。
    　　5.父親對子女採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於母親。
    　　6.高齡和低齡的父母對子女採取忽視型管教程度無顯著差異存在
    　　7.母親就業對子女採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於未就業母親。
    　　8.職業類別不同的父母對子女採取忽視型管教程度無顯著差異存在。
    　　9.婚姻品質與父母忽視型管教程度呈負向相關；亦即婚姻衝突與父母採取忽視型管教程度間為正向相關。
    　　10.衝突次數與父母採取忽視型管教程度間存有正向相關。
    　　11.衝突強度與父母採取忽視型管教程度間存有正向相關。
    　　12.衝突未解決與父母採取忽視型管教程度間存有正向相關。
    　　13.單親家庭的父母，對子女採取忽視型管教程度顯著高於雙親家庭的父母。
    　　14.出生序不同，父母對男孩和女孩採取忽視型管教程度並無顯著差異存在。
    　　15.「父母婚姻品質」和「家庭結構」二個變項，能有效預測父親採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為29.3%。
    　　16.「父母婚姻品質」、「子女年齡」、「子女排行序」等三個變項，能有效為預測母親採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為17.1%。
    　　17.「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測父親對一年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為21.2%。
    　　18. 「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測母親對一年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為8.7%。
    　　19.「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測父親對二年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為31.3%。
    　　20. 「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測母親對二年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為16.7%。
    　　21.「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測父親對三年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為31.3%。
    　　22. 「父母婚姻品質」、「家庭結構」能有效預測母親對三年級子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為16.8%。
    　　23.「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測雙親家庭父親對子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為27.4%。
    　　24. 「父母婚姻品質」能有效預測雙親家庭母親對子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為16.3%。
    　　25.「家庭子女數」能有效預測單親家庭父親對子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為9.9%。
    　　26. 「家庭子女數」能有效預測單親家庭母親對子女採用忽視型管教行為，預測力為6.3%。
    　　本研究根據上述研究結果加以討論，並針對家庭教育、學校教育、社會教育，以及未來研究方向等四方面，提出數點建議，以供後續研究與父母管教親職教育方案規劃的參考。
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    Steinberg, L, Elmen, J., & Mounts, N. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial aturity, and academic successes among adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1424-1436.
    Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M.(1994).Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglect familities. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
    Kitamura, T.,Sugawara, M., Shima, S., Toda, M.(1998). Relationship of Order and number of siblings to perceived parental attitudes in childhood. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138（3）, 342-350.
    Wallerstein, J. S., Kelly, J. B.(1980). Surviving the breakup： How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
    Wente, A. S. & Crockenberg, S. B.(1976). Transition to fatherhood:Lamaze prepation,adjustment difficult and the husband-wife relationship. Family coordinator, 25, 351-357.
    Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S.(1982). Vulnerable but Invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Williams, W. C. (1958). The PLAS test: A thchnique for children to evaluate both parents. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 127-176.
    Youniss, J., & Smollar, J.(1985). Adolescent relayions with mothers, fathers, and friends . Chicago University of Chicago Press.
    Zaslow. M. J., Pedersen. F. A., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Cain, R. L., & Rivel, M.(1985). The early resumption of employment by mothers: Implications for parent-infant interaction. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 6, 1-16.
    Zaslow, M. J., Pedersen, F. A., Suwalsky, J. T .D., & Rabinovich, B. A.(1989). Maternal employment and parent-infant interaction at one year. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 459-478.
