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    政大機構典藏 > 法學院 > 法律學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/86010
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/86010


    Title: 憲法變遷與憲法解釋--東歐民族轉型國家憲法法院建制及其功能之評析
    Constitutional Change and Constitutional Interpretation
    Authors: 趙晏玲
    Chao, Yen-Ling
    Contributors: 法治斌
    Fa, Jyh-Pin
    趙晏玲
    Chao, Yen-Ling
    Keywords: 憲法變遷
    憲法解釋
    憲法法院
    東歐
    Date: 1998
    Issue Date: 2016-04-22 13:44:42 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 台灣自一九九O年代起所展開階段式、議題切割式的修憲進程,不論在實質議題或修憲程序上,都引起廣泛辯論與質疑。事實上,台灣在民主轉型過程中,所面臨獨特的國家認同與代表性的困境,相對應的在憲法變遷的策略擇取上也呈現獨特性。面對台灣社會將憲法變遷的主軸置於政治部門的角力,憲法學者亦開始關切釋憲機制在引導國家發展與社會變遷的功能定位。究竟民主轉型國家憲法變遷的主軸應是以政治部門為決策中心,抑是釋憲機能也是不可或缺的主導者,與政治部門共同形塑憲法變遷的內涵,是本文研究的初始動機。
    "台灣自一九九O年代起所展開階段式、議題切割式的修憲進程,不論在實質議題或修憲程序上,都引起廣泛辯論與質疑。事實上,台灣在民主轉型過程中,所面臨獨特的國家認同與代表性的困境,相對應的在憲法變遷的策略擇取上也呈現獨特性。面對台灣社會將憲法變遷的主軸置於政治部門的角力,憲法學者亦開始關切釋憲機制在引導國家發展與社會變遷的功能定位。究竟民主轉型國家憲法變遷的主軸應是以政治部門為決策中心,抑是釋憲機能也是不可或缺的主導者,與政治部門共同形塑憲法變遷的內涵,是本文研究的初始動機。
    一般論及民主憲政之運作與憲法變遷理論,往往以美國為典範。但在民主素養深厚的公民社會所發展的憲法變遷理論,是否適合不曾具有民主經驗的轉型國家,就值得進一步深入探討。就此而言,東歐民主化歷程,即提供全球憲法學者研究憲法變遷理論另一個思考點。隨著1989年代共黨政權的解體,在政治、經濟與社會轉型的壓力下,東歐面臨劇烈而根本的憲法變遷歷程。若欲全盤套用西方式民主憲政理論,勢必面臨嚴重挑戰,而有適度修正與重新詮釋的必要。在此前提下,東歐各國對全新建立的憲法法院,期待其承載何種轉型功能,而在實際運作結果其又發揮何種轉型功能,是本文所提出之第一個問題。其次,從東歐憲法法院的運作經驗,提供釋憲機能在引導民主轉型與鞏固的可能性或必要性。若肯認其與政治部門立於同等地位,皆是憲法變遷的決策機制,則要如何回應來自當代憲政主義的質疑—即司法反民主多數決之困境,是本文所提出之第二個問題。最後,對照東歐各國憲法法院的運作經驗,台灣釋憲機能有何獨特之處、有何值得向東歐借鏡之處,為本文提出之第三個問題。
    就本文結構而言,首先在第二章進行理論建構,可分為三個主軸:其一,說明民主與憲政主義之一般意涵,及二者間的關聯性。其二,則是說明民主轉型與憲法變遷的關聯性,並提出憲法變遷的途徑。建立在前二者的理解下,說明憲法解釋作為憲法變遷途徑之一的功能與侷限。在第三章則提出東歐民主轉型與憲政改革的獨特處。首先概述東歐民主轉型的動力與憲政改革的策略,其次則說明轉型任務與所遭遇的挑戰、憲政改革內容與憲政主義規範要求的契合與背離,最後則嘗試重新詮釋憲政主義在東歐所具有的意涵。在第四章整理東歐憲法法院的制度與議題因應,先指出東歐憲法法院之制度功能取向,再進一步觀察東歐憲法法院如何回應第三章所提出之轉型議題,提出其所建構之憲政主義。在第五章則進一步評析東歐憲法法院對民主轉型與鞏固所能發揮之功能,並檢視其得以在民主轉型過程中積極建構憲政主義之因素。最後回應第一章所建構之理論,重新思考民主轉型國家之釋憲機能,在引導憲法變遷之可能性或必要性,及其與民主的關聯性。最後在第六章結論部分,提出研究發現並反思我國的釋憲機能。
