政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/77325

政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > International Master`s Program in International Studies > Theses > Item 140.119/77325

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77325

Title:	非洲婦女政治參與及政治代表：盧安達與甘比亞的案例比較 WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION IN AFRICA: WHY PROGRESS IN RWANDA AND UNDER-REPRESENTATION IN THE GAMBIA?
Authors:	畢依莎 Bittaye, Isatou
Contributors:	陳至潔 Chen, Titus C. 畢依莎 Bittaye, Isatou
Keywords:	女性政治參與政治代表盧安達甘比亞 Women Political Participation Political Representation Rwanda The Gambia
Date:	2015
Issue Date:	2015-08-03 13:45:46 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	女性的政治參與及政治代表的落實在性別平權上具有重要的意義。在歷史上，男性主宰政治已經好幾個世紀，然而近十年來，不管在西方或是非洲－女性政治參與比例最低的大陸，都能看到改變。目前，盧安達為最多女性參與議院會議的國家，參與眾議院的女性有63.8%，而參議院有38%為女性。另一方面，其他國家像是甘比亞，一直以來在女性政治參與處於落後的情形，國家的議會代表中，只有9.4%的女性參與者。本論文主要討論不同國家領導政策對於性別平權的態度，是影響女性政治參與的進展的主要原因。 Women’s political participation and representation is crucial for gender equality to be attained. Politics in the world has always been male dominated for centuries. However, recent decades have seen improvements not only in the Western world but Africa as well, a continent that had occupied the bottom rankings of women’s political representation for long. Currently, the leading country in female-dominated parliaments is Rwanda with 63.8% women in its Chamber of Deputies and 38% in the Senate. On the other hand, countries like The Gambia have been lagging behind in women’s political participation and representation for decades, and only 9.4% women are presently represented in the country’s parliament. This thesis argued that the different levels of national leadership’s political will to gender equality in each country is the key determinant of progress in women’s political participation and representation in decision-making bodies in both respective countries.
Reference:	Access Gambia. Gambia Information site. 2014. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/muslims-islam.html (accessed November 24, 2014). Adler, Nancy J. "Global Women Political Leaders: An Invisible History, An Increasingly Important Future." Leadership Quarterly , 1996: 133 - 161. African Center for Democracy and Human Rights Studies. Promoting Gender Equality through Participation and Representation Women in National Governance and Development in The Gambia Project. Study, Banjul: African Center for Democracy and Human Rights Studies, 2012. African Union. "Protocol to The African Charter on Human and People`s Right on the Rights of Women in Africa." Protocol to The African Charter on Human and People`s Right on the Rights of Women in Africa. Addis Ababa: African Union, July 11, 2003. African Union. "Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa." Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa. Addis Ababa: African Union, July 6 - 8, 2004. Amnesty International. "Amnesty International Report 2010 - The State of the World`s Human Rights." Amnesty International. May 28, 2010. http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/143134/243825_en.html (accessed April 18, 2015). Ballington, Julie, and Azza Karam. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005. Bauer, Gretchen, and Hannah Britton. Women in African Parliaments. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2006.. Bauer, Gretchen, and Jennie E. Burnet. "Gender Quotas, Democracy, and Women`s Representation in Africa: Some Insights from Democratic Botswana and Autocratic Rwanda." Women`s Studies International Forum 41 (2013): 103 -112. Bauer, Gretchen. "Fifty/Fifty by 2020." International Feminist Journal of Politics (Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group), September 2008: 348–368. Bauer, Gretchen. “Let there be a Balance”: Women in African Parliaments." Political Studies, 2012: 370 - 384. Bertelsmann Stiftung. BTI 2012: Rwanda Country Report. Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI), Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012 . British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News: Africa. November 23, 2011. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15851706 (accessed February 15, 2015). Burnet, Jennie E. "Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda." African Affairs, 2008: 361–386. Burnet, Jennie E. "Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Emowerment in Rwanda." Politics & Gender, 2011: 303 –334. Cammisa, A.M and Reingold, B. "Women in State Legislatures and State Legislative Research: Beyond Sameness and Difference." State Politics & Policy Quarterly (SAGE) 4 (2004): 181 - 210. Caul, Miki. "Women`s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties." Party Politics 5, no. 1 (1999): 79 -98. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency: World FactBook. April 29, 2014. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html (accessed May 21, 2014). Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. June 20, 2014. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html (accessed April 6, 2015). Central Intelligence Agency. World Fact Book. June 22, 2014. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html (accessed March 28, 2015). Chant, Sylvia, and Isatou Touray. "Gender in The Gambia in Retrospect and Prospect." Working Paper No.1. Kanifing: The Gambia Committee on Traditional Harmful Practices , 2012. Cho, Wendy K. T., and Thomas Rudolph. "Emanating Political Participation: Untangling the Spatial Structure Behind Participation." British Journal of Political Science, 2008: 273 - 289. Christensen, Martin Iversen. Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. January 10, 2015. http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Gambia.htm (accessed May 17, 2015). Coffe, Hilde. "Conceptions of Female Political Representation: Perspectives of Rwanda Female Representatives." Women`s Studies International Forum, 2012: 286 - 297. