政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/94388

政大典藏 > College of Commerce > Department of Business Administation > Theses > Item 140.119/94388

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/94388

Title:	地區限定優勢：成因與對國際化之影響
Authors:	羅芳怡
Contributors:	于卓民譚丹琪羅芳怡
Keywords:	地區限定優勢轉化優勢地區限定程度環境鑲嵌組織鑲嵌優勢特性國際化策略
Date:	2007
Issue Date:	2016-05-06 16:34:21 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	多國公司進行優勢之跨國移轉時，有些母公司按照擬定的計畫為之，有些母公司則視地主國的需求而移轉相關資源。實務觀察發現，移轉優勢至國外時，有的公司成功，有的公司卻失敗，其原因為何？理論上，多國公司在國外營運時，傾向將母公司優勢移轉到子公司，以克服外國公司之不利生存性，有些母公司優勢可順利地移轉到子公司，然而有些優勢則否，乃因優勢具有地區限定的特性。因此，由於資源在跨國移轉時會面對某些障礙，使得優勢的跨國使用可能受限，本研究的重心為如何在新的地理空間發揮原有的優勢。本研究共分三個子研究進行，分別為 1.以探索性個案研究之個案提出命題，探討地區限定優勢之因素與轉化方式。 2.依據個案所提出之造成優勢地區限定三大成因，以實證資料驗證其對母公司優勢地區限定程度之影響。 3.探討地區限定優勢成因對多國公司策略之影響。首先，個案主要探究造成地區限定優勢之因素，與多國公司降低優勢地區限定程度的方法。個案研究發現：(1)影響優勢地區限定程度因素主要可分成環境、組織及優勢等三個層次；(2) 多國公司可針對不同造成優勢地區限定之因素，分別透過轉化的方式 (例如：選擇相似環境之國家投資、將相關的週邊環境整體移動、與組織次系統脫勾、將次系統整體移動或切割優勢等方式)，降低優勢地區限定程度，以利跨國移轉；(3)不同造成地區限定優勢之因素搭配不同之轉化方式，可降低優勢地區限定程度。為加速優勢的跨國移轉，本研究對實務界的建議為加強非地區限定優勢之建立、將地區限定優勢轉化為非地區限定優勢，以及建立優勢管理制度。第二個研究探討地區限定優勢之成因。依循量表發展過程，發展出衡量地區限定優勢成因之衡量指標11題，分別代表三個構念：環境鑲嵌、組織鑲嵌與優勢特性，經修訂後成為施測問卷。問卷調查有效樣本為多國公司中154位熟悉海外投資業務之中高階主管，經探索性與驗證性因素分析，通過各種信度與效度測試後，確立衡量指標。接續驗證成因構面與地區限定優勢之關聯，實證結果亦顯示此三構面對優勢之地區限定程度，均有正向影響。因此，此三因素為地區限定優勢之成因。第三個研究主要探討造成地區限定優勢因素與多國公司策略之關係，驗證造成優勢地區限定之成因，對多國公司進行國際拓展、國際策略與優勢移轉之影響。問卷調查有效樣本為多國公司中158位熟悉海外投資業務之中高階主管，統計分析結果發現，環境鑲嵌造成之優勢地區限定程度高，會使得多國公司傾向採用分權結構；組織鑲嵌造成之優勢地區限定程度高，會使得多國公司傾向採用全球策略、降低國外子公司股權、並造成優勢移轉至子公司時間拉長；優勢特性造成之優勢地區限定程度高，會使得多國公司國際化深度較淺、傾向選擇文化距離小的國家投資、優勢移轉至子公司時間拉長、與優勢移轉至子公司程度降低。
Reference:	方世杰、林麗娟、邱志芳 (2003)，「參與科技專案廠商之組織學習、社會資本與技術移轉之實證研究」，管理評論，第二十二卷第三期，頁123-148。司徒達賢 (2001)，策略管理新論---觀念架構與分析方法，台北：智勝文化。呂郁青、邱展光 (2006)，王文洋用做學問的心經營企業，經濟日報，2006年5月16日A2 版 (版名：財經要聞）。林宏文 (2006)，墊高自己做強者，今周刊，516卷，十一月。莊正民、方世杰 (2001)，「企業跨國技術引進模式、影響因素與學習績效關係之研究--交易成本與知識基礎理論之觀點」，管理評論，第二十卷第一期，頁35-64。經濟部 (2003、2004、2005、2006)，中華民國製造業對外投資實況調查報告，經濟部統計處編印。熊毅晰 (2006)，「整合運籌力--鴻海：預見趨勢快手佈局」，天下雜誌，第357期，頁164-170。 Agarwal, S. (1994), “Socio-cultural distance and the choice of joint ventures: A contingency perspective,” Journal of International Marketing, 2(2), pp. 63-80. Aliber, R. Z. (1970), The international corporation: A symposium, In A Theory of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge: MIT Press. Almedia, P. and A. Phene (2004), “Subsidiaries and knowledge creation: The influence of the MNC and host country on innovation,” Strategic Management Journal, 25, pp. 847-864. Anand, J. and A. Delios (1997), “Location specificity and the transferability of downstream assets to foreign subsidiaries,” Journal of International Business Studies, 28(3), pp. 579-603. Anderson, J. C. and D. W. Gerbing (1988), “Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach,” Psychological Bulletin, 103, pp. 411-423. Andersson, T., and T. Fredriksson (2000), “Distinction between intermediate and finished products in intra-firm trade,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 18, pp. 773–792. Armstrong, J. S. and T. S. Overton (1977), “Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), pp. 396-402. Badaracco, J. L. (1991), The Knowledge Link: How Fimrs Compete Through Strategic Alliances, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi (1988), “On the evaluation of structural equations models,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), pp. 74-94. Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi (1991), “Multitrait-multimethod matrices in consumer research,” Journal of Consumer Research, 17, pp. 426-439. Barkema, H., J. Bell, and J. Pennings (1996), “Foreign entry, cultural barriers, and learning,” Strategic Management Journal, 17, pp. 151-166. Barney, J. B. (1991), “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage,” Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 99-120. Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny (1986), “The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp. 1173-1182. Bartlett, C. and S. Ghoshal (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Bauer, T. N., D. M. Truxillo, R. J. Sanchez, J. M. Craig, P. Ferrara, and M. A. Campion, (2001), “Applicant reactions to selection: Development of the selection procedural justice scale,” Personnel Psychology, 54, pp. 387-419. Benito, G. and G. Gripsrud (1992), “The expansion of foreign direct investment: Discrete rational location choices or a cultural learning process?” Journal of International Business Studies, 23(3), pp. 461-476. Birkinshaw, J and N. Hood (1998), “Multinational subsidiary evolution: Capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies,” Academy of Management Review, 23(4), pp. 773-795. Bjorkaman, I., W. Barner-Rasmussen, and L. Li (2004), “Managing