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    Title: 在WiMAX下以跨層設計改進自動重送要求以提升MPEG-4影像串流品質
    Adapt ARQ to Improve MPEG-4 Video Streaming Based on MAC-centric Cross Layer Design in WiMAX
    Authors: 盛鵬宇
    Sheng, Peng Yu
    Contributors: 張宏慶
    Jang, Hung Chin
    盛鵬宇
    Sheng, Peng Yu
    Keywords: 串流
    全球互通微波存取
    無線網路
    跨層
    重送
    802.16
    wimax
    mpeg4
    wireless
    arq
    mac-centric
    streaming
    802.16
    Date: 2008
    Issue Date: 2016-05-09 12:02:46 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 網路使用率逐漸普及、傳輸技術的進步以及通訊網路蓬勃發展，提供人們許多生活上的便利，無線網路已經成為現代通訊市場上的新寵兒。其中，IEEE於1999年開始制定與修正WiMAX，此協定在無線網路的應用視為解決”最後一哩”接取問題的利器。然而，無線網路仍舊會遇到傳送訊號耗弱、通訊死角或是氣候干擾等種種原因造成傳輸失敗的問題。
    MPEG-4編碼上，考慮影音封包具有不同重要性的意義，針對影音封包需制定不同的重傳機制，本研究先行改善WiMAX中ARQ（Auto Repeat Request）的流程，再利用跨層設計使得MAC層可以辨識影音封包資訊，確保GOP-tree中之＂骨幹＂節點穩定的抵達率，再利用Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier方法，針對GOP-tree中非骨幹部分提出合適的trade-off客製化。最後本研究藉由網路模擬器NS-2(Network Simulater ver. 2)與myEvalvid-NT的實驗架構，做不同效能的評比，並以PSNR值評估所提出之方法的有效性。
    The growing of network popularity, progressing of trasmission technology and development of communication network have facilitated our daily life these years. Wireless network has become a new favor at modern communication market. Among of them, IEEE has started to design and modify specification of WiMAX since 1999, which has been thought to be the solution toward “last mile”. But, there still exist problems such as Doppler effect, blind corner of communication and obstruction of weather condition, which cause the failure of communication.
    MPEG-4 coding would concern the different significances of distinct types of packets, we should define retransmission strategies for different multimedia packets, respectively. Firstly, we improve the process of ARQ(Auto Repeat reQuest). Secondly, we use MAC-centric design to distinguish multimedia packets and guarantee the arrival rate of packets in the “backbone nodes” of a group of pictures tree. Thirdly, Lagrange’s Method of Multiplier is used to customize the trade-off of “non-backbone node”. In the end, we have performance evaluations by NS-2(Network Simulator ver. 2) and myEvalvid-NT, to verify the efficiency of the proposed method using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio.
    第一章 緒論 1
    1.1 背景與簡介 1
    1.1.1 IEEE 802.16簡介 1
    1.1.2 MPEG簡介 3
    1.1.3 小結 5
    1.2 研究動機與目的 6
    1.3 章節組織架構 7
    第二章 背景與相關研究 8
    2.1 IEEE 802.16架構 8
    2.1.1 IEEE 802.16-2004實體層 9
    2.1.2 IEEE 802.16-2004 媒體控制層（MAC）提供的QoS層級 12
    2.2 Automatically Repeat reQuest機制 16
    2.3 無線網路跨層設計概念 18
    2.4 影音壓縮技術 19
    2.4.1 MPEG系統架構 19
    2.4.2 MPEG視訊架構 20
    2.4.2.1 序列層（Sequence Layer） 20
    2.4.2.2 GOP層（Group of Picture Layer） 21
    2.4.2.3 畫面層（Picture Layer） 22
    2.4.2.4 切片層（Slice Layer） 23
    2.4.2.5 巨集區塊層（Macroblock Layer） 24
    2.4.2.6 區塊層（B Layer） 24
    第三章 研究方法 26
    3.1 問題分析 26
    3.2 環境假設 27
    3.3 設計理念 28
    3.4 改善ARQ流程 29
    3.5 轉換GOP架構 31
    3.5.1 GOP-list與GOP-tree架構 32
    3.5.2 GOP-weight tree架構 34
    3.5.3 小結 35
    3.6 非骨幹封包的交換式 36
    3.6.1 Lagrange’s Method of Multipler的一般式與應用 37
    3.6.2 小結 39
    第四章 模擬實驗與數據分析 40
    4.1 實驗架構與流程 40
    4.2 實驗評估指標 43
    4.2.1 可解封包數 43
    4.2.2 PSNR（Peak Signal to Noise Ratio）值 44
    4.3 實驗設計 44
    4.4 實驗結果與分析 45
    第五章 結論與未來發展 63
    References 65
    Reference: [1] Thomas, N.J.; Willis, M.J.; Craig, K.H.; “Analysis of Co-existence between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 Systems” IEEE Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, `06. 2006 3rd Annual Page（s）:615 – 620, Volume 2, 28-28 Sept. 2006.
