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    題名: 技術標準必要專利與禁制令救濟之研究
    A Study of Injunctive Relief and Standard Essential Patent Infringement
    作者: 王柏翔
    Wang, Bo-Hsiang
    貢獻者: 沈宗倫
    Shen, Chung Lun
    王柏翔
    Wang, Bo-Hsiang
    關鍵詞: 技術標準
    專利侵權
    標準制訂組織
    禁制令
    禁制令救濟
    公平、合理且無歧視原則
    競爭法
    patent
    infringement
    Competition Law
    standardization
    standard essential patent;SEP;F/RAND;fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory
    日期: 2015
    上傳時間: 2015-09-01 16:19:26 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 技術標準化與相關智慧財產權保護，一直以來為智慧財產權法與競爭法的交集與爭議的話題。其中又以標準必要專利侵權糾紛為主。基於標準必要專利權人與前在被授權人雙方的立場，其中目前最具爭議的問題應該涉及禁制令救濟的適用性或以F/RAND授權原則為基礎的抗辯來排除侵權。
    標準制訂組織（Standard Setting Organization, SSO）訂定F/RAND授權原則承諾（Fair, Reasonable And Non-Discriminatory）於其智慧財產權政策，要求標準專利權人應以公平、合理且無歧視的授權條件，向所有標準實施者提供授權。F/RAND授權原則承諾之發展，目前趨向於強調專利權人的契約義務，以第三方受益人的立場來平衡授權當事人的談判地位；如何「符合F/RAND授權原則之授權」，目前各國尚未有明文法律解釋，對於F/RAND授權原則承諾之清楚定義與規範，目前僅有法院及競爭法主管機關之見解。
    在標準必要專利訴訟中，台灣廠商處於被告之身分的狀況居多。面對禁制令的威脅，如何更清楚地了解目前各管轄法院的看法以決定訴訟或談判策略更是重要。本文整理美國、歐洲及亞洲國家之管轄法院案例，加上對競爭法架構下的標準專利授權規範的分析，最後整理如何讓F/RAND授權原則承諾成為對抗禁制令有效抗辯。希望本文能為涉及標準專利訴訟之台灣廠商提供有價值的參考意見。
    Technology standardization and intellectual property protection has been an overlapping and controversial issue between Intellectual Property laws and Competition Law, particularly when it comes to infringement on F/RAND encumbered Standard Essential Patent, SEP. From both standard essential patent owner and potential licensee’ perspectives, the most questionable issue is whether injunctive relief should be available to the holder of F/RAND encumbered SEP who committed to license on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (F/RAND) terms, in order to prevent a third-party implementer from practicing a standard reading on that SEP, when such implementer is willing to take a license but the parties disagree on the terms of the license.
    Furthermore, the definition of F/RAND has never been clearly defined by statutes or interpreted by any judiciary; interested parties could only refer to decisions or guidelines made by the judiciaries or competition authorities in different countries. It is rather common for Taiwanese companies to face F/RAND encumbered SEP law suits as the defendants. Given the even severer threat of injunctive relief, it becomes more important to understand the position each judiciary takes on this issue to have appropriate strategies on law suits and negotiation.
    This thesis is accordingly written on the following perspectives: firstly, starting with discussion about F/RAND-encumbered SEP law suits in the United States, Europe and Asia; secondly, bringing in SEP encumbered disputes or investigations into framework of Competition Law from competition authorities among different countries and lastly trying to present possibilities that F/RAND commitment as a cause of action under Contract Law can be applied as defense to overcome injunctive relief sought by F/RAND-encumbered SEP licensors. Meanwhile, this thesis is expected to provide Taiwanese companies valuable strategies to law suits or disputes involving F/RAND-encumbered SEPs.
    參考文獻: 一、 中文書籍

    1. 曾陳明汝（2004年），兩岸暨歐美專利法，學林文化事業有限公司。
    2. 曾陳明汝（1983年），專利商標法選論。
    3. 黃文儀（1994年），申請專利範圍的解釋與專利侵害判斷。
    4. 劉尚志、王敏銓、張宇樞與林明儀（2005年），Patent Wars 美台專利訴訟—實戰暨裁判解析。
    5. 王本耀編譯（2004年），美國國際貿易委員會訴訟實務，財團法人亞太智慧財產權發展基金會。
    6. 張美惠譯 (1999年)，資訊經營法則，(原作者: Carl Shapiro & Hal R Varian)，時報出版社。
    7. 陳家駿、羅怡德(1999 年 11 月)，公平交易法與智慧財產權─以專利追索為中心，五南圖書出版有限公司。