knowledge transfer in MNCs: The impact of headquarters control mechanisms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 443-445. Blanchard, B. S. and W. J. Fabrycky (2006). Systems Engineering and Analysis (3rd Edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Series in Industrial and Systems. Boddewyn, J. J., M. B. Halbrich, and A. C. Perry (1986), “Service multinationals: conceptualization, measurement and theory,” Journal of International Business Studies, 17, pp. 43-57. Brislin, R.W. (1980), “Translation and content analysis of oral and written material,” In H. C. Triandis and J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Brouthers, K. D., L. E. Brouthers, and G. Nakos (2004), “Institutional environment effects on Resource-based entry mode choice,” Academy of Management Conference. Buckley, P. J. and M. C. Casson (1976), The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, U. K., London: Holmes & Meier, Buckley, P. J. and M. C. Casson (1998), “Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: Extending the internalization approach”. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), pp. 539-562. Cable, D. M. and D. S. DeRue (2002), “The convergent and discriminate validity of subjective fit perceptions,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), pp. 875-884. Caves, R. E. (1971), “International corporations: The industrial economics of foreign investment,” Economica, 38, pp. 1-27. Caves, R. E. (1996), “The multinational enterprise as an economic organization,” In R. E. Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, United Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Caves, R. E. and S. K. Mehra (1986), “Entry of foreign multinationals into the U.S manufacturing industries,” In M. Porter (Eds.), Competition in Global Industries, Boston: Harvard Business School. Chen, H. and T. J. Chen (1998), “Network linkages and location choice in foreign direct investment,” Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), pp. 445-468. Chen, M. J., S. Venkataraman, S. Black, and I. MacMillan (2002). “The role of irreversibilities in competitive interaction: Behavioral considerations from organization theory,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 23, pp. 187-207. Cho, K. R. (1990), “The role of product-specific factors in intra-firm trade of U.S. manufacturing multinational corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 21(2), pp. 319-330. Choi, C. B. and P. W. Beamish (2004), “Split management control and international joint venture performance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 306-319. Churchill, G. A. J. (1979), “A paradigm of developing better measures of marketing constructs,” Journal of Marketing Research, 16, pp. 64-73. Combs, J. G. and D. J. Ketchen, (1999) “Explaining interfirm cooperation and performance: Toward a reconciliation of predictions from the resource-based view and organizational economics,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(9), pp. 867-888. Conway, J. M. and A. I. Huffcutt (2003), “A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research,” Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), pp. 147-168. Crocker, L. M. and J. Algina (1986), Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Delany, E. (2000), “Strategic development of the multinational subsidiary through subsidiary initiative-taking,” Long Range Planning, 33, pp. 220-244. Delios, A. and P. W. Beamish (1999), “Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: Transactional, institutional, and experience influences,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(10), pp. 915-933. Dunning, J. H. (1981), International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, London: Allen & Unwin. Dunning, J. H. (1988), “The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), pp. 1-31. Dunning, J. H. (1993), Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, Berkshire: Addison Wesley. Dunning, J. H. (2003), “Some antecedents of internalization theory,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34, pp. 108-115. Egelhoff, W. G. (1988), “Strategy and structure in multinational corporations：A revision of the Stopford and Wells model,” Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp. 1-14. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), “Building theories from case study research,” Academy of Management Review, 14 (4), pp. 532-550. Eisenhardt, K. M. and J. A. Martin (2000), “Dynamic capabilities: What are they?,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(10/11), pp. 1105-1121. Eisenhardt, K. M. and M. M. Bhatia (2002), “Organizational complexity and computation,” In J. A. C. Baum (Eds.), Companion to Organizations, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers. Erramilli, M. K. and D.E. D`Souza (1993), “Venturing into foreign markets: The case of small service firms,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17 (4), pp. 29-41. Ford, J. K., R. C. MacCallum, and M. Tait (1986), “The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis,” Personnel Psychology, 39(2), pp. 291-314. Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors,” Journal of Marketing Research, 18, pp. 39-50. Frost, T. S. and C. Zhou (2005), “R&D co-practice and ‘reverse’ knowledge integration in multinational firm,” Journal of International Business Studies, 36, pp. 676-787. Frost, T. S., J. M. Birkinshaw, and P. C. Ensign (2002), “Centers of excellence in multinational corporations,” Strategic Management Journal, 23, pp. 997-1018. Garbarino, E. and M. S. Johnson (1999), “The different roles of satisfaction, trust, and commitment in customer relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 63, pp. 70-87. Garnier, G. H. (1982), “Context and decision-making autonomy in the foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational corporations,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4), pp. 893-908. Geringer, J. M., S. Tallman, and D. M. Olsen (2000), “Product and international diversification among Japanese multinational firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(1), pp. 51-80. Glassman, R. B. (1973), “Persistence and loose coupling in living systems,” Behavior Science, 18: 83-98. Goerzen, A., and P. Beamish (2003), “Geographic scope and multinational enterprise performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 24, pp. 1289-1306. Gomez-Mejia, L. and L. Palich (1997), “Cultural diversity and the performance of multinational firms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), pp. 309-335. Granovetter, M. (1985), “Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness,” The American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), pp. 481 - 510. Grant, R. M. (2005), Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications, Malden, MA: Blackwell. Gulati, R. (1999), “Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), pp. 397-420. Gupta, A. K. and V. Govindarajan (2000), “Knowledge management’s social dimension: Lessons from Nucor steel,” Sloan Management Review, 42(1), pp. 71-80. Hair, J. E., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Blacke (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River. Hansen, M. T. and B. Lovas (2004), “How do multinational companies leverage technological competencies? Moving from single to interdependent explanations,” Strategic Management Journal, 25, pp. 801-822. Harzing, A. W. (2000), “An empirical test and extension of the Bartlett and Ghoshal typology of multinational companies,” Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1), pp. 101–120. Harzing, A. W. (2002), “Acquisitions versus greenfield investments: International strategy and management of entry modes,” Strategic Management Journal, 23, pp. 211-218. Hedlund, G. (1994), “A model of knowledge management and the N-form corporation,” Strategic Management Journal, 15, pp. 73-90. Hennart, J. F. 1988. “A transaction cost theory of equity joint ventures,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4), pp. 361-374. Hinkin, T. R. (1998), “A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires,” Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), pp. 104-121. Hitt, M. A., R. E. Hoskisson, and H. Kim (1997), “International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), pp. 767-798. Hofsted, G. (2003), http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php. Hymer, S. H. (1976), The International Operations of Nationals Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge: MIT Press. Isobe, T., S. Makino, and D. B. Montgomery (2000), “Resource commitment, entry timing, and market performance of foreign direct investments in emerging economies: The case of Japanese international joint ventures in China,” Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), pp. 468-484. Johanson, J. and J. E. Vahlne (1977), “The international process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments,” Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), pp. 23-32. Joreskog, K. G. and D. Sorborm (1996), Lisrel 8: User’s Reference Guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International, Inc. Kale, S. H. (1991), “Culture-specific marketing communications: Sn analytical approach,” International Marketing Review, 8(2), pp. 18-30. Kelloway, E. K. (1998), Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kim, W. C., P. Hwang, and