| Reference: | 一、中文部分
王政彥(民78) ，溝通恐懼與學業成就、自我概念、自我坦露之研究，國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
余民寧(民76) ，考試焦慮、成就動機、學習習慣與學業成績之研究，國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
沈偉康(民76) ，學習態度、人格特質、親子關係與測試焦慮的相關研究，政大教育研究所碩士論文。
林清財(民73) ，青少年自我統整與心理特質關係之研究政大教育研究所碩士論文。
金樹人(民68) ，國中學生動機水準、工作難度、合作與競爭對工作表現及焦慮狀態之影響，教育研究所集刊， 21 輯，頁1-126。
翁淑緣， (民74) ，青少年的自尊以及相關變項的研究，教育與心理研究，第八期，頁79-113 。
教育部(民78) ，中華民國教育統計指標，教育部編印。
張春興(民76) ，知之歷程與教之歷程認知心理學的發展及其在教育上的應用，認知與學習基礎研究第二次研討會，行政院國家科學委員會主辦。
張景媛(民79) ，不同後設認知能力的大學生在學業成績與認知適應上之差異，中國測驗學會測驗年刊， 37輯，頁143-162。
黃國彥、鍾思嘉、林珊如、李良哲(民72) ，羅桑二氏語文智力測驗指導手冊，正昇教育科學社。
楊文玲(民78) ，目標設定、成就動機、自我效能與工作表現的關係，政大教育研究碩士論文。
葉國安(民67) ，我國師專生家庭社經地位、成就動機、抱負水準與學業成就之關條，師大教育研究所碩士論文。
鄭昭明(民76) ，認知心理學與教學研究--一般介紹，教學研究專集，台北市南宏圖書公司。
鍾思嘉與龍長風(民73) , ?修訂情境與特質焦慮量表之研究」，測驗年刊， 21 輯，頁27-36。
二、英文部分:
Adams. H.B .. & Wallace, B. (1988). The assessment and development of potential of high school pupils in the Third World context of Kwa-Zulu/Natal. Gifted Education International,5( 3) , 132-137.
Allen J.L. et al. (1985). Communication apprehension. Generalized and contextual immediacy and achievement in the basic course ? (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No, ED 269833) .
Alvemann. D.E .? & Ratekin, N.H. (1982) . .Metacognitive knowledge about reading proficiency:Its relation to study strategies and task demands. Revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research association ( New York, NY, March 19-23).
Anderson. J. R . (1985). Cognition psychology and its implications.New York: W.H. Freeman.
Anderson. J.R. (1982). Acquisition of cogntive skill. Psychology Review, 89, 369-486.
Anderson. R. C., & Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Bebavior. 17, 1-12.
Andre, T., & Sola,J. (1976). Imagery, verbatim and paraphrased questions, and retention of meaningful sentences. Journal ,of Educational psychology,68,661-669.
Aronson, E. (1978). The .Jigsaw classroom. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Ascher, C. (1986). Creating racial integration in a desegregated magnet school. ERIC Clearing House on Urban Education, New York, N.Y.
Atkinson, J.W., & Feather, N.T. (Eds.) (966). A theory of achievement motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Augustine, D.K., Gruber, K.D., & Hanson, L.R. (1990). Cooperation works: Cooperative learning can benefit all students, even those who are low-achieving, gifted, or mainstreamed.Educational Leadership, 4-7.
Ausube1, D. P . (1968). Educational psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bandura, A., & Jeffrey, R. W. (973). Role of symbolic coding and rehearsal processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 122-130.
Bandura, A., & Kuper, C.J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self-reinforcement through modeling. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 1-9.
Bennett, G.K., Seashore, H.G., & Weaman, A.G. (1969). Manual of the Differential Aptitude Tests. Psychological Corporation,New York.
Bergk, M. (1988). Fostering interpersonal forms of reading. Reading Teacher, 42(3), 210-218.
Bond, C.F.,& Titus, L.J. (1983). Social facilitation: A meta-ana1ysis of 241 studies. Psychological,94,263-292.
Bower, G.H. (1974). Selective facilitation and interference In retention of prose. Journal of Educational Pyschology,66, 1-8.
Bossert, S.T. (1989). Cooperative activities in the classroom.Review of Research in Education, 15, 225-258.
Brandt, R. (1987). On cooperation in schools: A conversation with David and Roger Johnson. Educational _Leadership, 45, 14-19.