    二、 中文期刊/論文

    1. 鄭中人（2004年5月），專利權之行使與定暫時狀態之處分，臺灣本土法學雜誌，第58期。
    2. 馮震宇（2004年6月），從美國司法實務看台灣專利案件之假處分救濟，月旦法學，第109期。
    3. 林修同（2008年1月號），美國專利實務與最近發展(一)，連展人-智權專欄。
    4. 黃銘傑（2002年8月），專利集管與公平交易法，月旦法學 (No.87）。
    5. 馮震字(2014年5月)，從美國專利發明法變革探討對未來專利訴訟之影響（2/3），行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
    6. 張春飛（2008年），Wi-Fi技術的原理及未來發展趨勢，數字社區與智能家居，2008年11期。
    7. 李素華（2008年4月），專利權行使與公平交易法-以近用技術標準之關鍵專利為中心，公平交易季刊，第16卷第2期。
    8. 劉尚志、王俊凱（2006年1月），美國國際貿易委員會之專利紛爭與台灣企業因應之道，日新警察。
    9. 陳家駿(1994年1月)，專利授權與之不公平競爭之不正當行為，法令月刊，第四十五卷第一期。
    10. 陳起行(2007年3月)，由美國不正競爭法之排除適用探討智慧財產權法理念，政大法學評論，第五十七期。
    11. 張勤敏（2006年7月），專利侵害民事救濟程序問題研究—以保全程序與證據調查為中心，清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    12. 李兆國(2003年)，標準制訂組織及標準專利權之爭議，交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    13. 陳俐妤(2014年)，標準必要專利權利金爭議之探討，政治大學科技管理與智慧財產權研究所碩士論文。
    14. 全球專利訴訟案分析（2012年12月31日），通訊產業專利趨勢與專利訴訟分析研究計劃。
    15. 陳怡妃（2006年7月），台灣及美國專利侵害損害賠償與立法效力之探討，交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    16. 劉孔中，Heinz Goddar，Christian W. Appelt與蔡季芬(2013年)，歐洲專利實務指南，翰蘆圖書出版。

    三、 英文書籍

    1. Herbert Hovenkamp, Mark D. Janis, Mark A. Lemley & Christopher R. Lesilie (2014), IP and Antitrust: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles Applied to Intellectual Property Law (2nd ed.).
    2. Donald S. Chisum, Craig Allen Nard, Herbert F. Schwartz, Pauline Newman & F. Scott Kieff (2004), Principles of Patent Law – Cases and Materials (3rd ed.)
    3. Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley & Thomas M. Jorde (1997), Intellectual Property in the New Technology Age.
    4. Steven Anderman & Hedvig Schmidt (2011), Eu Competition Law And Intellectual Property Rights The Regulation Of Innovation (2nd ed.)
    5. Steven Anderman & Ariel Ezrachi (2011), Intellectual Property And Competition Law New Frontiors.