    就本文論點而言,針對第一個問題,本文認為東歐各國大多重視憲法法院此一機制,且為因應民主轉型之需求,憲法法院之制度功能取向並非全然偏重於權利保障之面向,毋寧更著重於政治運作之合憲性控制。而觀察憲法法院對轉型議題之回應,更加證明僅就政治部門之運作來理解憲政主義在東歐民主轉型之意義,的確有所不足。回顧過去威權統治時代之憲法僅是紙上之宣示或壓迫之工具,憲法法院經由建構法治主義而彰顯憲法保障人權之實效性,形塑朝向未來之憲政主義。本文發現憲法法院對東歐民主轉型與鞏固,可發揮以下功能:(1)引導新憲政秩序之功能;(2) 權力分立之制衡功能;(3)抵制議會之派系政治與維持議會整合之功能;(4)有助於市民社會形成之功能。
    其次就第二個問題,雖然在學者間雖存在兩種極端的評價:有主張東歐憲法法院應更為謹慎與自制,始有助於東歐民主之健全與鞏固;反之,則是認為就東歐憲法法院實際的運作,已彌補憲法正當性之不足。本文認為應立於轉型的觀點,肯認東歐憲法法院在引導民主轉型與鞏固的積極性角色,其在建構法治主義、保障人權之同時,亦在解決政治爭議並彌補政治運作之缺失。立於當代憲政主義之觀點,認為司法應較為被動與消極的主張,並不適合於政治劇烈變動的東歐民主轉型國家。
    最後就第三個問題,本文認為相較於全新建立的東歐憲法法院以社會高度期待作為正當性基礎,大法官背負沈重的歷史包袱,本身即是改革對象、亦處於轉型過程。雖然如此,大法官逐案修正過去不合時宜的解釋,其實已逐步建立其解釋權威並重新塑造釋憲機關的形象。大法官實應正視其在民主轉型過程中可發揮之功能,適時為政治運作劃下憲法界限,不但有助於彰顯憲法的規範性質,並且正是我國民主轉型的重要進程。

    第一章 緒 論 1
    1. 研究動機 1
    2. 問題提出 4
    3. 研究範圍與方法 5
    3.1. 研究範圍之界定 5
    3.2. 研究方法之說明 7
    4. 本文論點 8
    5. 本文結構 9
    第二章 基本理論的建構 13
    1. 民主與憲政主義 13
    1.1. 民主的概念 13
    1.2. 憲政主義的內涵 15
    1.2.1. 古典憲政主義 15
    1.2.2. 當代憲政主義 17
    1.3. 憲政民主:衝突或調和? 21
    2. 民主轉型與憲法變遷 22
    2.1. 民主轉型與憲法變遷的互動 23
    2.1.1. 民主轉型促動憲法變遷 24
    2.1.2. 憲法變遷引導民主轉型並鞏固民主成果 25
    2.2. 憲法變遷的理論模型 26
    2.2.1. 理論的緣起 26
    2.2.2. 模型的建構 28
    2.2.3. 憲法解釋作為憲法變遷的途徑 32
    3. 憲法解釋的功能與侷限 32
    3.1. 司法審查之功能 36
    3.1.1. 保存人民意志 36
    3.1.2. 完善民主程序 37
    3.1.3. 解釋憲法原則 39
    3.2. 司法審查之侷限 40
    3.2.1. 阻礙民主程序之運作 41
    3.2.2. 欠缺改革之有效性 43
    3.2.3. 司法制度本質上之限制 44
    3.3. 釋憲者之態度 45
    4. 小結 47
    第三章 東歐民主轉型與憲政主義 51
    1. 東歐民主轉型的動力與憲政改革策略 52
    1.1. 民主轉型動力 52
    1.1.1. 外來壓力 52
    1.1.2. 內在需求 54
    1.2. 憲政改革策略 55
    1.2.1. 圓桌會談與大選 56
    1.2.2. 漸進式修憲與全新制憲 57
    2. 民主轉型的任務與挑戰 59
    2.1. 議會民主與代表性不足的困境 60
    2.2. 處理過去:與過去的決裂或延續 62
    2.2.1. 懲罰過去不義的行為 62
    2.2.2. 回復過去不當徵收的財產 66
    2.3. 市民社會的欠缺與建構 68
    3. 憲政改革的內容 69
    3.1. 修憲程序 70
    3.2. 權力分立 71
    3.3. 基本人權 73
    4. 轉型的憲政主義 75