Brown, A.L. (1978). Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition. In R. Glaser(Ed.), Advances in Instructional Psychology( Vo I. 1, pp. 77 -165). Hillsda1e,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown, J.S., & Burton, R.R. (1978). Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cognitive Science, 2, 155-192.
Brucher, M., & Payne, R. (1985). The team approach to small group learning. Highway One, 8, 148-152.
Carrier, C.A., & Sales, G.C. (1987). Pair versus individual work on the acquisition of concepts in a computer-based 14, 11-17.
Carpenter, J.K. (1986). The effects of competitive and cooperative learning environments on student achievement and attitudes in college fencing classes ( goal structure,peer tutoring), Dissertation Abstracts International, 47,3353.
CattEd, R. B., Barton, K., & Dielman, T. E. (1972). Prediction of school achievement from motivation, personality, and ability measures. Psychological Reports, 38, 35-43.
Clements, D.H. & Gullo, D.F. (1984). Effects of computer programming on young children`s cognition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(6), 1851-1858.
Clifford, J.A. (1988). Educating the gifted adolescent as co-learner: The learning enrichment service (LES) and the mentor academy program (MAP). Gifted Education International,5(3), 160-169.
Coelho, E. (1988). Creating Jigsaw units for the ESL classroom.How the develop instructional units for Co-operative group learning in the communicative curriculum. TESL-Talk, 18,69-81.
Cohen, E. (1986). Designing Groupwork: Strategies for the heterogeneous classroom, New York: Teachers College Press.
Collins, K.W., Dansereau, D.F., Garland, J.C., Holley, C.D., & McDonald, B.A. (1981). Control of concentration during academic tasks.Journa1 of Educational Pyschology,73,122-136.
Cooper, C.R. (1980). Development of collaborative problem-solving among pre-school children. Developmental Psychology, 16,433- 440.
Cooper, M. (972). Factor analysis of measures of aptitudes,Intelligence, personality, and performance in high school subjects.Journal of Experimental, 42 (3), 7 - 10 .
Cottrell, H., Wack, D., Sekerak, G., & Rittle, R. (968). Social facilitation of dominant responses by the presence of an audience and the mere presence of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 245-250.
Cross, D.R. & Paris, S.G. (988). Developmental and instructionqal analyses of children`s metacognition and 80(2), 131-142.
Culler, R.E., & Holahan, C. J. (l98fn. Test 3nxiety and academic performance: The effects of study-related behavior. Journal of Educatonal Psycho logy, 72, 16-20.
Daniels, B., & Hewitt, J. (1978). Anxiety and classroom examination performance.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34,340-345.
Dansereau, D.F. (988). Cooperative learning strategies. In C.W.Weinstein, E.T. Goetz, & P.A. Alexander (Eds.), Learning and study strategies:Issues in assessment,instruction,and evaluation (pp. 103-120). New York: Academic Press.
Dansereau, D.F. 0986, Apri1). Dyadic cooperative learning performance strategies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association,San Francisco, CA.
Dansereau, D.F., McDonald, B.A., Collins, K.W., Garland, J.C. , Holley, C.D., Diekhoff, G.M., & Evans, S.E. (1979).
Evaluation of a learning strategy system. In H.P. O`Neil, Jr., & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Cognitive and affective learning strategies (pp. 3-43). New York: Academic Press.
Davis, B.R. (1985). Effects of cooperative learning in race/human relations: Study of a district program. Spectrum, 3, 37-43.
Deffenbacher, J.L., & Snyder, A.L. (1976). Relaxation as self-control in the treatment of test and other anxieties.Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 248-254.
Desiderate, 0., & Koskinen, P. (1969). Anxiety, study habits, and academic achievement. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 16,162-165.
Donahue, J.T. (1988). Developing a community based model for involvement in the elementary school. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED297866) .
Duin, A.H. (1986). Implementing cooperative learning groups in the writing curriculum. Journal of Teaching Writing, 5, 315-323.
Duin, A. H. (1984) . Imp1ementing cooperative learning groups in the writing curriculum:What research shows and what you can do. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota Council of Teachers of English.
Durling, R., & Schick, C. (1976). Concept attainment by pairs and individuals as a function of vocalization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 81-91.
Eadie, S.J. (1985). Cooperative learning as a social process.Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 2625.
Ebel, C.W. (1985). The teacher as a coach in the ESL classroom.NASSP Bulletin, 69, 77-81.