    [2] Bing, Benny; “Next-Generation Broadband Networks” Communication Networks and Services Research Conference, 2008. 6th Annual, Page（s）:5 – 5, 5-8 May 2008.
    [3] IEEE 802.16TM-2004, “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” Oct. 1, 2004.
    [4] Carl Eklund, Roger B. Marks, Subbu Ponnuswamy, Kenneth L. Stanwood, Nico J.M. Van Waes, “WirelessMAN: Inside the IEEE 802.16 Standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks” May. 15, 2006.
    [5] ISO/IEC International Standard 11172; “Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media up to about 1.5 Mbits/s” Nov. 1993.
    [6] Sikora, T.; “Trends and Perspectives in Image and Video Coding,” IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC. Page（s）:6 – 17 Volume 93, Issue 1, Jan 2005.
    [7] “The Network Simulator,” http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
    [8] Mase, K.; Kobayashi, H.; “An efficient end-to-end measurement based admission control for VoIP networks” IEEE Communications, Page（s）:1877 – 1881 Volume 4, Vol.4 20-24 June 2004.
    [9] Chih-Yung, Chang. Computer Science and Information Engineering Tamkang University
    http://wireless.cs.tku.edu.tw/~cychang/Wimax_MAC.pdf Dec, 2007.
    [10] Min-Seok Kang; Jaeshin Jang; “Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.16d ARQ algorithms with NS-2 simulator” IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/APCC Page（s）:1 – 5. Aug. 2006.
    [11] Chatterje, M.; Sengupta, S.; Ganguly, S.; “Feedback-based real-time streaming over WiMax” IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MWC Page（s）:64 – 71 Volume 14, Issue 1, Feb. 2007.
    [12] Sengupta, S.; Chatterjee, M.; Ganguly, S.; “Improving Quality of VoIP Streams over WiMax” IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TC Page（s）:145 – 156 Volume 57, Issue 2, Feb. 2008.
    [13] She, James; Hou, Fen; Ho, Pin-Han; “An Application-Driven MAC-layer Buffer Management with Active Dropping for Real-time Video Streaming in 802.16 Networks” IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/AINA, Page（s）:451 – 458, 21-23 May 2007.
    [14] M. van der Schaar and Sai Shankar N, “Cross-layer wireless multimedia transmission; challenges, principles, and new paradigms,” IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume 12, Issue 4, pp. 50-58, Aug, 2005.
    [15] Uemura, Y.; Nakajima, Y.; Sato, M.; “Direct Execution of Linux Binary on Windows for Grid RPC Workers” IEEE Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Page(s):1 – 8, 26-30, March, 2007.
    [16] “The Design and Implementation of WiMAX Module for ns-2 Simulator” http://ndsl.csie.cgu.edu.tw/wimax_ns2.php Mar, 2008.
    [17] Jenhui Chen, Chih-Chieh Wang, Frank Chee-Da Tsai, Chiang-Wei Chang, Syao-Syuan Liu, Jhenjhong Guo, Wei-Jen Lien, Jui-Hsiang Sum, Chih-Hsin Hung, “The Design and Implementation of WiMAX Module for ns-2 Simulator” International Communication Sciences and Technology Association, Vol. 202, 2006.
    [18] J. Klaue, B. Rathke, and A. Wolisz, “Evalvid – A Framework for Video Transmission and Quality Evaluation,” In Proc. Of the 13th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, Urbana, Illinois, USA, pp. 255-272, September 2003.
    [19] Jens-Rainer Ohm. Bildsignalverarbeitung fuer multimedia-systeme. Skript, 1999.
    [20] YUV Video Sequences
    http://trace.eas.asu.edu/yuv/index.html Apr, 2008.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    資訊科學學系
    95753034
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0957530341
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Computer Science ] Theses

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