    四、 英文期刊/論文

    1. Carl Shapiro (2001), “Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting”, Innovation Policy and the Economy Vol. I MIT Press.
    2. Michael W. Carroll (2007), Patent Injunctions and the Problem of Uniformity Cost, 13 MICH. TELECOMM. TECH. L. REV. 421, 437.
    3. Mark A. Lemley & Carl Shapiro (2009), Patent Holdup and Royalty Stacking, Texas Law Review Vol. 85: 1991, 1993.
    4. Mark A. Lemley (2002), Intellectual Property Rights and Standard Setting Organizations, California Law Review Vol. 90:1889.
    5. J. Gregory Sidak (2013), The Meaning of FRAND, Part I: Royalties, 9 J. COMPETITION L. & ECON. 931.
    6. Richard A. Posner (2005), Intellectual Property: The Law and Economics Approach, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, Number 2.
    7. David B. Conrad (2006), Minig the Patent Thicket: The Supreme Court’s Rejection of The Automatic Injunction rule in eBay v. MercExchange, 26 REVLITIG 119.
    8. James J. Lisak (2006), An Analysis of Ebay, Inc. v. MercExchange L.L.C.: Patenting Gone Away, 19, LOY. CONSUMER L. REV. 70.
    9. John Flock, (2011), Protecting Ip Rights In International Business Transactions, Aspatore.
    10. Mario Mariniello (2011), Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) Terms: A Challenge for Competition Authorities, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, doi: 10.1093/joclec/nhr010.
    11. Dennis W. Carlton & Allan L. Shampine (2013), An Economic Interpretation of FRAND, Journal of Competitino Law & Economics, doi:10.1093/joclec/nht019.
    12. Joseph Kattan (2013), FRAND Wars and Section 2, Vol. 27(3) Antitrust 30.
    13. Rudi Bekkers & Arianna Martinelli (2012), Knowledge positions in high-tech markets: Trajectories, standards, strategies and true innovators, 79 Technological Forecasting and Social Change 1192, doi: 10.1016/j.
    14. Jonathan L. Rubin (2007), The IP Grab: The Struggle Between Intellectual Property Rights and Antitrust: Patents, Antitrust, and Rivalry in Standard-Setting, 38 RUTGERS L.J. 509.
    15. Joseph Farrel, John Hayes, Carl Shapiro & Theresa Sullivan (2007), Standard Setting, Patent, and Hold-Up, 74 ANTITRUST L.J. 603.
    16. Francois Leveque & Yann Ménière (June 2010), Vagueness in RAND Licensing Obligations is Unreasonable for Patent Owners (June 2010), CERNA Working paper Series 2009-04.
    17. Kai-Uwe Kühn, Fiona Scott Morton & Howard Shelanski (March 05, 2013), Standard Setting Organizations Can Help Solve the Standard Essential Patents Licensing Problem, CPI Antitrust Chronicle.

