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| Title: | 權力不對稱下，美國毒品政策對拉丁美洲之影響
Under the Asymmetric Power Relationship, the Influence of U.S Antidrug Policy on Latin America |
| Authors: | 蔡昀璇
Tsai, Yun Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung Chian
蔡昀璇
Tsai, Yun Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 美國
拉丁美洲
毒品政策
權力不對等
US
Latin America
Anitdrug policy
asymmetric power relation |
| Date: | 2015 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-01-04 16:55:57 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文首先檢視國際、美國與拉丁美洲對於毒品之定義，發現國際與美國對於毒品之定義與拉丁美洲之定義不同，使毒品政策之合作在還未開始前就有了歧異。美國對拉丁美洲反毒政策的實行多是依靠其在區域中的權力分配地位而為之，從雷根政府時期開始，分為前哥倫比亞計畫、哥倫比亞計畫以及美里達計畫，論述美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策。之後，檢視美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策對拉丁美洲國家之影響，包括：人權問題、環境問題、經濟發展問題、貪腐問題、暴力問題和民主問題。面對美國毒品政策的負面影響，拉丁美洲國家於本世紀初開始在區域或是多邊的國際場域挑戰美國在拉丁美洲的毒品政策。最後，對於美國在拉丁美洲毒品政策的影響提出個人的看法作結。
This essay offers a view of how U.S. antidrug policy influences Latin American, introducing its repercussions and how Latin America response to it. First, we analyze how international community, U.S. and Latin America define drugs. We find that Latin America has its own interpretation of drugs and its problem, especially when it refers to cocaine and coca leaf. Thus, it foreshadows conflicts over implementation of the U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America. Second, we review the U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America since the Raegan Administration via the aspect of asymmetric power relations in international relation, introducing and delineating important antidrug policy on Latin America; meanwhile analyze consistence and modification in different administrations. Third, we categorize the repercussions of U.S. antidrug policy on Latin America, such as violation of human rights, environmental pollution, economic issue, corruption problem and democracy development. And we raise some cases to indicate that facing those repercussions, Latin America starts to challenge U.S. antidrug policy. Last, we make a conclusion through the aspect of asymmetric power relation between U.S. and Latin America and raise opinion on whether the U.S. antidrug policy on Lain America is successful or not. |
| Reference: | 壹、專書
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（二）專文
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Bagley, Bruce2012. “Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-first Century.” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/BB%20Final.pdf.
Carpenter, Ted Galen & Rouse, R, Channing, 1990. “Perilous Panacea: The Military in the Drug War.” CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/perilous-panacea-military-drug-war.
Castaneda,Jorge G., 2006. “Latin America’s Left Turn.” Foreign Affairs (May/June), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-america/2006-05-01/latin-americas-left-turn.
Chatham House, 2014. “Illicit Drugs and International Security: Towards UNGASS 2016,” Chatham House, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/home/chatham/public_html/sites/default/files/0214Drugs_BP2.pdf.
Eissa,Sergio, 2005. “Lucha Contra el Narcotráfico y Su Impacto en America Latina.” Working Paper of Programa Estados Unidos from Argentine Center of International Studies 2005, http://www.caei.com.ar/es/programas/eeuu/02.pdf.
Hidalgo,Juan Carlos, 2010/10/26. “ Santos: ‘ Proposition 19 Could Change Colombia’s Drug Policy’.” CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/blog/santos-proposition-19-could-change-colombias-drug-policy.
Hidalgo, Juan Carlos , 2010/8/4. “President of Mexico Calls for Debate on Legalization of Drug.” CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/blog/president-mexico-calls-debate-legalization-drugs.
Human Rights Watch, 2015.World Report 2015. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015.
Isacson, Adam, Haugaard, Lisa, Poe, Abigail, Kinosian,Sarah, and Withers,George, 2013. “Time to Listen: Trends in US Security Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean.” Washington Office on Latin America, http://www.wola.org/publications/time_to_listen.
Pew Research Center, 2015. “America’s global image remains more positive than China’s.” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/chapter-1-attitudes-toward-the-united-states/
Shifter, Michael,2012. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” America Quarterly (Summer), http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
Transparency International, 2014. Corruption Perception Index. http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results.
Walcott, Judith, 2002. “ Spraying Crops, Eradicating People.” Cultural Survival, http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/spraying-crops-eradicating-people.
Youngers, Coletta A., 2001/1/1. “ Bush’s Foreign Policy in Latin America: Colombia and US Drug Policy.” Institute for Policy Study, http://fpif.org/bushs_foreign_policy_in_latin_america_colombia_and_us_drug_policy/.
