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    题名: 第一次世界大戰德國戰爭罪問題研究
    作者: 蕭道中
    贡献者: 周惠民
    蕭道中
    关键词: 第一次世界大戰
    德國
    戰爭罪
    戰爭法
    巴黎和會
    凡爾賽和約
    日期: 2009
    上传时间: 2016-05-09 15:24:21 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本文嘗試由歷史脈絡，分析第一次世界大戰中德國戰爭罪問題的由來、發展與爭議及其對戰後世界所造成的影響。
    本文的主要觀點認為，一戰中德國戰爭罪爭議的形成，具有法律與政治的雙重原因。在法律方面，戰爭法與戰爭慣例對現代武器的限制有其侷限之處。工業革命以後，軍事科技的發展日新月異，但是戰爭法的原則主要來自於歷史經驗，在現實運用上有時會出現落差或不足的問題。戰時敵對的雙方又常選擇性的利用戰爭法做為己方的戰術手段，這破壞了戰爭法的公正性，徒使戰爭法引起更多爭議。在法律標準未明的情況下，戰爭罪又受到宣傳、輿論與外交等政治因素的影響，使問題更形複雜。
    戰時各國為動員人民戰鬥意志，皆發動了大規模的宣傳活動，這類宣傳常以傳播敵人暴行做為主軸。宣傳活動為求效果，其內容常屬誇大，但是當民意輿論將戰爭宣傳認知為歷史事實時，民意又反向成為本國政府執政的壓力。在戰後的和會中，國內輿論對決策官員形成壓力，促成了和約中有關審判與賠償的內容，和約要求德國與其盟友負起戰爭的全部責任。德國不接收和約中有關懲罰戰爭罪的規定，戰後德國不斷拖延、抵制執行和約中有關交出戰爭罪嫌犯的規定。戰勝國雖感不滿，卻因各自國策的不同，未能就解決方法達成共識。這樣一部不能完整執行的和約既不能滿足戰勝國民意對伸張正義的期待，也不能減輕德國輿論所感受的剝削感。和約在雙方累積的民怨，最終成為歐洲不穩定的重要因素。
    參考文獻: 政府電子檔案
    Digital Cabinet Papers, The National Archives (United Kingdom).
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    CAB 23 Interwar Conclusions.
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    已出版官方文件
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    報紙
    The New York Times, 1914-1927.
    The Times, 1914-1919.

    電子資料庫
    《中文馬克思主義文庫》線上資料庫，http://www.marxists.org/chinese/04/marxist.org-chinese-rosa-191812.htm。
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    Uboat.net [Online], http://www.uboat.net/wwi/types/index.html?type=U+19。
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