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    题名: 自閉症兒童臉孔情緒處理之研究
    作者: 蔡佳津
    贡献者: 曾志朗
    蔡佳津
    关键词: 自閉症
    臉部表情
    人臉辨識
    Autism
    Facial expression
    Face recognition
    日期: 2001
    上传时间: 2016-04-15 16:00:07 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 臨床上我們觀察到：自閉症患者在社會互動上有明顯障礙。因此，我們企圖在這個大問題下，以社會互動中最主要的訊息來源—臉部表情為出發點，探討自閉症者所知覺的世界中，他們如何處理臉部表情所展現的情緒訊息及社會意義。
    參考文獻: 一 中文部分
    卓淑玲（民84）。影響臉孔辨識因素之研究--型態調適模式初探。國立台灣大學心理學研究所博士論文（未出版）。
    宋維村（民85）。自閉症診斷的演進及其在教育上的意義。教師天地，73，22-28。
    楊宗仁（民87）。自閉症研究的新趨勢。特教新知通訊，5（5），4-6。
    二 英文部分
    American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association.
    Barry, C., Johnston, R. A., & Scanlan, L. C. (1998). Are faces "special" objects ?associative and semantic priming of face and object recognition and naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5/A (4), 853-882.
    Bemporad, J. R. (1979). Adult recollections of a formerly autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 179-197.
    Bradshaw, J. L., & Wallace, G. (1971). Models for the processing and identification of faces. Perception and Psychophsics, 9, 443-448.
    Braverman, M. (1986). Cognitive measures of affect competence in pervasive developmental disorder. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA.
    Braverman, M. Fein, D., Lucci, D. & Waterhouse, L. (1989). Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental disorders, 19, 301-316.
    Bruce, V. & Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
    Bruce, V. (1988). Recognizing faces. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Asscociates Ltd.
    Bruyer, R. & Velge, V. (1981). Lesions cerebrale unilaterale et trouble de la perception des visages: Specificite du deficit? Acta Neurological Belgica, 81, 321-332.
    Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 29(1), 57-66.
    Clark, V. P., Keil, K., Maisog, J. M., Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of human visual cortex during face matching: a comparison with positron emission topography (PET). Neuroimage, 4, 1-15.
    Cole, J. (約拿罕•柯爾，民87). About face: a natural history of the face, and an unnatural history of those who live without it.（沒有臉孔的人，何穎怡譯）。台北：新新聞。（原著出版年：1998年）
    Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1982). Prosopagnosia: Anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. Neurology, 32, 331-341.
    Diamond, R. & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
    de Gelder, B., Bachoud-Levi, A. C., & Degos, J. D. (1998). Inversion superiority in visual agnosia may be common to a variety of orientation polarized objects besides faces. Vision Research. 38, 2855-2861.
    de Gelder, B., & Rouw, R. (2000). Configural face processes in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia: evidence for two separate face systems ? Neuroreport: an International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience, 11(14), 3145-3150.
    de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69-86.
    Desimone, R. (1991). Face-selective cells in the temporal cortex of monkeys. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 1-8.
    Farah, M. J., Klein, K. L., & Levinson, K. L. (1995). Face perception and within category discrimination in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33, 661-674.
    Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(3), 628-634.
    Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M. & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is "special" about face perception ? Psychological Review. 105(3), 482-498.
    Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Galton, F. (1879). Composite portraits, made by combining those of many different persons into a single, resultant figure. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 8, 132-144.
    Garner, W. R. (1974). The processing of information and structure. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
    Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligence. New York, Basic Books.
    Ginsburg, A. (1978). Visual information processing based on spatial filters constrained by biological data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England.
    Goldstein, A. G. & Chance, J. E. (1980). Memory for faces and schema theory, Journal of Psychology, 105, 47-59.
    Haig, N. D. (1984). The effect of feature displacement on face recognition. Perception, 13, 505-512.
    Harmon, L. D. (1973). The recognition of faces. Scientific American, 227, 71-82.
    Harmon, L. D. & Julesz, B. (1973). June 15 Marking in visual recognition effect of two-dimensional noise. Science, 180, 1194-1197.
    Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Clark, V. P., Schouten, J. L., Hoffman, E. A., & Martin, A. (1999). The effect of face inversion on activity in human ventral systems for face and object perception. Neuron, 22, 189-199.
    Hobson, R. P. (1982). The autistic child’s knowledge of persons. Invited paper for a aymposium on affective and social understanding. BPS Developmental Section Conference, Durham, U. K.