    4.1. 以漸進式修憲來解決議會代表性不足的困境 75
    4.2. 以轉型正義來劃分舊威權時代與新民主時代 77
    4.3. 以社會權的憲法整合功能來提供市民社會的形成基礎 80
    4.4. 小結 82
    第四章 東歐憲法法院的建制與議題因應 85
    1. 程序建制 86
    1.1. 制度特色 86
    1.1.1. 集中型與抽象審查 86
    1.1.2. 法官代表性與獨立性的折衝 90
    1.1.3. 權限廣泛 92
    1.1.4. 聲請途徑有限 95
    1.2. 功能取向 97
    2. 議題因應 99
    2.1. 權限爭議之仲裁 100
    2.1.1. 中央權力部門之權限爭議 100
    2.1.2. 中央與地方權限之衝突 102
    2.2. 轉型正義與法治主義之調和 103
    2.2.1. 法安定性原則之確立 103
    2.2.2. 平等原則之確立 108
    2.3. 基本權之保障與社會權之可司法性 112
    2.3.1. 少數民族政治參與權之確保 112
    2.3.2. 社會福利立法與既得權之保障 113
    2.4. 小結:形塑朝向未來之憲政主義 117
    第五章 東歐憲法法院之功能評析 121
    1. 憲法法院在民主轉型與鞏固之功能 121
    1.1. 新憲政秩序的引導功能 122
    1.2. 權力分立的制衡功能 124
    1.3. 派系政治的抵制與維持功能 126
    1.3.1. 抵制功能 126
    1.3.2. 維持功能 127
    1.4. 市民社會的形成功能 129
    1.5. 小結 131
    2. 因素分析 135
    2.1. 憲法層面 135
    2.1.1. 修憲程序 135
    2.1.2. 社會權與公私領域劃分 137
    2.1.3. 國際法的憲法化 138
    2.2. 程序層面 140
    2.2.1. 權限、聲請途徑與議題承載 140
    2.2.2. 憲法解釋的拘束力 142
    2.3. 釋憲者層面 144
    2.4. 社會層面 145
    2.5. 小結 146
    3. 司法積極:鞏固民主或削弱民主? 147
    3.1. 對司法積極的質疑 148
    3.1.1. 憲法正當性薄弱而有司法謹慎的必要 148
    3.1.2. 議會民主強化的需求而有弱化司法的必要 148
    3.2. 對司法積極的肯認 150
    3.2.1. 彌補憲法正當性薄弱之缺失 150
    3.2.2. 制衡議會民主之弊病 151
    3.3. 轉型觀點:憲法法院之階段性功能 152
    第六章 結論 157
    1. 研究發現 157
    2. 對我國釋憲機制的反思 161
    2.1. 憲改議題之概述 161
    2.2. 釋憲機能之評析 164
    3. 結語 169
    附錄﹔東歐憲法法院選任制度與權限一覽表 171
    參考文獻 175
    Reference: 一、中文文獻
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    15. 高朗,從修憲後總統權力看政府體制問題,中山社會科學,7卷2期,頁13(1992)
    16. 陳慈揚,預算案之性質暨預算審查權行使之範圍之限制—評析司法院大法官會議第三九一號解釋文,月旦法學,9期,頁69(1996)
    17. 陳慈陽,論憲法核心部份理論之實證化及其難題(上)、(下),中興法學,39、40期,頁27、1(1995、1996)
    18. 陳愛娥,大法官憲法解釋權之界限—由功能法的觀點出發,憲政時代,24卷3期,頁170(1998)
    19. 湯德宗,司法院大法官有關「權力分立原則」解釋之研析(上)、(下),政大法學評論,54、55期,頁19、1(1995、1996)
    20. 曾建元,九O年代國民黨主導下台灣憲政改革之研究,憲政時代,22卷3期,頁97(1997)
    21. 張嘉尹,憲法解釋理論之研究,台大法研所碩士論文(1992)
    22. 黃昭元,違憲但不立即無效,月旦法學,12期,頁31(1996)