Emley, W.P. (1986). The effectiveness of cooperative learning versus individualized instruction in a college level remedial mathematics course, with relation to attitudes toward mathematics and Myers-Briggs personality type, Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 78.
Farivar, S.H. (1985). Developing and implementing a cooperative learning program in a middle elementary classroom: A comparative learning program in a middle elementary classroom: A comparative study of innovative and traditional teaching and learning strategies. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 1823.
Flavell, J.H. (1985). Cognitive development. (2nd Ed.) Englewood cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Flavell, J.H. (1984). Speculations about the nature and development of metacognition. In F.E. Weinert & R.H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation and learning. Stuttgart:Khlhammer.
Flavell, J.H. (1981). Cognitive monitoring. IN P. Deckson (Eds.) Children`s oral communication skills. NY: Academic Press.
Flavell, J.H. (979). Meatcognition and cognitive monitoring:A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
Frase, L.T., & Schwartz, B.J. (1975). Effect of question production and answering on prose recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 628-635.
Gabbert, B., Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1986). Cooperative learning, group-to-individual transfer, process gain, and acquisition of cognitive reasoning strategies. Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 265-278.
Gagne`, E.D. (1985). The cognitive psychology of school learning.Boston: Little, Brown.
Gagne` R.M. & White, R.T. (1978). Memory structures and learning outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 48, 187-222.
Gallien, L.B., Jr. (1988). Cooperative learning: Observations and reflections in context with minority achievement and educational reform. Paper presented to the Association of Teacher Educators Summer Workshop.
Gordon, A.B. (1985). Cooperative learning: A comparative study of attitude and achievement of two groups of grade seven mathematics classes (reward, goal interdependence).Dissertation abstracts International,47,772
Graubeal,S. S., & Stodolsky, S. S. (1985).Peer work groups in elementary schools.American Journal of Education,93(3),409-428.
Grossack. M. M. (1954).Some effects of cooperation and competition small group behavior.Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology,49,341-348.
Hall, R. H.,Rocklin, T. R., Dansereau, D. E.,Skaggs, L. P.,’Donnell, A. M., Lambiotte, J. G., & Young, M. D. (1988).The role of individual differences in the cooperation learning of technical material.Journal of Educational Psychology,80(2),172-178.
Hall, R. H.,Dansereau, D. F., & O’Donnell, A. M. (1987,April).Subjective graphing of metacogntive,affective,and social processing.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Siuthwestern Psychological Association, New Orleans,LA.
Heleen, O. (1987).Cooperative classrooms:Implementing copperative learning:One district’s experience.Wquity and Choice,3,19-26.
Helmreich, R. L., & Spence, J. T.(1978).Work and family orientation questionnaire:An objective instrument to assess components of achievement motivation and attitudes toward family and career.Journal of Supplment Abstracts Service,8,35.
Horton, L. G.(1986).A whole language unit for ninth graders English Journal, 75, 56-57.
Hwong, N.L. (1986). The effects of cooperative and individualistic learning structures on prospective elementary teachers` music achievement and attitudes ( instructional methods,small group, methods). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47., 403.
Hythecker, V.I., Dansereau, D.F"IO`Donnell, A.M., Larson, C.O., Lambiotte, J. G., Rocklin, T., & Young, M.D. (1985, April).
The development and evaluation of a strategy for procedure learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Fort Worth, TX.
Hythecker, V. I. (1985). A modified procedure learning strategy:Development and evaluation (cooperative, technical training, motor enactment). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 4044.
Jackson, J.M., & Williams, K.S. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942.
Johnson, D.W., & Others (1986a). Different cooperative learning procedures and cross-handicap relationships. Exceptional Children, 53, 247-252.
Johnson, R.T., Johnson, D.W., & Stanne, M. (1986b). Comparison of computer-assisted cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning. American Educational Research Journal, 23,382-392.
Johnson. R.T., & Johnson, D.W. (1986). Action research: Cooperative learning in the science classroom. Science and Children, 24, 31-32.
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1985). Relationships between Black and White students in intergroup cooperation and competition, Journal of Social Psychology, 125(4), 421-428.
Johnson, R.T., Johnson, D.W., & Stanne, M. (1985). Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 668-677.
Johnson, D. W., Maruyama. G" Johnson, R., & Nelson, D. (1981).Effects of cooperative, competitive. and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 89(1),47-62.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1975). Learning together and alone. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (974). Instructional goal structure: Cooperative, competitive, or individualistic.Review of Educational Research, 44, 213-230.