    一、中文部分
    王以燕（民80）。我國台灣地區社會環境與家庭結構變遷之探討：自台灣光復至今。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    王鍾和（民82）。家庭結構、父母管教方式與子女行為表現。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
    朱瑞玲（民82）。親子關係的現代化。中國現代化學術研討會家庭現代化專題論文。
    初正平（民62）。母親任職對兒童與家庭的影響。科學發展，10輯，20-26頁。
    何永俞（民82）。不同家庭結構中父母管教方式對子女自尊心與偏差行為之影響研究。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
    吳永裕（民85）。單親兒童之親子關係、行為困擾與學習適應研究。國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    吳明燁（民87）。母親就業對於父母角色分工的影響─以育有青少年子女的家庭為例。中央大學社會文化學報，六期，113-146頁。
    侯碧慧（民72）。嬰兒與母親間親子互動知觀察研究。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
    徐照麗（民74）。父母管教態度量表之編製。台中師專學報，14期，342-356頁。
    徐畢卿、羅文倬、龍佛衛（民88）。雙親教養態度量表中文版之信效度研究。護理研究、7卷（5期），479-488頁。
    陳明珠（民83）。國小學童考試焦慮、父母管教態度、自我能力評估與學業成就之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    陳貞君（民88）。離婚家庭兒童的內心世界-孩子、媽媽與同居人的三角習題。台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    陳惠雯（民89）。婚姻衝突、家庭界限與青少年子女適應之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    胡斐斐（民75）。家庭穩定性、母親教育程度及子女性別對母親教養態度與兒童生活適應的影響。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
    唐先梅（民85）。雙薪家庭家事分工之研究。台北: 行政院國科會科資中心。(計劃編號NSC84-2412-H180-001 )，未出版。
    黃琴雅（民81）。不同產序子女之生活適應、學業成就及對父母管教態度知覺差異知比較研究。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
    黃迺毓（民85）。台灣地區父母對子女教養方式與子女社會化之研究。台北：行政院國科會科資中心。(計劃編號NSC84-2412-H180-001)，未出版。
    許筱梅（民84）。青少年知覺父母教養方式與其情緒穩定之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    張新仁（民71）。國中生學習行為-學習方法、學習習慣與學習態度之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    張英陣、彭淑華（民85）。從優勢的觀點論單親家庭。東吳社會工作學報，二期，227-272頁。
    陽琪（民73）。就業母親與未就業母親教養態度及子女（小學兒童）生活適應之相關研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
    楊雅雯（民83）。家庭結構、父母管教方式對青少年個人適應、社會適應及異性交友行為影響的比較研究-生親與單親家庭之比較。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
    劉淑娜（民73）。寡婦家庭的支持系統與生活適應。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
    樊聯仁（民88）。不同年齡子女對父母教養方式之比較。高雄醫學院行為科學研究所碩士論文。
    葉至誠（民86）。社會學。台北：揚智出版社。
    賴保禎（民61）。父母管教態度測驗。中國行為科學社。
    謝品蘭（民81）。單親家庭親子關係與生活適應之分析研究：以離婚分居家庭為例。東吳大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
    薛承泰 (民90)。台灣單親戶及其貧窮之趨勢分析。財團法人國家政策研究基金會。http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SS/090/SS-R-090-003.htm。
    內政部社會福利概況報告（民90）。http://vol.moi.gov.tw/sowf3w/index.htm
    二、西文部分
    Almeida, D. M., Wethington, E., & Chandler, A. L.(1999). Daily transmission of tensions between marital dyads and parent-child dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 49-61.
    Anderson, E. R., Hetherington, E. M., & Clingempeel, W. G. (1989). Transformation in family relations at puberty：Effects of family context. Journal of Early Adolescence 9, 310-334.
    Arnstein, H. S. (1978). Brothers and sisters/sisters and brothers. New York：Dutton.
    Bartle, S. E., Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1989). A model of parenting style,adolescent individuation and adolescent self-esteem: Preliminary findings. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 283-298.
    Baumrid,D.(1973). The development of instrumental compentence through socialization. In A. D. Pick （Ed.） Minnesota symposia on child psychology（vol.7, pp3-48）. Minneapolis: University of Mminnesota Press.
    Baumrid, D.(1980). New directions in the socialization research. Child Development, 37, 887-903.
    Baumrind, D.(1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolscent, 11, 56-95.
    Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental disciplines. In M. L. Hoffman & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.). Review of child development research. New York: Russell Sage.
    Belsky, J.(1981). Early human experience: A family perspective. Developmental Psychology, 17, 3-23.
    Belsky, J.(1984). The determinants of parenting：A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
    Belsky, J.(1990). Papental and non-parental child care and children’s socioemotional development. A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 885-903.
    Belsky, J., Youngblade, C., Rovine, M., & Volling, B.(1991). Patterns of marital change and parent-child interaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 487-498.
    Beyer, s.(1995). Maternal employment and children’s academic achievement: Parenting styles as mediating variable. Developmental review, 15, 212-253.
    Block, J.(1979). Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspective. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
    Brody, G., Pillegrini, A., & Sigel,I.(1986). Marital quality and mother-child and father-child interactions with school-aged child. Developmental sychology, 22, 291-296
    Clausen, S. E.(1996). Parenting styles and adolescent drug use behaviors. Childhood, 3, 403-414.