    23. 楊與齡,大法官第二六一號解釋與我國憲政發展--「萬年國會」的形成與終結,憲政時代,23卷3期,頁3(1997)。
    24. 葉俊榮,美國憲法變遷的軌跡:司法解釋與憲法修正的兩難,美國月刊,3卷9期,頁75(1989)
    25. 葉俊榮,司法院大法官附期限憲法解釋的分析,人文及社會科學研究彙刊,6卷1期,頁1(1996)
    26. 葉俊榮,從國家發展與憲法變遷論大法官的釋憲機能:一九四九至一九九八,台大法學論叢,第28卷2期,頁2(1999)
    27. 葉俊榮,九七憲改與台灣憲法變遷的模式,台大法學論叢,27卷2期,頁22(1998)
    28. 董保城,修憲界限之探討,憲政時代,17卷2期,頁19(1991)
    29. 廖元豪,論共和主義的政治哲學對美國憲法思想基礎及實務的影響,憲政時代,20卷3期,頁80(1995)
    30. 蔡茂寅,立法院之預算增額修正權—評司法院大法官釋字三九一號解釋,月旦法學,9期,頁63(1996)
    31. 蔡宗珍,政黨政治的迷思—從九七憲改的政黨運作論我國憲政體制下政黨的定位、發展及其危機,台大法學論叢,27卷2期,頁49(1998)
    32. 蘇永欽,財產權的保障與司法審查,國科會研究會刊:人文及社會科學,6卷1期,頁51(1996)
    33. 蘇永欽,試釋違憲,台大法學論叢,24卷2期,頁221(1995)
    34. 蘇永欽,改革需要全新的歷史視野與成本觀念—談我國違憲審查制度的改革方向,月旦法學,42期,頁31(1998)
    C. 研討會資料
    1. 劉義周,我國憲法變遷的動力,「戰後台灣政治發展」學術研討會,中國政治學會主辦(1995.10.21-22)
    二、英文文獻
    A. 專書論著
    1. ACKERMAN, BRUCE, THE FUTURE OF LIBERAL REVOLUTION (1992).
    2. ACKERMAN, BRUCE, WE THE PEOPLE: FOUNDATIONS (1991).
    3. BICKEL, ALEXANDER A., THE LEAST DANGEROUS BRANCH: THE SUPREME COURT AT THE BAR OF POLITICS (1962).
    4. BUDGE, IAN & MCKAY, DAVID ED., DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY (1994).
    5. CHEMERINSKY, ERWIN, INTERPRETING THE CONSTITUTION (1987).
    6. COUNCIL OF EUROPE, THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, 15 SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE OF DEMOCRACY (1995).
    7. COUNCIL OF EUROPE, THE ROLE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE RULE OF LAW, 10 SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE OF DEMOCRACY (1994).
    8. DICK HOWARD, A. E. ED., CONSTITUTION MAKING IN EASTERN EUROPE (1993).
    9. DWORKIN, R., LAW`S EMPIRE (1986).
    10. DWORKIN, R., TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY (1977).
    11. ELKIN, STEPHEN L. &SOLTAN, KAROL EDWARD EDS., NEW CONSTITUTIONALISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FOR A GOOD SOCIETY (1993).