Johnson. H.S. (966). The relationship of scores on aptitude and achievement test taken at late elementary and junior high school levels to scholarship in ninth grade. Dissertation Abstracts International, 26, 4449.
Kalkowski, P. (988). Communication in cooperative learning groups. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Kerr, N. L. (983). Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,45, 819-828.
Kerr, N.L., & Brun, S.E. (1983). Dispensability of member-effort ,and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 78-94.
Kohli, P.W. (1968). An analysis of differential aptitude test scores and prediction of high school academic performance.Dissertation Abstracts International, 29, 2528.
Lambiotte, J.G., Dansereau, D.F., Rocklin, T.R., Fletcher, B., Hythecker. R.I., Larson, C.O., & O`Donnell, A.M. (1987).Cooperative learning and test-taking: Transfer of skills.Contemporary Educational Psychology, 12, 52-61.
Lambiotte, J.G., Dansereau, D.F., Hythecker, V.I., O`Donnell, A. M ., Young, M. D., & Rocklin, T. R . (1986, April). Technical learning strategies: Acquisition of structural and functional information. Paper presented at the annual Meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association,Fort Worth, TX.
Lambiotte, J.G. (986). Effects of cognitive strategies and cooperative scripts on technical learning. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 2285.
Larson, D.O., Dansereau, D.F., O`Donnell, A.M., Hythecker, V.I., Lambiotte, J. G .,& Rocklin, T. R. ( 1985). Effects of metacognitive and elaborative activity on cooperative learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 10, 342-348.
Larson, C.O., Dansereau, D.F., O`Donnell, A.M., Hythecker, V. I., Lambiotte, J.G., & Rocklin, T.R. (1984). Verbal ability and cooperative learning: Transfer of effects. Journal Reading Behavior, 16, 289-295.
Lauderbach, K.A. (986). Cooperative and individual learning activities: Their effects on performance in visualization of multiview orthographic projections ( spatial, visualization ability ). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 1294.
Lawson, M.J. (1980). Metamemory: Making decisions about strategies . In J.R. Kirby & J.B. Briggs (Eds.), Cognition,development, and instruction. New York: Academic Press.
Lazarowitz, R., & Others (1988). Academic achievement and on-task behavior of high school biology students instructed in a cooperative small investigative group. Science Education,72(4), 475-487.
Lieberman, A. (1987). The everpresent theory/practice question.Teaching Education, 1(1), 68-72.
Libert, R.M., & Morris, L.W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data.Psychology Reports,20, 975 - 978 .
Logan, T.F. (1986). Cooperative learning: A Review from the Inside. Social Studies, 77, 123-126.
Madden, L. (988). Improve reading attitudes of poor readers through cooperative reading teams. Reading Teacher, 42,194-199.
Madden, N.A., & Others (1986). Reading instruction in the mainstream: A cooperative learning approach. Report No.5. Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools,Baltimore, MD .
Magid, A. (1988). Cooperative communication: A study of group interaction. Paper presented at the Annual Symposium on developmental/Remedial Education of the New York College Learning Skills Association.
Maring , G.H., & Others (1985). Five cooperative learning strategies for mainstreamed youngsters in content area classrooms. Reading Teacher, 3, 318-313.
Marino, L., & Johnson, D.W. (1979). Cooperative and individualistic experiences among disabled and normal children. Journal of Social Psychology, 107(2), 177-183.
Mayer, R. E. (1986). Educational Psychology:A Cognitive Approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
McBride, S.D., & Dwyer, F.M. (1985). Organizational chunking and post questions in facilitating student ability to profit from visualized instruction. Journal of Experimental Education, 53, 148-155.
McCollum, M.A.B. (1988). Achievement and retention in probability and statistics: A comparison of two teaching strategies.Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 892.
McCroskey J.C. & Andersen J.F. (1976). The relationship between communication apprehension and academic achievement among college students, Human Communication Research, 3(1), 73-81.
McCroskey J.C. (1970). Measures of communication-bound anxiety.Speech Monographs , 37, 269 - 277 .
McDonald, B.A., Larson, C.O., Dansereau, D.F., & Spurlin, J.E. (1985). Cooperative dyads: Impact on text learning and transfer. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 10, 369-377.
McManus. G .. & Kirby, D. (1988). Research in the Classroom: Using peer group instruction to teaching writing. ,English Journal,77(3). 78-79.