    Cox, M. J., Owen, M. T., Lewis, J. M., & Henderson, V. K.(1989). Marriage,adult adjustment, and early parenting. Child Decelopment, 60, 1015-1024.
    Cooney, T. M., Pedersen, F. A., Indelicato, S., & Palkovitz, R. (1993). Timing of father-hood：Is ”on time”optimal？Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 205-215.
    Daniels, P., & Weingarten, K. (1982). Sooner or later. New York: Norton.
    Darling, N.(1999). Parenting Style and Its Correlates. ERIC Digest.ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, Champaign,IL.（ERIC Document Reproduction Servose No. ED427896）
    Demo, D. H.; Acock, A. C.(1988).The impact of divorce on children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 619-648.
    Demo, D. H., & Cox, M. J.(2000). Families with young children: A review of research in the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 876-895.
    Dornbusch, S. M., Carlsmith, J. M., Buushwall, S. J., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, H., Hastorf, A. H. & Gross, R. T.(1985). Single parents,extended households and the control of adolescents. Child Development, 56, 341-362.
    Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J.(1987).The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244-1257.
    Easterbrooks, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A.(1985). Effects of early maternal employment on toddlers, mothers, and fathers. Developmental Psychology, 21, 774-783.
    Elder, G. H. (1962). Structural variation in the child rearing relationship. Sociometery, 1(25),241-262.
    Emde, R. N., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1988). Assessing emotional availability in early development. In W K.Frankenburg R.
    Engfer, A.(1988). The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother-child relationship. In R. A. Hide & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationship within families: Mutual influence (p.104-118) Oxford, England: Clarendon.
    Erel, O., & Burman, B.(1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108-132.
    Fauber, R.; Forehand,R.; Mccombs Thomas, A. & Wierson, M.(1990). A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Development, 61, 1112-1123.
    Forehand, R., & Nousiainen, S.(1993). Maternal and paternal parenting: Critical dimensions in adolescent functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 213-221.
    Frankel, S. A., & Wise, M. J.(1982). A view of delayed parenting: Some implications of a new trend. Psychiatry, 45, 220-225.
    Goldberg, W. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A.(1984). Role of marital quality in toddler development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 504-514.
    Gottman, J. M.,(1994). What predict divorce. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Grossman, F. K., Pollack, W. S., & Golding, E.(1988). Fathers and children: Predicting the quality and quantity of fathering. Developmental Psychology, 24, 82-91.
    Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D.,(1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 267-290.
    Hetherington, E. M., & Clingempeel, W. G.(1992). Coping with marital transitions: A family systems perspective. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 57（2-3,Serial No.227）.
    Hetherington, E. M., & Morris, W. N.(1978). The family and primary groups in W. H. Holtzma （Ed.）, Introductory psychology in depth：Development topics. New York: Harper & Row.
    Hines, A. E.(1997). Divorce-related transition,adolescent development and the roe of the parent-child relationship: A review of the literature. Journal of Marriage and the family, 59, 375-388.
    Hoffman, M. L.(1962). Parent discipline and the child’s consideration for others. Child Development, 34, 573-588.
    Johnson, B. M., Shulman, S., & Collins, W. A. (1991). Systematic patterns of parenting as reported by adolescents: Developmental differences and implications for psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6(2), 235-252.
    Kidwell, J. S. (1982). The neglected birth order：middleborn. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44, 225-235.
    Knight, R. (1981). Parents’ beliefs about cognitive development：The role of experience. In A. R. Nesdale, C Pratt, R. Grieve.
    Lamborn, S., Mounts, N., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglect familities. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065.
    Lau, S., Lew, W. J. F., Hau, K. T., Cheung, P. C., & Berndt, T .J(1990). Relations among perceived parental control, warmth, indulgence and family harmony of Chinese in mainland China. Developmental Psychology, 26(4), 674-677.
    Lewis, M., & Kreitzberg, V. S. (1979). Effects of birth order and spacing on mother-infant interactions. Developmental psychology, 15, 617-625.
    Lsuter, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relationship between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and the family, 51(1), 139-147.