W. P. Burgers (1993), “Multinationals’ diversification and the risk-return trade-off,” Strategic Management Journal, 14, pp. 275-286. Kindleberger, C. P. (1969), “The theory of direct investment,” In C. P. Kindleberger (Eds.), American Business Abroad, New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press. Kogut, B. and H. Singh (1988), “The effect of national culture on the choice of entrymode,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), pp. 411-432. Kogut, B. and U. Zander (1993), “Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation,” Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), pp. 625-645. Kogut, B. and U. Zander (1995), “Knowledge, market failure and the multinational enterprise: A reply,” Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), pp. 417-426. Kostova, T. (1999), “Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective,” Academy of Management Review, 24(2), pp. 308-324. Kotabe, M., S. S. Srinivasan, and P. S. Aulakh (2002), “Multinationality and firm performance: The moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities,” Journal of International Business Studies, 33(1), pp. 79-97. Lall, S. and N. S. Siddharthan (1982), “The monopolistic advantages of multinationals: Lessons from foreign investment in the U.S.,” The Economic Journal, 92, pp. 668-683. Lambert, D. M. and T. C. Harrington (1990), “Measuring non-response bias in customer service mail surveys,” Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), pp. 5-25. Li, J. T. (1995), “Foreign entry and survival: The effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets,” Strategic Management Journal, 16, pp. 333-351. Li, L., A. Goerzen, and A. Verbeke (2006), “A critical note on the multinationality – performance relationship in international management studies,” Academy of International Business Annual Meeting, Beijing, China, June 23 through June 26. Liden, R. C. and J. M. Maslyn (1998), “Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development,” Journal of Management, 24(1), pp. 43-72. Lord, M. D. and A. L. Ranft (2000), “Organizational learning about new international markets: Exploring the internal transfer of local market knowledge,” Journal of International Business Studies, 31(4), pp. 573-587. Lu, J. W. and P. W. Beamish (2004), “International diversification and firm performance: The S-Curve hypothesis,” Academy of Management Journal, 47 (4), pp. 598-609. Madsen, T. K. and P. Servais (1997), “The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process?,” International Business Review, 6(6), pp. 561-583. Martin, X. and R. Salomon (2003a), “Knowledge transfer capacity and its implications for the theory of the multinational corporation,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34, pp. 356-373. Martin, X. and R. Salomon (2003b), “Tacitness, learning, and international expansion: A study of foreign direct investment in a knowledge-intensive industry,” Organization Science, 14(3), pp. 297-351. Mathur, S. and A. Kenyon (2002), Creating Value: Successful Business Strategies, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Meyer, K. E., S. Estrin, and S. Bhaumik (2005), “Greenfield versus cooperative entry in emerging economics: A resource-based and institutional perspective,” Working paper, Copenhagen Business School. Miller, D. and J. Shamsie (1996), “The resource-based view of the firm in two environments: The Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965,” Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), pp. 519-543. Moran, T. 1985, Multinational Corporations: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Morck, R. and B. Yeung (1991), “Why investors value multinationality?,” Journal of Business, 64, pp. 165-187. Morosini, P., S. Shane, and H. Singh, (1998), “National cultural distance and crossborder acquisition performance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), pp. 137-158. Nobel, R. and J. Birkinshaw (1998), “Innovation in multinational corporations: Control and communication patterns in international R&D operations,” Strategic Management Journal, 19, pp. 479-496. Nonaka, I. and H. Takeuchi (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw Hill. Ocasio, W. (2002), “Organizational power and dependence,” In J. A. C. Baum (Eds.), Companion to Organizations, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers. Oh, C. H. and A. M. Rugman (2006), “Regional sales of multinationals in the world cosmetics industry,” European Management Journal, 24(2/3), pp. 163-173. Oh, C. H. and A. M. Rugman (2007), “Regional multinationals and the Korean cosmetics