Merebah, S.A.A. (1987). Cooperative learning in science: A comparative study in Saudi Arabia. Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 892.
Michaels, J.W. (1977). Classroom reward structure and academic performance. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 87-89.
Miller, L., & Hamblin, R. (963). Interdependence, differential rewarding, and productivity. American Sociological Review, 8, 768-778.
Morris, L.W., Davis, M.A., & Hutchings, C.H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541-555 .
Myers, J., & Lemon, C. (1988). The Jigsaw strategy: Cooperative learning in socia1 studies. History and Social Science Teacher, 24, 18-22.
Muller, S.G., & Percy,L.M. (1976). Reaching today`s youth. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 3(4), 17-18.
Newson, R.S., & Gatte, A.J.H. (1971). Prose learning: An effects of pretesting and reduction of passage length. Psychological Reports, 28, 123-129.
O`Donnell, A.M., Dansereau, D. f., Hall, R. h., & Rockl in, T. R. (1987). Cognitive, social/affective, and metacognitive outcomes of scripted cooperative learning. Journal of Education Psychology, 79, 431-437.
O`Donnell, A.M. (1986). Cooperative procedural learning: The effects of planning and prompting activities ( text processing, performance, technical training ). Dissertation Abstracts International,47, 3561.
O`Donnell, A.M., Dansereau, D.r., Rocklin, T.R., Hythecker, V. I. , Lambiotte, J. G. , Larson, C. O . I & Young M. D . (1985 a) .Effects of elaboration frequency on cooperative learning.Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 572-580.
O`Donnell, A.M., Dansereau, D.f., Rocklin, T.R., Lambiotte, J.G., Hythecker, V.1., & Larson, C.O. (1985b). Cooperative writing:. Direct effects and transfer. Written Communication,2, 307-315.
Okebukola, P.A. (986). Cooperative learning and students` attitudes to laboratory work. School Science and Mathematics, 86, 582-290.
Osterhouse, R.A. (1972). Desensitization and study-skills training as treatment for two types of test-anxious students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 381-387.
Phye, G.D. & Andre, T. (198,6). Cognitive classroom learning:Understanding, thinking, and problem solving. New York: Academic Press. INC.
Postman, L., & Kruisi, E. (1977). The influence of orienting tasks on the encoding and recall of words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 353-369.
Powers W. & Smythe M.J. (1988). Communication apprehension and achievement in a performance-oriented basic communication course. Human Communication Research, 6(2), 146-152.
Pressley, G.M. (1976). Mental-imagery helps 8-year-olds remember what they read. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 355-359.
Prusank D.T. & Comadena M.E. (1987). Communication apprehension and acdemic achievement among elementary school students,(ERIC Document Reproduction Service, No.ED283366).
Radebaugh, M.R., & Lazemek, F.E. (1989). Cooperative learning in college reading and study skills classes. Journal of Reading , 32, 414-418.
Rangel, L.E. (1987). The effect of cooperative learning on the spelling skills, self-concept, and locus-of-control of below average learners. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49,719.
Ratzki, A. (1988). Creating a school community: One model of how it can be done. American Educator: The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers. 10-17.
Reder, L.M., & Anderson, J.R . (1988). A comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19 , 121 - 134 .
Ringdahl, S., & Others. (1986). "Thank you for working with me":Experiment in cooperative learning. Passage, 2(3), 26-29.
Salend, S.J. , & Washin, B. (988). Team-assisted individualization with handicapped adjudicated youth. Exceptional Children, 55, 174-188.
Scott, T.M. (1984). The effects of cooperative learning environments on relationships with peers, attitudes toward self and school, and achievement in spelling of ethnically diverse elementary students ( interdependent, integration,
student-teams, multi-ethnic, minority). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 1583.
Scott M.D. & Wheeless L.R. (1977). Instructional communication theory and research: An overview, Communicaton Yearbook 1,495-511.
Sengendo, A.B.K. (1987). The effects of computer-assisted cooperative learning on the science achievement and attitudes of American Indian students. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 1435 .
Sharan, S. (1988). Cooperative learning In small groups: Recent methods and effects on achievement, attitudes, and ethnic relations. Review of Educational Research, 56, 241-171.
Sharan, S., & Sharan, Y. (1976). Small-group teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Simon, H.A. (1975) .The functional equvalence of problem-solving skills. Cognitive Science, L 268-288.