    12. ELSTER, JON & SLAGSTAD, RUNE EDS., CONSTITUTIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY (1988).
    13. ELY, JOHN H., DEMOCRACY AND DISTRUST (1980).
    14. GREENBERG, DOUGLAS ET AL. EDS., CONSTITUTIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY: TRANSITIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD (1993).
    15. HASSALL, GRAHAM & SAUNDERS, CHERYL eds., THE PEOPLE`S REPRESENTATIVES-ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION (1997).
    16. HENKIN, LOUIS, CONSTITUTIONALISM, DEMOCRACY, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS (1990).
    17. HESSE, JOACHIM JENS & JOHNSON, NEVIL ED., CONSTITUTIONAL POLICY AND CHANGE IN EUROPE (1995).
    18. KELMAN, M., A GUIDE TO CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (1987).
    19. KRITZ ED, NEIL J., TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: VOLUME II (1995).
    20. LEVINSON, SANDFORD ED., RESPONDING TO IMPERFECTION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT (1995).
    21. LINZ, JUAN J. & STEPAN, ALFRED, PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND CONSOLIDATION (1996).
    22. MCADAMS, A. JAMES ED., TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW IN NEW DEMOCRACIES (1997).
    23. MULLERSON, REIN ET AL. EDS., CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN CENTRA AND EASTERN EUROPE (1998).
    24. PAVKOVIĆ, ALEKSANDAR ET AL. EDS., NATIONALISM AND POSTCOMMUNISM (1995).
    25. PERRY, MICHAEL J., THE CONSTITUTION IN THE COURTS (1994).
    26. ROSENBERG, GERALD N., THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE?343 (1991).
    27. ROSENFOLD, MICHEL ED., CONSTITUTIONALISM, IDENTITY, DIFFERENCE, AND LEGITIMACY (1994).
    28. STOTZKY, IRWIN P. ED., TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA: THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY (1993).
    29. SUNSTEIN, CASS R., THE PARTIAL CONSTITUTION (1993).
    30. Tate, Neal & Vallinder, Torbjörn eds., THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF JUDICIAL POWER (1995)
    31. VILE, JOHN R., CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS, JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS, AND LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE ACTIONS (1994).
    32. WOLFE, CHRISTOPHER, JUDICIAL ACTIVISM (1991).
    B. 期刊論文
    1. Adams, Kif Augustine, What Is Just?: The Rule of Law and Natural Law in the Trials of Former East German Border Guards, 29 STAN. J. INT`L L. 271 (1993).
    2. Arato, Andrew, The Constitution-Making Endgame in Hungary, 5 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 35(Fall 1996).
    3. Arnold, Jorg in collaboration with Silverman, Emily, Regime Change, State Crime and Transitional Justice: A Criminal Law Retrospective Concentrating on Former Eastern Bloc Countries, 6 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 140 (1998).
    4. Attorney, Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen&Hamilton, Contextualizing the Calculus of Consent: Judicial Review of Legislative Wealth Transition to Democracy and Beyond, 27 CORNELL INT`L L. J. 303 (1994).
    5. Bach, Stanley & Benda, Susan, Parliamentary Rules and Judicial Review in Romania, 4 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 49 (Summer 1995).
    6. Bevier, Lillian R., Judicial Restraint: An Argument From Institutional Design, 17 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL`Y 7 (1994).
    7. Brzezinski, Mark F. & Garlicki, Leszek, Judicial Review in Post-Communist Poland: The Emergence of a Rechtsstaat?, 31 STAN. J. INT`L L. 13 (1995).
    8. Brzezinski, Mark F., Constitutional Heritage and Renewal: The Case of Poland, 77 VA. L. REV. 49 (1991).
    9. Brzezinski, Mark F., Constitutionalism Within Limits, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 38 (1993 Spring).
    10. Chemerinsky, Erwin, Foreward: The Vanishing Constitution, 103 HARV. L. REV. 43 (1989).
    11. Cohen, Stanley, State crimes of Previous Regimes: Knowledge, Accountability, and the Policing of the Past, 20 L. & SOC. INQUIRY 7 (Winter 1995).