（三）新聞
Abrams, Elliott, 2014/1/3. “Drug Traffickers threaten Central America’s Democratic Gains.” Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/drug-traffickers-threaten-central-americas-democratic-gains/2014/01/03/bdbc17f8-73cc-11e3-9389-09ef9944065e_story.html.
Adams,Sam, 2014/10/7. “ Crying Baby Left Brain Dead after Drug Addict Dad Gives Him Crystal Meth,” The Mirror, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/crying-baby-left-brain-dead-4315495.
Ambrus, Steven,1993/12/3. “ Colombia Drug Lord Escobar Dies in Shootout.” Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-03/news/mn-63509_1_pablo-escobar.
Anonymous, 2012/11/23. “ Impossible to End Drug Trade, Says Calderón.” The Economist, http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2012/11/drugs-business.
Anonymous, 2015, “Nixon`s `War on Drugs` Began 40 Years Ago, and the Battle Is Still Raging.” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/jul/24/war-on-drugs-40-years.
Anonymous, 2015, “US government`s ‘war on drugs’.” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/jul/22/drugs-trade-richard-nixon.
Anonymous, 2015/3/14. “Democracy to the Rescue.” The Economist, http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21646272-despite-epidemic-scandal-region-making-progress-against-plague-democracy.
AP, 2014/1/13. “Mexico Vigilantes in Turf War with Drug Cartel.” The Guardian,http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/13/mexico-vigilantes-turf-war-drug-cartel-nueva-italia.
Archibold,Randal C., 2013/5/17. “ Americas Coalition Puts Marijuana Legalization Up for Discussion.” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/18/world/americas/nations-in-americas-urged-to-consider-legalizing-pot.html?_r=0.
Basu, Tanya, 2014/7/22. “ Mexico Presion Chief, 6 Others Arrested for El Chapo Prison Break.” Times, http://time.com/3968992/joaquin-el-chapo-guzman-escape-seven-arrested/.
BBC, 2014/10/13. “ Profile: Bolivia’s President Evo Morales,” BBC, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12166905.
Boudarène, Kahina, 2013/7/25. “ Bolivia: ‘We Are Better Off Without the DEA,’ Says Morales.” The Argentina Independent, http://www.argentinaindependent.com/currentaffairs/newsfromlatinamerica/bolivia-we-are-better-off-without-the-dea-says-morales/.
Brocchetto, Marilia, 2012/3/13. “Bolivia’s Morales to UN: Legalize Coca-Leaf Chewing.” CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/13/world/americas/bolivia-morales-coca/.
Castillo, Mariano, 2012/7/12. “ Behind deadly confrontations in Honduras, a new anti-drug strategy.” CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/11/world/americas/honduras-operation-anvil/ .
Cressey, Deniel, 2015/3/24. “Widely Used Herbicide Linked to Cancer.” Nature, http://www.nature.com/news/widely-used-herbicide-linked-to-cancer-1.1718.
Dutka, Z.C.,2014/10/14. “ Re-Elected Evo Morales Dedicates Victory to Hugo Chavez.” Venezuelanalysis.com, http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/10962.
Earle,Gordon, West, Angus, Smith, Hannah and Rand, Dillon, 2013/7/17. “ The 6 Most Infamous Crimes Committed by Mexico’s Zetas Cartel.” Global Post, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/mexico/130716/the-6-most-infamous-zetas-crimes-mexico-drug-war.
Edwards,Bob, 2002/3/25. “Morning Edition.” National Public Radio, http://web.a.ebscohost.com.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/ehost/detail/detail?sid=3058615b-2fdd-41e3-bb2e-a351781c4209%40sessionmgr4002&vid=0&hid=4207&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtdHcmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#AN=6XN200203251101&db=nfh.
Enever, Andrew, 2002/9/7. “ New Government, Same Old Coca War.”BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2242739.stm.
Forero, Juan, 2015/5/14. “Colombia Takes U-Turn on Drug Policy.” The Wall Street Journal, http://www.wsj.com/articles/colombia-takes-u-turn-on-drug-policy-1431650471.
Friedman-Rudovsky,Jean, 2008/8/5. “Bolivia’s Surprising Anti-Drug Success.” Time, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1829782,00.html.
Houghton, Lali, 2014/10/22. “A Parade of Narco-Tied Politicians Are Winning Elections in Peru.” Vice News, https://news.vice.com/article/a-parade-of-narco-tied-politicians-are-winning-elections-in-peru.
IPS Correspondents, 1996/10/25.“ Drug-LATAM; U.S. Drug Chief Commends Peru, Slams Panama.” Inter Press Service, http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/10/drugs-latam-us-drug-chief-commends-peru-slams-panama/.
Isikoff, Michael & P Tyler,atrick E., 1989/12/16. “ US Military Given Foreign Arrest Powers.” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/12/16/us-military-given-foreign-arrest-powers/9ff56a09-9271-4778-ae99-03c60b3b1f0b/ .