industry,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(1), pp. 27- 44. Orton, J. D. and K. E. Weick (1900), “Loosely coupled systems: A conceptualization,” Academy of Management Review, 15, pp. 203-223. Penrose, E. T. (1959), The theory of the growth of the firm, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Peteraf, M. (1993), “The corner-stone of competitive advantage: A resource-based view,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), pp. 179-191. Pfeffer, J. and G. R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper and Row. Podsakoff, P. M. and D. W. Organ (1986), “Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects,” Journal of Management, 12(4), pp. 531-544. Polanyi, K, (1957) (first edition) Trade and Market in the Early Empire, edited by Polanyi, K, C. M. Arensberg and H. W. Pearson, Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. Porter, M. E. (1996) “What is Strategy?” Harvard Business Review, November-December, pp. 61-78. Powell, T. C. (2001), “Competitive advantage: Logical and philosophical considerations,” Strategic Management Journal, 22(9), pp. 875-888. Prahalad, C. K. and Y. L. Doz (1987), The Multinational Mission: Balancing Local Demands and Global Vision. New York: The Free Press. Priem, R. L., and J. E. Butler (2001), “Is the Resource-Based "View" a useful perspective for strategic management research,” Academy of Management Review, 26(1), pp. 22-40. Rosenzweig, P. M. and J. V. Singh (1991), “Organizational environments and the multinational enterprise,” The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), pp. 340-361. Roth, K. and A. Morrison (1990), “An empirical analysis of the integration -responsiveness framework in global industries,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22: 541-564. Roth, K., D. M. Schweiger, and A. J. Morrison (1991), “Global strategy implementation at the business unit level: Operational capabilities and administrative mechanisms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), pp. 369-402. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (1992), “A note on the transnational solution and the transnational cont theory of multinational strategic management,” Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), pp. 761-771. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2001), “Subsidiary-specific advantages in multinational enterprises,” Strategic Management Journal, 22, pp. 237-250. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2003), “Extending the theory of the multinational enterprise: internalization and strategic management perspectives,” Journal of International Business Studies, 34(2), pp. 125-137. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2004), “A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 3-18. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2004), “A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 3-18. Rugman, A. M. and A. Verbeke (2005), “Toward a theory of regional multinationals: A transaction cost economics approach,” Management International Review, 45, pp. 5-17. Rugman, A. M. and C. Brain (2004), “Regional Strategies of Multinational Pharmaceutical Firms,” Management International Review, 44, pp. 7-25. Rugman, A. M. and J. D’Cruz, (2000), Multinationals as Flagship Firms: Regional Business Networks, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rugman, A. M. and S. Collinson (2004), “the regional nature of the world`s automotive sector,” European Management Journal, 22(5), pp. 471-482. Rugman, A. M. and S. Collinson (2005), “Multinational enterprises in the new Europe: Are they really global?” Organizational Dynamics, 34(3), pp. 258-272. Rugman, A. M., A. Kudina, and G. S. Yip (2006), “The regional dimension of UK multinational,” Academy of Management 2006 Annual Meeting, Beijing, China, June 23 through June 26. Sackett, P. R. and J. R. Larson (1990), “Research strategies and tactics in I/O psychology,” In M. D. Dunnette and L. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Segars, A. H. (1997), “Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: a paradigm and Illustration within the context of information system research,” Omega, 25(1), pp. 107-21. Severn, A. K. and M. M. Laurence (1974), “Direct investment, research intensity, and profitability,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, pp. 181-190. Siddharthan, N. S. and S. Lall (1982), “Recent growth of the largest US multinationals,” Oxford Bulletin of Economic Statistics, 44, pp. 1-13. Simonin, B. L. (2004), “An Empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35, pp. 407-427. Smith, J. B. and D. W. Barclay (1997), “The effect of organizational differences and trust