    五、 判決

    1. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
    2. New York City v. Pine, 185 U.S. 93,108（1902)
    3. Apple, Inc. v. Motorola Mobility, Inc., 2012 WL 5416941, *15 W.D. Wisc. Oct. 29, 2012
    4. Foster v. Am. Mach. & Foundry Co., 492 F.2d 1317, 1324 (2d Cir. 1974)
    5. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 695 F. 3d 1370, 1375 Fed. Cir. 2012
    6. Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc., No. C10-1823-JLR (W.D. Wash. Nov. 30, 2012)
    7. Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 609 F. Supp. 2d 951, 986 (N.D. Cal. 2009)
    8. Telcordia Techs., Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 592 F. Supp. 2d 727, 748 & n.10 (D. Del. 2009)
    9. Eastern R. Conference v. Noerr Motors, 365 U.S. 127 (1961)
    10. United Mine Workers v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657 (1965)
    11. California Motor Transp. Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508 (1972)
    12. Negotiated-Data Solution LLC FTC No 051 0094 (2008).
    13. Robert Bosch GmbH, FTC File No. 121-0081, Docket No. C-4377
    14. Cont`l Paper Bag Co. v. E. Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 422 (1908)
    15. Smith Int’l., Inc. v. Hughes Tool Co., 718 F.2d 1573, 219 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 686 , (Fed. Cir.1983)
    16. Oakley Inc. v. Sunglass Hut International, 316 F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
    17. Jeffrey Milstein, Inc. v. Greger, Lawlor, Roth, Inc. 58 F.3d 27, 31, 35 u.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1284, 1286 (2d Cir. 1995)
    18. High Tech Med. Instrumentation Inc. v. New Image Indus. Inc., 49 F.3d 1551 (Fed. Cir. 1995)
    19. Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 320, 102 S.Ct. 1798, 72 L.Ed.2d 91.
    20. Richardson v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 868 F.2d 1226, 1247, 9 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1913, 1929 (Fed. Cir. 1989).
    21. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 126 S.Ct. 1837 (U.S., 2006).
    22. Hyundai Elects. Indus. Co. v. U.S. Int`l Trade Comm`n, 899 F.2d 1204, 1210 (Fed. Cir. 1990)
    23. Realtek Semiconductor Corp. v. LSI Corp, 5:12-cv-03451-RMW
    24. German Federal Supreme Court, November 23, 2000, doc. no. I ZR 93/98
    25. IPCom v. Nokia, (District Court of Dusseldorf, April 24, 2012, doc. no. 4b 273/10)
    26. IPCom v. HTC, (District Court of Mannheim, July 2, 2009, doc. no.7 O 94/08)
    27. Navitaire Inc v. Easyjet Airline Co, [2004] EWHC 1725 (Ch)
    28. Shelfer v.City of London Electric Lighting Co, [1895] 1 Ch 287
    29. Broadcom Corp v Qualcomm Inc 501 F 3d 297 (3d Cir 2007)
    30. Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc., 486US492 (1988).
    31. Spansion, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 629 F.3d 1331, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
    32. Certain Electronic Devices, Including Wireless Communication Devices, Portable Music and Data Processing Devices, and Table Computers, Inv. No. 337-TA-794
    33. Certain Wireless Devices with 3G and/or 4G Capabilities and Components Thereof, Inv. No. 337-TA-868
    34. Certain Wireless Communication Devices, Portable Music and Data Processing Devices, Computers and Components Thereof, Inv. No. 337-TA-745
    35. Certain Wireless Devices with 3G Capabilities and Components Thereof, Inv. No. 337-TA-800
    36. Orange Book Standard, (German Federal Supreme Court, May 6, 2009, doc. no. KZR 39/06)
    37. Philips v. SonyEricsson, (District Court of Mannheim, May 27, 2011, doc. no. 7 O 65/10).
    38. Motorola v. Apple, (Court of Appeal in Karlsruhe, February 27, 2012, doc. no. 6 U 136/11).
    39. IPCom v. Nokia, (District Court of Mannheim, February 18, 2011, doc. no. 7 O 100/10)
    40. IPCom v. Nokia, (District Court of Dusseldorf, April 24, 2012, doc. no. 4b O 273/10)
    41. Motorola v. Microsoft, (District Court of Mannheim, May 2, 2012, doc. no. 2 O 240/11)
    42. Philips v. SonyEricsson, (District Court of Mannheim, May 27, 2011, doc. no. 7 O 65/10)
    43. Motorola v. Apple,(District Court of Mannheim, December 9, 2011, doc. no. 7 O 122/11)
    44. Huawei v. ZTE, (District Court of Dusseldorf, March 21, 2013, 4b chamber)
    45. Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. v SK Kassetten GmbH & Co. KG, Rechtbank `s-Gravenhage, 17 March 2010, Docket n°: 316533 / HA ZA 08-2522 and 316535 / HA ZA 08-2524
    46. Sony Supply Chain Solutions (Europe) B.V. and LG Electronics, Inc., Rechtbank `s-Gravenhage, 10 March 2011, Docket n°: 389067 / KG ZA11-269
    47. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. v. Apple Inc. et. al., Rechtbank `s-Gravenhage, 14 March 2012, Docket n°: 400367 / HA ZA 11-2212, 400376 / HA ZA 11-2213 and 400385 / HA ZA 11-2215
    48. Koninklijke Philips Electronic N.V. v. Computer Support Italcard s.r.l. Court of Genoa, 7 May 2004, 14 October 2004 and 15 November 2004
    49. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, and Samsung Electronics Italia S.p.a. v. Apple Inc. et. al., Tribunale de Milano, Court Order of 5 January 2012, N.R.G. 45629-1-2011 and N.R.G.59734-2011
    50. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Samsung Electronics France v. Apple France S.A.R.L., Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, France, 8 December 2011, Case No. 11/58301
    51. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson v. TCT Mobile Europe SAS and TCT Mobile International Ltd., Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, 29 November 2013, Docket № 12/14922.
    52. Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co Shelfer v. City of London Electric Lighting Company and Meux’s Brewery Company v. City of London Electric Lighting Company, [1895] 1 Ch. 287
    53. Nokia Corp. v. IPCom GmbH & Co. KG, [2012] EWHC 1446 (Ch)
    54. Vringo Infrastructure, Inc. v. ZTE Corp., et. al., [2013] EWHC 1591 (Pat)
    55. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., et. al. v. Apple Japan, Inc., et. al., and Apple Inc. et. al. v. Samsung JapanCorp., et. al., Tokyo District Court, 28 February 2013, Cases nos Tokyo District Ct. 2011 (YO) 22027, 2011(YO) 22098, and Case no. 2011 (WA) 38969.
    56. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. v. Apple Korea Ltd, Seoul Central District Court, 24 August 2012, Case no. 2011 GaHap 39552
    57. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson v. Micromax Informatics Ltd. and Mercury Electronics Ltd., High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Court order of 6 March 2013, Docket no. C.S. (OS) 442/2013.
    58. Micromax Informatics Ltd. and Mercury Electronics Ltd. V. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, High Court ofDelhi at New Delhi, Court order of 12 March 2013, Docket no. FAO(OS) 143/2013.
    59. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson v. Micromax Informatics Ltd. and Mercury Electronics Ltd., High Court ofDelhi at New Delhi, Court order of 6 March 2013, Docket no. C.S. (OS) 442/2013.
    60. Vringo Infrastructure, Inc., v. ZTE Corp., et. al., High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Court order of November 8, 2013, Docket no. CS(OS) 2168/2013
    61. ZTE Corp., et. al. v. Vringo Infrastructure, Inc., High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Court order of December 12, 2013, Docket no. FAO(OS) 573/2013, CAV. 1141/2013, C.M. APPL. 19754/2013 and 19755/2013.
    62. EC, MEMO/12/1021 “Samsung – Enforcement of ETSI standards essential patents (SEPs),” [December 12, 2012].
    63. ECJ, Advocate General’s Opinion in Case C-170/13, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd v ZTE Corp., ZTE Deutschland GmbH [20 November, 2014]
    64. ECJ, Case C-170/13, Huawei Technologiws Co. Ltd. V, ZTE Corp. and ZTE Deutschland GmbH [16 July, 2015].
    65. EC, Case No COMP/M.6381,– Google/Motorola Mobility [February 13, 2012].
    66. Samsung v. Apple (District Court of The Hague, March 14, 2012, doc. no. 400367/HA ZA 11-2212)