    12. Colomer, Josep M., Strategies and Outcomes in Eastern Europe, 6 JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY 73 (1995).
    13. Council of Europe, The Composition of Constitutional Courts, 20 Science and Technique of Democracy 1(1997).
    14. Devins, Neal, Judicial Matters: The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? By Gerald N. Rosenberg., 80 CALIF. L. REV. 1027 (1992).
    15. Dimitrov, Hristo D., Note: The Bulgarian Constitutional Court and Its Interpretive Jurisdiction, 37 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT`L L. 459 (1999).
    16. Ellis, Mark S., Accountability for International Crime and Serious Violations of Fundamental Human Rights: Purging the Past: The Current State of Lustration Laws in the Former Communist, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROB. 181(1996).
    17. Elster, Jon & Holmes, Stephen, New Constitutions Adopted in Bulgaria and Romania, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 11 (Spring 1992).
    18. Elster, Jon, Bargaining Over the Presidency, 2-3 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 95 (Fall 1993/Winter 1994).
    19. Elster, Jon, Constitution–Making in Eastern Europe: Rebuilding the Boat in the Open Sea, 71 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 169 (1993).
    20. Elster, Jon, Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe: An Introduction, 58 U. CHI. L. REV. 447 (1991).
    21. Elster, Jon, Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process, 45 DUKE LAW JOURNAL 364 (1995).
    22. Elster, Jon, On Doing What One Can, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 15(Summer 1992).
    23. Elster, Jon, On Majoritarianism and Rights, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 19(Fall 1992).
    24. Ely, John H., Another Such Victory: Constitutional Theory and Practice in a World Where Courts Are No Different from Legislatures, 77 VIRGINIA L. REV. 833 (1991).
    25. Fallon, R. H., A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation, 100 HARV. L. REV. 1219 (1987).
    26. Fletcher, George P., Search For the Rule of Law in the Wake of Communism, 1992 BYU L. REV. 145 (1992).
    27. Freeman, Samuel, Original Measning, Democratic Interpretation, and the Constitution, 21 PHILOSOPHY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS 3 (1992).
    28. Friedman Barry, Dialogue and Judicial Review, 91 MICH. L. REV. 577 (1993).
    29. Friedman, Barry, Article: The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part One: The Road to Judicial Supremacy, 73 N.Y. U. L. REV.333 (1998).
    30. Ganev, Venelin I., Feature: Questioning Constitutional Justice: Bulgaria: Interview with Constitutional Court Justices Todor Todorov and Tsanko Hadjistoichev, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 65 (Winter 1997).
    31. Gibney, Mark, Decommunization: Human Rights Lessons from the Past and Present, and Prospects for the Future, 23 DENV. J. INT`L L. & POL`Y 87 (1994).
    32. Gibney, Mark, Prosecuting Human Rights Violations From a Previous Regime: The East European Experience, XXXI E. EUR. Q. 93 (March 1997).
    33. Golove, David, Liberal Revolution, Constitutionalism and the Consolidation of Democracy: A Review of Bruce Ackerman`s the Future of Liberal Revolution, 1993 WIS. L. REV. 1591 (1993).
    34. Graglia, Lino A., Do Judges Have a Policy- Making Role in the American System of Government?, 17 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL`Y 119 (1994).
    35. Grudzinska-Gross, Irena, Feature: Questioning Constitutional Justice:Poland: Interview with Profession Andrzej Zoll, Chief Justice of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 77 (Winter 1997).
    36. Halmai, Gábor, Establishing a State Governed by the Rule of Law in Hungary, 22 REVIEW OF CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN LAW 347 (1996).
    37. Hamburger, Philip A., The Constitution"s Accommodation of Social Chang, 88 MICH. L. REV. 239, 299(1989).
    38. Hochstein, Robert, Note: Jewish Property Restitution in the Czech Republic, 19 B. C. INT`L & COMP. L. REV. 423 (1996).
    39. Holmes, Stephen, A Forum on Restitution, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 32 (Summer 1993).
    40. Holmes, Stephen, Back to the Board, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 21 (Winter 1993).
    41. Holmes, Stephen, The End of Decommunization, 3 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 33 (Summer/Fall 1994).