    Hobson, R. P. (1986a). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Children Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321-342.
    Hobson, R. P. (1986b). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion: a further study. Journal of Children Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671-680.
    Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J. & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441-453.
    Humphrey, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlin, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67-103.
    Jennings, W. B. (1973). A study of the preference for affective cues in autistic children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Memphis State University, Memphis, TN.
    Johnson, M. H., & Morton, J. (1991). Biology and cognitive development : the case of face recognition. Cambridge: Blackwell.
    Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact, Nervous Child, 2 217-250.
    Kanwisher, N., Chun, M. M., & McDermott, J. (1997). Functional imaging of human visual recognition. Cognitive Brain Research, 5, 55-67.
    Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255-268.
    Langdell, T. (1981). Face perception: An approach to the study of autism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, London University College, London, U.K.
    Leehey, S., Carey, S., Diamond, R. & Cahn, A. (1978). Upright and inverted faces: The right hemisphere knows the difference. Cortex, 14, 411-419.
    MacDonald, H., Rutter, M., Howlin, P., Rios, P., LeCouteur, A., Evered, C., & Folstein, S. (1989). Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 206-212.
    Mathews, M. L. (1978). Discrimination of Identikit construction of faces: evidence for a dual processing strategy. Perception and Psychophysics, 26, 472-480.
    Miyashita, T. (1988). Discrimination of facial components in autistic children. (English abstract). The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 206-212.
    Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555-604.
    Murray, J. E., Yong, E., & Rhodes, G. (2000). Revisiting the perception of upside-down faces, Psychological Science, 11(6), 492-496.
    Ozonoff, S., Pennington B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(3), 343-361.
    Perterson, M. A., & Gibson, B. S. (1993). Shape recognition inputs to figure ground organization in 3-D displays. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 383-429.
    Peterson, M. A., Harvey, E. M., & Weidenbacher, H. (1991). Shape recognition contribution to figure-ground organization: which routes count ? Journal of Experimental Psychology: human perception & performance, 17, 1075-1089.
    Phillips, R. J., & Rawles, R. E. (1979). Recognition of upright and inverted faces: A correlational study, Perception, 8, 577-583.
    Phillips, R. J. (1979). Some exploratory experiments on memory for photographs of faces. Acta Psychologia, 43, 39-56.
    Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515-526.
    Rapcsak, S. Z., Polster, M. R., Comer, J. F., & Rubens, A. B. (1994). False recognition and misidentification of faces following right hemisphere damage. Cortex, 30, 565-583.
    Ratey, J. J., & Johnson, C. (瑞提與凱薩琳，民88). Shadow syndromes（人人有怪癖，吳壽齡、林睦鳥、林春枝譯）。台北：遠流。（原著出版年：1997年）
    Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinates of facial appearance. Perception, 17, 43-63.
    Rumsey, J. M., Rapoport, J. L., & Sceery, W. R. (1985). Autistic children as adults: psychiatric, social and behavioral outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 465-473.
    Schweinberger, S. R., Burton, A. M. & Kelly, S. W. (1999). Asymmetric dependencies in perceiving identity and emotion: experiments with morphed faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 61(6), 1102-1115.
    Sergent, J. (1984). An investigation into component and configural processes underlying face perception. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 221-242.
    Shah, A. & Frith U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1351-1364.
    Small, M. (1986). Hemisphere differences in the evoked potential to face stumuli. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, I.. Newcombe & Young (Eds), Aspects of face Processing. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
    Smith, E. E. & Nielsen, G. D. (1970). Representations and retrieval processes in short-term memory: recognition and recall of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 397-405.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Farah, M. J. (1991). Second-order relational properties and the inversion effect: testing a theory of face perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 367-372.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 225-245.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Sengco, J. A. (1997). Features and their configuration in face recognition. Memory & Cognition, 25, 583-592.
    Tantam, D., Monagham, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989). Autistic children’s ability to interpret faces: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 623-630.
    Valentine, T. (1986). Encoding processes in face recognition. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
    Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition, British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471-491.
    Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161-204.
    Valentine, T. & Bruce, V. (1986). The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity upon face recognition, Acta Psychologia, 61, 259-273.
    Valentine, T. & Bruce, V. (1988). Mental rotation for faces. Memory and Cognition, 16(6), 556-566.
    Weeks, S. J. & Hobson, R. P. (1987). The salience of facial expression for autistic for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137-152.