    Maccoby, E. E. &Martin, J. A.(1983). Socialization in the context of the family:parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen（Ed.）Handbook of Child psychology（vol.4,pp1-102）. New York: John Wiley & Sons
    Margolin, G., Christensen, A., & John, R. S.(1996). The continuance and spillover of everyday tension in distressed and nondistresses families. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 304-321.
    McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., McGuire, S. A., & Updegraff, K. A.(1995). Congruence between mother’s and father’s differential treatment of siblings: Links with family relations and children’s well-being. Child Development, 66, 116-128.
    Mead, D. E.(1976). Six Approaches to Child Rearing. Prov.Utah Brigham Univ. Press.
    Mortimer, J. T., & Kumka, D.(1982. A further examination of the “occupational linkage hypothesis”. Sociological Quarterly, 23, 3-16.
    Nye, F. I., Carlson, J., & Garrett, G. (1970. Family size,interaction,affect and stress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 216-225.
    Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (1988). Maternal emlopyment and the transition to parenthood. In A. E. Gottfried & A. W. Gottfried (Eds.), Maternal employment and children’s development: Longitudinal research (pp.85-119). New York: Plenum.
    Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J., (1997). Marital conflict and the development of infant-parent attachment relationships. Journal of Family Psychology ,11, 152-164.
    Parish, T. S., & McCluskey, J. J. (1992). The relationship between parenting styles and young adults’ self-concepts and evaluations of parents. Adolescence, 27(108), 915-918.
    Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
    Paulson, S. E. (1994). Relations of parenting style and paternal involvement with ninth grade students```````` achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 250-267.
    Paulson, S. E., Hill, J. P., L Holmbeck, G. N. (1991). Distinguishing between perceived closeness and parental warmth in families with seventh grade boys and girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(2), 276-293.
    Paulson, S., E; Sputa, C. L.(1996). Patterns of parenting during adolescence:Perceptions of adolescents and parents. Adolescence, 31（122）, 369-381.
    Piotrkowski, C. S., & Katz, M. H.(1982). Iidirect socialization of children: The effects of mother’s jobs on academic behaviors. Child Development, 53, 1520-1529.
    Pumroy, D. K. (1966). Maryland Parent Attitude Survey: A Research Instrument with Social Desirability Controlled. The Journal of Psychology, 64, 73-78.
    Repetti, R. L.(1992). Social withreawal as a short-term coping response to daliy stress. In H. S. Friedman（Ed.）, Hostility, coping, and health（p.151-165）. Washington, D. C: American Psychological association.
    Repetti, R. L.(1994). Short-term and long-term precesses liking job stressors to father-child interaction. Social Development , 3, 1-15.
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    Schaefer,E.S.(1965).A circumplex model for maternal behavior.Parker,G；Tupling,H; Brown, L. B.(1979). A parental bounding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
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    Spade, J. L.(1991). Occpational structure and men’s and women’s parental values. Journal of Family Issue, 12, 343-360.
    Steinberg, L. D. (1988). Reciprocal relation between parent-child distance and pubertal maturation. Developmental Psychology, 24, 122-128.
    Steinberg, L, Elmen, J., & Mounts, N. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial aturity, and academic successes among adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1424-1436.
    Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M.(1994).Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglect familities. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
    Kitamura, T.,Sugawara, M., Shima, S., Toda, M.(1998). Relationship of Order and number of siblings to perceived parental attitudes in childhood. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138（3）, 342-350.
    Wallerstein, J. S., Kelly, J. B.(1980). Surviving the breakup： How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
    Wente, A. S. & Crockenberg, S. B.(1976). Transition to fatherhood:Lamaze prepation,adjustment difficult and the husband-wife relationship. Family coordinator, 25, 351-357.
    Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S.(1982). Vulnerable but Invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Williams, W. C. (1958). The PLAS test: A thchnique for children to evaluate both parents. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 127-176.
    Youniss, J., & Smollar, J.(1985). Adolescent relayions with mothers, fathers, and friends . Chicago University of Chicago Press.
    Zaslow. M. J., Pedersen. F. A., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Cain, R. L., & Rivel, M.(1985). The early resumption of employment by mothers: Implications for parent-infant interaction. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 6, 1-16.
    Zaslow, M. J., Pedersen, F. A., Suwalsky, J. T .D., & Rabinovich, B. A.(1989). Maternal employment and parent-infant interaction at one year. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 459-478.
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