Kelley, Michael B., 2014/8/24. “ Pablo Escobar’s Right-Hand Man Free from Colombian Prison.” Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-top-colombian-drug-hitman-who-killed-300-is-freed-2014-8.
Lakhani,Nina, 2015/8/7. “El Chapo Prison Breal: Most Mexicans Think Government Helped Drug Lord.” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/07/el-chapo-prison-escape-drug-lord-survey-mexico-government-helped.
Lyons,John, 2012/1/14. “Cocaine: The New Front Lines.” The Wall Street Journal, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204331304577145101343740004
Mallén, Patricia Rey, 2013/7/10. “Mexico and Argentina Are The Most Corrupt Countries In Latin America, Survey Reveals.” International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/mexico-argentina-are-most-corrupt-countries-latin-america-survey-reveals-1340779.
McKinley, James C., 2007/3/13. “In Mexico, Bush Seeks to Bolster Uneasy Alliance.” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/13/world/americas/13mexico.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
NPR, 2015. Timeline: America`s War on Drugs. “http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9252490.
O`Connor,Anne-Marie, 2015/3/6. “Hillary Clinton Urges Latin America to Fight Drug Corruption.” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/05/AR2010030501958.html.
Otis, John, 2014. “The FARC and Colombia’s illegal Drug Trade.” Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-farc-and-colombias-illegal-drug-trade.
Partlow, Joshua, 2008/9/4 “ Ecuador Giving U.S. Base the Boot.” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303289.htm.
Reuters,2015/7/17 “Drug Trafficking and Corruption Bankroll Guatemalan Politics, Says Report,” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/17/drug-trafficking-and-corruption-bankroll-guatemalan-politics-says-report.
Sanchez,Fabiola, 2007/5/7. “ Venezuela Criticizes DEA As ‘New Cartel’.” WashingtonPost,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/07/AR2007050701257.html.
Sequera, Vivian, 2011/11/8. “Bolivia: Drug Enforcement Administration Unwelcome Despite Normalization Of U.S.-Bolivia Diplomatic Relations.” The World Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/08/bolivia-drug-enforcement-administration_n_1082865.html.
Stout, David, 2006/10/26. “Bush Signs Bill Ordering Fence on Mexican Border” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/26/washington/27fencecnd.html.
Telesurtv, 2014/9/20. “OAS Countries Signed A Resolution to Find New and Better Policies Against Drugs.” Telesurtv, http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Organization-of-American-States-Criticizes-US-Drugs-Policy-20140920-0005.html.
Tucker, Duncan, 2014/11/28. “Students` Deaths Force Mexican Leader to Face up to Police Corruption. ”The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/students-deaths-force-mexican-leader-to-face-up-to-police-corruption-9891700.html.
World Health Organization,2015. Amphetamine-type stimulants. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/ATS/en/.
（四）網路百科
Brown Darryl K. 2015, “Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986).” Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3407400021.html.
三、西班牙文
（一）專文
Loaiza, Vanessa, 2010/10/26. “Colombia Critica a California por Iniciativa para Legalizar Marihuana,” La Nación, http://www.nacion.com/archivo/Colombia-California-iniciativa-legalizar-marihuana_0_1155284551.html.
（二）新聞
AP,2015/7/25. “ Enfrentamiento en Tamaulipas dejan 11 muertos.” El Economista,http://eleconomista.com.mx/seguridad-publica/2015/07/27/enfrentamientos-tamaulipas-dejan-11-muertos.
Faus,Joan, 2015/11/6. “EE UU Avala la Decisión de México sobre el Consumo de Marihuana,” El País, http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/11/06/estados_unidos/1446770916_367822.html.
Gómez, Sergio Maseri, 2014/3/4. “Barack Obama Propone Recorte de Ayuda a Colombia,” El Tiempo, http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-13593697.
Pressly, Linda, 2015/11/24. “ Los Jóvenes Mochileros que Arriesgan Sus Vidas en el Valle de la cocaína en Perú,” BBC, http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/11/151123_peru_mochileros_valle_cocaina_ilm.
Monroy, Jorge, 2015/4/22. “ Por Quinto Día, Desasosiego en Tamaulipas.” El Economista,http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2015/04/22/quinto-dia-desasosiego-tamaulipas.
Reyes ,Elizabeth, 2015/3/28. “Los ‘regalos’ del narco a la DEA,” El País, http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/03/27/actualidad/1427490205_061122.html.
Whitaker, Kevin , 2015/5/10. “La Aspersión Ha Ayudado a Colombia.” El Tiempo,http://www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/la-aspersion-ha-ayudado-a-colombia-kevin-whitaker-columnista-el-tiempo/15722176 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
102253020 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253020 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
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