    六、 其他參考資料

    1. RosettaNet, http://www.rosettanet.org/ip.
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    3. 鄭惇文，美國國際貿易委員會(ITC)簡介以及其對專利實務之影響，冠亞智財，取自http://www.gainia.com/front/bin/ptdetail.phtml?Category=100016&Part=124.
    4. Open Mobile Alliance IPR Procedural Guidelines, http://openmobilealliance.org/about-oma/policies-and-terms-of-use/intellectual-property-rights/.
    5. IEEE Standard Association, PROCEDURES FOR CONSIDERING WHETHER IEEE SHOULD FILE AN AMICUS BRIEF ON ISSUES AFFECTING THE STANDARDS ASSOCIATION, retrived from https://standards.ieee.org/develop/policies/amicus.pdf.
    6. 孫遠釗(2013年8月29日)，保護主義抑或捍衛競爭？評美國總統否決聯邦國際貿易委員會對蘋果產品的判定，取自http://www.uipex.com/monpub_show.aspx?ID=MP13082913482153。
    7. 陳宜誠(2013年1月16日)，標準關鍵專利與禁制令的執行（上），取自http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Infringement_Case/publish-42.htm。
    8. 最高人民法院知識產權案件報告(2008)，取自http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/article/fgkd/xfg/sfwj/201012/20101200330568.shtml。
    9. 華為訴美國IDC終審：IDC敗訴賠兩千萬，取自http://mag.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/touch/detail.jsp?coluid=10&kindid=0&docid=102828999。
    10. 國家工商總局公布《關於禁止濫用知識產權排除、限制競爭行為的規定》，取自
    http://www.saic.gov.cn/zwgk/zyfb/zjl/fld/201504/t20150413_155103.html。
    11. ETSI, Annex 6: ETSI Intellectual Property Rights Policy,ETSI Rule of Procedure (November 19, 2014), retrived from http://www.etsi.org/images/files/IPR/etsi-ipr-policy.pdf.
    12. Esteban Burrone, Standards, Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）and Standards-setting Process, World Intellectual Property Organization, retrived from http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/ip_standards_fulltext.html.
    13. IEEE, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), http://standards.ieee.org/develop/policies/bylaws/sb_bylaws.pdf.
    14. J. Gregory Sidak, Chairman CRITERION E CONOMICS (January 28, 2015), Re Business Review Letter for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Concerning Proposed Bylaw Amendments Affecting FRAND Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents, retrieved from https://www.criterioneconomics.com/docs/proposed_ieee_bylaw_amendments_affecting_frand_licensing_of_seps.pdf.
    15. Letter from Renata B. Hesse, Acting Assistant Attorney Gen., U.S. Dep’t of Justice, to Michael A. Lindsey, Esq., Dorsey & Whitney LLP (Feb. 2, 2015), retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/busreview/311470.htm.
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    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法學院碩士在職專班
    97961233
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