Simons, R.H., & Bibb, J.J. (1974). Achievement motivation, test anxiety, and underachievement in the elementary school.Journal of Educational Research, 67, 366-369.
Singer, R. E. (1978). Motor ski11 sand 1eaarner strategies. In H.F. O`Neil, Jr. (Ed.), Learning Strategies (pp.79-186). New York: Longman.
S1avin, R. E. (1989). Research on cooperative 1earning :Consensus and controversy. Educational Leadership, 47(4),52-54.
Slavin, R.E. (1987a). Cooperative learning: Where behavioral and humanistic approaches to classroom motivation meet.Elementary School Journal, 88, 29-37.
Slavin, R.E. (1987b). Cooperative learning and the cooperative school. Educational Leadership, 45, 7-13.
Slavin, R.E. (1985). Cooperative learning: Applying contact theory in desegregated schools. Journal of Social Issues,43-62.
Slavin, R.E. (1984). Students motivating students to excel:Cooperative incentives, cooperative tasks, and student achievement.Elementary.Schools.Journal,85, 53-63.
Slavin, R.E., & Others (1984a). Combining cooperative learning and individualized instruction: Effects on student mathematics achievement, attitude, and behaviors. Elementary School Journal, 84, 409-422.
Slavin, R.E., & Others (1984b). Effects of team assisted individualization on the mathematics achievement of academically handicapped and nonhandicapped students.Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 813-819.
Slavin, R. E . (1983). Studen team learning:An overview and practical guide. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
Slavin, R.E. (1980). Cooperative learning. Review of Educational Research, 58. 315-342.
Slavin, R. (1977). Classroom reward structure: An analytica1 and pratical review. Review of Educational Research,47, 633-651.
Smith, K.A., Johnson, D.W . , & Johnson, .R.T. (984). Effects of controversy on learning in cooperative groups. Journal of Social Pshchology, 122, 199 - 289.
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spitz, H.H., Webster, N.A., & Borgs, S.V. (982). Further studies of the TOH problem-solving performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children. Developmental Psychology,18, 922-930.
Spurlin, J.E., Dansereau. D.F., Larson, C.O., & Brooks, L.W. (1984). Cooperative learning strategies in processing descriptive text: Effects of role and activity level of the learner. Cognition and Instruction, 1, 451-463.
Stevens, R. J., & Others (1987). Cooperative integrated reading and composition :Two field experiments. Report No. 10.Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools,Baltimore, MD.
Tryon, G.S. (1980). The measure and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Reseach. 58, 343-372.
Tulving, E., &Thomson, D. M. (1973).Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.Psychological RE-viewer,90,352-373.
Van, O., Jan, P., & Others (1987).Effect of cooperation and shared feedback on spelling achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology,79,92-94.
Warring, D., & Others (1985).Impect of differents types of cooperative learning on cross-ethnic and cross-sex relation-ships.Journal of Educational Psychology,77,53-59.
Watson, M. S., & Others (1988).Cooperative learning as a means of promoting prosocial development among kindergarten and early primary-grade children. International Journal of Social Education,3(2),34-37.
Webb, N. M. (1984).Sex differences in interaction and achievement in cooperative small groups.Journal of Educational Psychology,76,33-44.
Weinstein, C. E. (1978).Elaboration skills as a learning strategy.In H. F. O’Neil(Ed.),Learning strategies (pp.31-55).New York:Academic Press.
William D., & Erin, P. (1989).Critical distinctions among three approaches to peer education.International Journal of Educational Research,13(1),9-19.
Wittmaier, B. C. (1972).Test anxiety and study habits.Journal of Educational Research,65,352-354.
Yager, S., Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1985). Oral discussion, group-to-individual transfer, and achievement in cooperative learning groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 60-66.
Yager, S., & Others (1986). The impact of group processing on achievement in cooperative learning groups. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 398-397.
Yager, S. (1985). The effects of cooperative and individualistic learning experience on positive and negative cross-handicap relationships. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 10,127-38.
Zajonc, R. B . (1965). Socia1 facilitation. Science, 149, 269 - 274 .
Zamrod, M.Z. (1987). Cooperative active reading for physical education in Malaysian elementary schools: Guidelines for designing care games. Dissertation Abstracts International,48, 77.
lemor, R. (1975). Systematic desensitization as a method of teaching a general anxiety-reducing ski 11. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 157-161. |