on the effectiveness of selling and partner relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 61, pp. 3-21. Srivastavam, A., K. M. Bartol, and E. A. Locke (2006), “Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), pp. 1239-1251. Stanley, L. L., J. D.Wisner, (2001) “Service quality along the supply chain: implications for purchasing,” Journal of Operations Management, 19(3), pp. 287-306 Stopford, J. M. and L. T. Wells (1972), Managing the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Basic Books. Sukpanich, N. and A. M. Rugman (2006), “Intra-regional sales, product diversity, and performance in merchandising multinationals,” Academy of International Business 2006 Annual Meeting, Beijing, China, June 23 through June 26. Sullivan, D. (1994), “Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm,” Journal of International Business Studies, 25, pp. 325-342. Taggart, J. H. (1997), “Autonomy and procedural justice: A framework for evaluating subsidiary strategy,” Journal of International Business Studies, 28(1), pp. 51-76. Tallman, S. and J. T. Li (1996), “Effects of international diversity and product diversity on the performance of multinational firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 39, pp. 179-196. Tallman, S. B. (1992), “A strategic management perspective on host country structure of multinational enterprises,” Journal of Management, 18(3), pp. 455-471. Taylor, S., S. Beechler, and N. Napier (1996), “Toward an integrative model of strategic international human resource management,” Academy of Management Review, 21(4), pp. 959-985. Teece, D., G. Pisano, and A. Shuen (1997), “Dynamic capabilities and strategic management,” Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), pp. 509-533. Teece, D.J. (1977), “Technology transfer by multinational corporations: The resource cost of transferring technological know-how,” Economic Journal, 87, pp. 242–261. Thompson, J. D. (1967), Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill. Vermeulen, F. and H. Barkema (2002), “Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation,” Strategic Management Journal, 23, pp. 637-654. Vernon, R. (1966), “International investments and international trade in the product cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, pp. 190-207. Vernon, R. (1971), Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises, New York: Basic Books. Vernon, R. (1979), “The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment,” Oxford Bulletin of Economic and Statistics, 41(4), pp. 255-267. Wadhwa, A. and S. Kotha (2006), “Knowledge creation through external venturing: Evidence from the telecommunications equipment manufacturing industry,” Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), pp. 819-835. Wang, Y. and S. Nicholas (2005), “Knowledge transfer, knowledge replication, and learning in non-equity alliances: Operating contractual joint ventures in China,” Management International Review, 45(1), pp. 99-118. Weick, K. E. (1976), “Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), pp. 1-19. Wells, L. T. (1972), “International trade: The product life cycle approach,” In L. T. Wells, The product Life Cycle and International Trade, Boston, MA: Harvard University. Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A Resource-Based View of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), pp. 171-180. Winter, S. (1995), “The four Rs of profitability: Rents, resources, routines, and replication,” In C. Montgomery (Eds.), Resource-Based and Evolutionary Thesis of the Firm, Boston: Kluwer. Winter, S. G. and G. Szulanski (2001), “Replication as strategy,” Organization Science, 12(6), pp. 730-743. Yoffie, D. B. (1990), International Trade and Competition: Cases and Notes in Strategy and Management, New York: McGraw-Hill Publication Co. Zajac E. J., M. S. Kraatz, and R. K. F. Bresser (2000), “Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: A normative approach to strategic change,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), pp. 429-453. Zander, U. and B. Kogut (1995), “Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test,” Organization Science, 6(1), pp. 76-93. Zhao, Z., J. Anand, and W. Mitchell (2005), “A dual networks perspective on inter-organizational transfer of R&D capabilities: International joint ventures in the Chinese automotive industry,” Journal of Management Studies, 42(1), pp. 127-160.
Description:	博士國立政治大學企業管理學系 92355504
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923555041
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Business Administation] Theses

Files in This Item:

There are no files associated with this item.

社群 sharing

Loading...