    42. Horwitz, Morton J., Foreword: The Constitution of Change Legal Foundamentality without Fundamentalism, 107 HAR. L. REV. 30 (1993).
    43. Howard, E. Dick, Constitution – Making in Central and Eastern Europe, 28 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 11 (1994).
    44. Jean-MarieHenckaerts & Stefaan Van der Jeught, Human Rights Propection Under the New Constitutions of Central Europe, 20 LOY. L.A. INT`L & COMP. L.J. 475(1998).
    45. Katz, Elai, On Amending Constitution: The Legitimacy of Constitutional Entrenchment, 29 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 251 (1996).
    46. Kiss, Elisabeth, Do Parties Distort Democracy?, 5 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 73 (Winter 1996).
    47. Klingsberg, Ethan, Judicial Review and Hungary`s Transition from Communism to Democracy: The Constitutional Court, the Continuity of Law, and the Redifinition of Property Rights, 1992 BYU. L. REV. 41 (1992).
    48. Klingsberg, Ethan, Safeguarding the Transition, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 44(Spring 1993).
    49. Klingsberg, Ethan, The State Rebuilding Civil Society: Constitutionalism and the Post-Communist Paradox, 13 MICH. J. INT`L L. 865 (1992).
    50. Kolarova, Rumyana, A Self-Restricting Court, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 48 (Spring 1993).
    51. Kolarova, Rumyana, Tacit Agreements in the Bulgarian Transition to Democracy: Minority Rights and Constitutionalism, 1993 U. CHI. L. SCH. ROUNDTABLE 23 (1993).
    52. Lessig, Lawrence, What Drives Derivability: Responses to Responding to Imperfection, 74 TEXAS L. REV. 839 (1996).
    53. Letowska, Ewa, A Constitution of Possibilities, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 76 ( Spring/Summer 1997).
    54. Lipkin, Robert J., The Anatomy of Constitutional Revolutions, 68 NEBRASKA LAW REVIEW 728(1989).
    55. Loś, Maria, Lustration and Truth Claims: Unfinished Revolutions in Central Europe, 20 L. & SOC. INQUIRY 117 (Winter 1995).
    56. Ludwikowski, Rett R.,“Mixed ”Constitutions-Product of an East- Central European Constitutional Melting Pot, 16 B. U. INT`L L. J. 1 (1998).
    57. Malamud-Goti, Jaime, Transitional Governments in the Breach: Why Punish State Criminals?, 12 HUM. RTS. Q. 1 (1990).
    58. Michnik, Adam & Havel, Václav, Justice or Revenge?, 4 JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY 20 (1993).
    59. Mink, Andras, Feature: Questioning Constitutional Justice: Hungary: Interview with Laszlo Solyom, President of the Hungarian Constitutional Court, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 71 (Winter 1997).
    60. Morvai, Krisztiina, Retroactive Justice Based on International Law: A Recent Decision by the Hungarian Constitutional Court, 2-3 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 32 (Fall 1993/Winter 1994).
    61. Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, Feature: Questioning Constitutional Justice:Romania: Interview with President of the Romanian Constitutional Court, Ion Muraru, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 78 (Winter 1997).
    62. Munzer, Stephen R. & Nickel, James W., Dose the Constitution Mean What It Always Meant?, 77 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW 1029 (1977).
    63. Murphy, Walter F., Ordering of Constitutional Values, 53 S. CAL. L. REV. 703 (1980).
    64. Offe, Claus & Bönker, Frank, A Forum on Restitution, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 30 (Summer 1993).
    65. Osiatynski, Wiktor, Decommunization and Recommunization in Poland, 3 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 36(Summer/Fall 1994).
    66. Paczolay, Peter, Judicial Review of the Compensation Law in Hungary, 13 MICH. J. INT`L L. 806 (1992).
    67. Pogany, Istvan, Constitution Making or Constitutional Transformation in Post-Communist Societies?, XLIV POLITICAL STUDIES 568 (1996).
    68. Posner, Richard A., Constitutional Reviews- The Future of Liberal Revolution, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 35 (Fall 1992).