    Williams, D. (唐娜•威廉絲，民89). Nobody nowhere.（給曾經是自閉症的我，廖欽龍譯）。台南：基因。（原著出版年：1992年）
    Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141-145.
    Yin, R. K. (1970). Face recognition: A dissociate ability? Neuropsychologia, 23, 305-402.
    Young, A. W., Flude, B. M., Hellawell, D. J., & Ellis, A. W. (1994). The nature of semantic priming effects in the recognition of familiar people. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 393-411.
    Young, A. W., Hellawell, D. & Hay, D. C. (1987). Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 16, 747-759.
    卓淑玲（民84）。影響臉孔辨識因素之研究--型態調適模式初探。國立台灣大學心理學研究所博士論文（未出版）。
    宋維村（民85）。自閉症診斷的演進及其在教育上的意義。教師天地，73，22-28。
    楊宗仁（民87）。自閉症研究的新趨勢。特教新知通訊，5（5），4-6。
    American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association.
    Barry, C., Johnston, R. A., & Scanlan, L. C. (1998). Are faces "special" objects ?associative and semantic priming of face and object recognition and naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5/A (4), 853-882.
    Bemporad, J. R. (1979). Adult recollections of a formerly autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 179-197.
    Bradshaw, J. L., & Wallace, G. (1971). Models for the processing and identification of faces. Perception and Psychophsics, 9, 443-448.
    Braverman, M. (1986). Cognitive measures of affect competence in pervasive developmental disorder. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA.
    Braverman, M. Fein, D., Lucci, D. & Waterhouse, L. (1989). Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental disorders, 19, 301-316.
    Bruce, V. & Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
    Bruce, V. (1988). Recognizing faces. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Asscociates Ltd. Bruyer, R. & Velge, V. (1981). Lesions cerebrale unilaterale et trouble de la perception des visages: Specificite du deficit? Acta Neurological Belgica, 81, 321-332.
    Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 29(1), 57-66.
    Clark, V. P., Keil, K., Maisog, J. M., Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1996). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of human visual cortex during face matching: a comparison with positron emission topography (PET). Neuroimage, 4, 1-15.
    Cole, J. (約拿罕•柯爾，民87). About face: a natural history of the face, and an unnatural history of those who live without it.（沒有臉孔的人，何穎怡譯）。台北：新新聞。（原著出版年：1998年）
    Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1982). Prosopagnosia: Anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. Neurology, 32, 331-341.
    Diamond, R. & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
    de Gelder, B., Bachoud-Levi, A. C., & Degos, J. D. (1998). Inversion superiority in visual agnosia may be common to a variety of orientation polarized objects besides faces. Vision Research. 38, 2855-2861.
    de Gelder, B., & Rouw, R. (2000). Configural face processes in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia: evidence for two separate face systems ? Neuroreport: an International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience, 11(14), 3145-3150.
    de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69-86.
    Desimone, R. (1991). Face-selective cells in the temporal cortex of monkeys. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 1-8.
    Farah, M. J., Klein, K. L., & Levinson, K. L. (1995). Face perception and within category discrimination in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33, 661-674.
    Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(3), 628-634.
    Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M. & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). What is "special" about face perception ? Psychological Review. 105(3), 482-498.
    Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Galton, F. (1879). Composite portraits, made by combining those of many different persons into a single, resultant figure. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 8, 132-144.
    Garner, W. R. (1974). The processing of information and structure. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
    Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligence. New York, Basic Books.
    Ginsburg, A. (1978). Visual information processing based on spatial filters constrained by biological data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England.
    Goldstein, A. G. & Chance, J. E. (1980). Memory for faces and schema theory, Journal of Psychology, 105, 47-59.
    Haig, N. D. (1984). The effect of feature displacement on face recognition. Perception, 13, 505-512.
    Harmon, L. D. (1973). The recognition of faces. Scientific American, 227, 71-82.
    Harmon, L. D. & Julesz, B. (1973). June 15 Marking in visual recognition effect of two-dimensional noise. Science, 180, 1194-1197.
    Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Clark, V. P., Schouten, J. L., Hoffman, E. A., & Martin, A. (1999). The effect of face inversion on activity in human ventral systems for face and object perception. Neuron, 22, 189-199.
    Hobson, R. P. (1982). The autistic child’s knowledge of persons. Invited paper for a aymposium on affective and social understanding. BPS Developmental Section Conference, Durham, U. K.
    Hobson, R. P. (1986a). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Children Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321-342.
    Hobson, R. P. (1986b). The autistic child’s appraisal of expressions of emotion: a further study. Journal of Children Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671-680.
    Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J. & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441-453.
    Humphrey, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., & Quinlin, P. T. (1988). Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 67-103.
    Jennings, W. B. (1973). A study of the preference for affective cues in autistic children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Memphis State University, Memphis, TN.
    Johnson, M. H., & Morton, J. (1991). Biology and cognitive development : the case of face recognition. Cambridge: Blackwell.
    Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact, Nervous Child, 2 217-250.
    Kanwisher, N., Chun, M. M., & McDermott, J. (1997). Functional imaging of human visual recognition. Cognitive Brain Research, 5, 55-67.
    Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255-268.
    Langdell, T. (1981). Face perception: An approach to the study of autism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, London University College, London, U.K.
    Leehey, S., Carey, S., Diamond, R. & Cahn, A. (1978). Upright and inverted faces: The right hemisphere knows the difference. Cortex, 14, 411-419.
    MacDonald, H., Rutter, M., Howlin, P., Rios, P., LeCouteur, A., Evered, C., & Folstein, S. (1989). Recognition and expression of emotional cues by autistic and normal adults. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 206-212.
    Mathews, M. L. (1978). Discrimination of Identikit construction of faces: evidence for a dual processing strategy. Perception and Psychophysics, 26, 472-480.
    Miyashita, T. (1988). Discrimination of facial components in autistic children. (English abstract). The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 206-212.
    Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555-604.
    Murray, J. E., Yong, E., & Rhodes, G. (2000). Revisiting the perception of upside-down faces, Psychological Science, 11(6), 492-496.
    Ozonoff, S., Pennington B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(3), 343-361.
    Perterson, M. A., & Gibson, B. S. (1993). Shape recognition inputs to figure ground organization in 3-D displays. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 383-429.
    Peterson, M. A., Harvey, E. M., & Weidenbacher, H. (1991). Shape recognition contribution to figure-ground organization: which routes count ? Journal of Experimental Psychology: human perception & performance, 17, 1075-1089.
    Phillips, R. J., & Rawles, R. E. (1979). Recognition of upright and inverted faces: A correlational study, Perception, 8, 577-583.
    Phillips, R. J. (1979). Some exploratory experiments on memory for photographs of faces. Acta Psychologia, 43, 39-56.
    Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515-526.
    Rapcsak, S. Z., Polster, M. R., Comer, J. F., & Rubens, A. B. (1994). False recognition and misidentification of faces following right hemisphere damage. Cortex, 30, 565-583.
    Ratey, J. J., & Johnson, C. (瑞提與凱薩琳，民88). Shadow syndromes（人人有怪癖，吳壽齡、林睦鳥、林春枝譯）。台北：遠流。（原著出版年：1997年）
    Rhodes, G. (1988). Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinates of facial appearance. Perception, 17, 43-63.
    Rumsey, J. M., Rapoport, J. L., & Sceery, W. R. (1985). Autistic children as adults: psychiatric, social and behavioral outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 465-473.
    Schweinberger, S. R., Burton, A. M. & Kelly, S. W. (1999). Asymmetric dependencies in perceiving identity and emotion: experiments with morphed faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 61(6), 1102-1115.
    Sergent, J. (1984). An investigation into component and configural processes underlying face perception. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 221-242.
    Shah, A. & Frith U. (1993). Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1351-1364.
    Small, M. (1986). Hemisphere differences in the evoked potential to face stumuli. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, I.. Newcombe & Young (Eds), Aspects of face Processing. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
    Smith, E. E. & Nielsen, G. D. (1970). Representations and retrieval processes in short-term memory: recognition and recall of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 85, 397-405.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Farah, M. J. (1991). Second-order relational properties and the inversion effect: testing a theory of face perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 367-372.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 225-245.
    Tanaka, J. W. & Sengco, J. A. (1997). Features and their configuration in face recognition. Memory & Cognition, 25, 583-592.
    Tantam, D., Monagham, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989). Autistic children’s ability to interpret faces: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 623-630.
    Valentine, T. (1986). Encoding processes in face recognition. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
    Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition, British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471-491.
    Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161-204.
    Valentine, T. & Bruce, V. (1986). The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity upon face recognition, Acta Psychologia, 61, 259-273.
    Valentine, T. & Bruce, V. (1988). Mental rotation for faces. Memory and Cognition, 16(6), 556-566.
    Weeks, S. J. & Hobson, R. P. (1987). The salience of facial expression for autistic for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137-152.
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    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    教育學系
    87152003
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001060
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[教育學系] 學位論文

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