    69. Preuss, Ulrich K., Restitution vs. Investment, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 22 (Summer 1992).
    70. Quill, Adrienne M., To Prosecute or Not to Prosecute: Problems Encountered in the Prosecution of Former Communist Officials in Germany, Czechslovakia, and the Czech Republic, 7 IND. INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 186 (1996).
    71. Rosenfeld, Michel, Dilemmas of Justice, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 17 (Summer 1992).
    72. Sager, Lawrence G., The Incorrigible Constitution, 65 N. Y. U. L. REV. 893 (1990).
    73. Sajo, Andras, How the Rule of Law Killed Hungarian Welfare Reform, 5 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 31 (Winter 1996).
    74. Sajo, Andras, Reading the Invisible Constitution: Judicial Review in Hungary, 15 OXFORD JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES 253 (1995).
    75. Scheppele, Kim Lane, Women`s Rights in Eastern Europe, 4 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 66 (1995).
    76. Schman, Herman, The New Courts: An Overview, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 28(Spring 1993).
    77. Schwartz, Herman, In Defense of Aiming High, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 35(Fall 1992).
    78. Schwartz, Herman, The East European Constitutional Courts, 13 MICH. J. INT’L L. 741 (1992).
    79. Sharlet, Robert, Chief Justice as Judicial Politician, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 32 (Spring 1993).
    80. Shugart, Matthew S., Of Presidents and Parliements, 2 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 30 (Winter 1993).
    81. Siklova, Jirina, Lustration or the Czech Way of Screening, 5 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 57 (Winter 1996).
    82. Stein, Eric, Devolution or Deconstruction Czecho-Slovak Style, 13 MICH. J. INT’L L. 786 (1992).
    83. Sunstein, Cass, Against Positive Rights, 2 E. EUR. CONST. RRV. 35 (Winter 1993).
    84. Sunstein, Cass, Something Old, Something New, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 18(Spring 1992).
    85. Symposium: Constitutional 〝Refolution〞in the Ex-Communist World: The Rule of Law: September 26, 1996, 12 AM. U. J. INT`L L.&POL`Y 45 (1997).
    86. Teitel, Ruti, Dilemmas of Justice, 1 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 17 (Summer 1992).
    87. Teitel, Ruti, Post-Communist Constitutionalism: A Transitional Perspective, 26 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 167 (1994).
    88. Teitel, Ruti, Transitional Jurisprudence: The Role of Law in Political Transformation, 106 YALE L. J. 2009 (1997).
    89. Trang, Duc V., Beyond the Historical Justice Debate: The Incorporation of International Law and Impact on Constitutional Structures and Rights in Hungry, 28 VAND. J. TRANSNAT`L L. 1 (1995).
    90. Tribe, The Puzzling Persistence of Process-Based Constitutional Theories, 89 THE YALE LAW JOURNAL 1063(1980).
    91. Utter, Robert F. & Lundsgaard, David C., Judicial Review in the New Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Some Thoughts from a Comparative Perspective, 54 OHIO ST. L. J. 559 (1993).
    92. West, Robin, Foreword: Taking Freedom Seriously, 104 HAR. L. REV. 43 (1990).
    93. West, Robin, Progressive and Conservative Constitutionalism, 88 MICH. L. REV. 641(1990).
    94. Yeh, Jiunn-rong, Changing Forces of Constitutional and Regulatory Reform in Taiwan, 4 JOURNAL OF CHINESE LAW 83 (1990).
    95. Zifcak, Spencer, The Battle over Presidential Power in Slovakia, 4 E. EUR. CONST. REV. 61 (Summer 1995).
    C. 網路資訊
    1. Offe, Claus, Cultural Aspects of Constitution: A Note on the Peculiarities of Postcommunist Transformations, 6 E. EUR. CONST. REV. (Fall 1997). ( visited Feb. 4, 1999)
    <http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol7num1/special/culturalaspects.html..>
    2. <http://www.concourt.cz/>
    3. <http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/index.html.>
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學系
    85651015
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001406
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法律學系] 學位論文

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