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative . Rwanda’s Application for Membership of the Commonwealth: Report and Recommendations of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative. Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Report on Rwanda , New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative , 2009. Conge, Patrick J. "The Concept of Political Participation: Toward a Definition." Comparative Politics 20, no. No. 2 (January 1998): 241 - 249. Conway, Margaret M. "Women and Political Participation." Political Science and Politics (American Political Science Association), no. 02 (June 2001): 231-233. Creevey, Lucy. "Culture and Religious Impediments to Women`s Political Participation in Senegal." In Women in African Parliaments, by Gretchen Bauer and Hannah E. Britton, 151 -169. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2006. Dahlerup, Drude, and Letina Freindenvall. ""Quotas as `Fast Track` to Equal Representation for Women"." International Feminist Journal of Politics, 2006: 26 - 48. Dahlerup, Drude. ""The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences"." Quotas are Changing the History of Women. Pretoria: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa and Southern Africa Development Community Parliament , 2003. 1 -7. Darboe, Sainey. Standard News. March 31, 2014. http://standard.gm/site/news/3233-IMAM-FATTY-ISLAM-DOES-NOT-SUPPORT-WOMAN-PRESIDENT.html (accessed May 18, 2015). Delvin, C, and R. Elgie. "The Effect of Increased Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Case of Rwanda." Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 61 No. 2, 2008, 237–254 (Oxford University Press) (February 2008): 237 - 254. Diaz, Emma. "The Role of Women on the Redevelopment of Rwanda." Perspective on Global Affairs, 2014: 1. Duke, Lois Lovelace. Women in Politcs: Outsiders or Insiders? New Jarsey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993. Economic Community of West African States. "Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance." Protocol A/SP1/12/01 on Democracy and Good Governance Supplementary to the Protocol relating to the Mechanism For Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security. Dakar: ECOWAS, December 21, 2001. Edie, Carlene J. "Democracy in The Gambia: Past, Present and Prospects for the Future ." Africa Development, 2000: 161 - 198. Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2015. Annual Freedom Report, Washington, D.C: Freedom House, 2014. Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results. Census Report, Banjul: The Gambia Bureau of Statistics, 2013. George, Alexander L., and Andrew Bennett. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Science. Cambridge : Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2004. Gomez, Jessica, and Carla Koppell. "Home: Publication." The Institute for Inclusive Security. January 2008. http://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/1938_advancing_women_s_caucuses_in_legislatures.pdf (accessed May 3, 2015). Government of Rwanda, " Constitution of The Republic of Rwanda." The Constitution of The Republic of Rwanda. Kigali: Government of Rwanda, May 26, 2003. Government of Rwanda. "National Gender Policy." National Gender Policy . Kigali: Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, July 2010. Government of Rwanda. Official Website of The Republic of Rwanda. 2008. http://www.rwandahope.com/rpfhistory.pdf (accessed April 6, 2015). Government of Rwanda. Report on the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcomes of the Twenty-Third Special Session of the General Assembly (2000). Country Report on Review of Beijing Platform for Action, Kigali: Government of Rwanda, 2014. Government of The Gambia, "Constitution of The Republic of The Gambia." The Constitution of The Republic of The Gambia. Banjul: Government of The Gambia, 1997. Government of The Gambia. "Local Government Act 2002." Local Government Act - The Gambia. Banjul: Government of The Gambia, April 17, 2002. Government of The Gambia. "National Gender and Empowerment Policy." National Policy on Gender and Women’s Empowerment (2010 -2020). Banjul: Office of The Vice-Preisent and Ministry of Women`s Affairs, 2010. Government of The Gambia. "Women`s Act ." Women`s Act 2010. Banjul: Government of The Gambia, July 2010. Government of Uganda. "Constitution of the Republic of Uganda." Constitution of Uganda. Kampala: Government of Uganda, 1995. Henderson, Sarah L., and Alana S. Jeydel. Participation and Protest: Women and Politics in a Global World. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2007. Hogg, Carey Leigh. "Women`s Political Representation in Post-Conflict Rwanda: A Politics of Inclusion or Exclusion?" Journal of International Women`s Studies 11, no. 4 (2009): 34-55. Hooks, Bell. "Understanding Patriarchy." Understanding Patriarchy. Louisville Anarchist Federation Federation, n.d. Hughes, Arnold, and David Perfect. A Political History of The Gambia: 1816 -1994. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Independent Electoral Commission The Gambia. Independent Electoral Commission website. April 5, 2013. http://www.iec.gm/april-4th-local-government-elections-results (accessed November 5, 2014). Independent Electoral Commission. IEC: Political Parties. 2015. http://www.iec.gm/political-parties (accessed May 19, 2015). Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. International Crisis Group. "Consensual Democracy" in Post-Genocide Rwanda: Evaluating The March 2001 District Elections. International Crisis Group Africa Report No.34 , Nairobi: International Crisis Group, 2001. International Crisis Group. "International Crisis Group: Reports and Briefings." International Crisis Group Website. June 11, 2013. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/203-central-african-republic-priorities-of-the-transition.aspx (accessed May 21, 2014). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . Political Parties in Africa through a Gender Lens. Stockholm: International Institute fo Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2013. Inter-Paliamentary Union. Women in Parliament in 2013: The Year in Review. Yearly Review, Geneva: Inter - Paliamentary Union, 2014. Inter-Parliamentary Union Women Speakers of National Parliaments: History and the Present. February 1st , 2015. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/speakers.htm (accessed April 23, 2015). Inter-Parliamentary Union, "Women in Politics." Inter -Parliamentary Union. January 1st , 2014. http://ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap14_en.pdf (accessed April 23, 2015). Inter-Parliamentary Union. "Publications: Inter - Parliamentary Union." Inter - Parliamentary Union Website. 2012. http://www.ipu.org/english/surveys.htm (accessed May 31, 2014). Inter-Parliamentary Union. "World Average." Women in National Parliaments. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, April 1st , 2014. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments. Reports and Documentation, Geneva: Inter - Parliamentary Union, 2008. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments. October 1st , 2014. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (accessed October 19, 2014). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Participation and Protest: Women and Politics in a Global World. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2007. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments. December 1st , 2014. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (accessed February 12, 2015). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments. December 30, 2003. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif301203.htm (accessed May 31, 2014). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments. January 1st , 2015. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (accessed March 12, 2015). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments: World Classification. Febraury 1st , 2015. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm (accessed March 31, 2015). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in Parliament: Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2014. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/speakers.htm (accessed May 26, 2014). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in Parliament: Inter-Parliamentary Union. December 31, 2013. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif011213.htm (accessed May 31, 2014). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in Parliaments 1945 -1995 . Worldwide Statistical Survey, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1995. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women in Politics. Map of Women in Politics, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2014. Iwanaga, Kazuki. Women`s Political Participation and Representation in Asia: Obstacles and Challenges. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2008. Jammeh, Saikou. Inter- Press Service News Agency: Africa. March 30, 2014. http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/03/gambias-women-demand-seat-political-table/ (accessed May 20, 2015). Karam, Azza, and Joni Lovenduski. "Women in Parliament: Making a Difference." In Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, by Julie Ballington and Azza Karam, 187 -212. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005. Karp, Jeffrey A., and Susan A. Banducci. "When Politics is not just a Man`s Game: Women`s Representation and Political Engagement." Electoral Studies, 2008: 105 - 115. Kauzya, John-Mary. "Political Decentralization in Africa: Experiences of Uganda, Rwanda and South Africa." Discussion Paper. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, December 2007. Kenny, Meryl. "Gender, Institutions and Power: A Critical Review." Politics, 2007: 91 -100. Krook, Mona L., and Diana Z. O`Brien. "The Politics of Group Representation: Quotas for Women and Minorities Worldwide." Comparative Politics, 2010: 253 - 272. Kunovich, Sheri, and Pamela Paxton. "Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women`s National Political Representation." American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005): 505 - 552. Leighley, Jan E. "Attitudes, Opportunities and Incentives: A Field Essay on Political Participation." Political Research Quarterly, 1995: 181 - 209. Longman, Timothy. "Rwanda: Achieving Equality or Serving an Authoritarian State?" In Women in African Parliaments, by Gretchen Bauer and Hannah E. Britton, 133 -150. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. Mamdani, Mahmood. "Making Sense of Political Violence in Post-Colonial Africa." Socialist Register, 2003: 132 - 151. Markham, Susan. "Strengthening Women`s Roles in Parliaments." Parliamentary Affairs (Oxford University Press), May 2012: 1 - 12. Markham, Susan. Women and Leadership in West Africa: Mothering the Nation and Humanizing the State. 1st . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Markham, Susan. Women as Agents of Change: Having Voice in Society and Influencing Policy. Women`s Voice, Agency and Participation Research Series, Geneva: World Bank, 2013, 8. Matland, Richards E. "Women`s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries." Legislative Studies Quarterly , 1998: 109 - 125. McCrummen, Stephanie. World: The Washington Post. October 27, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/26/AR2008102602197.html?sid=ST2008051504314 (accessed May 29, 2014). Mueller, Carol M., ed. The Politics of Geder Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence. California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1988. Muriaas, Ragnihild L., Liv Tonnessen, and Vibeke Wang. "Exploring the Relationship between Democratization and Quota Policies in Africa." Women`s Studies International Forum, 2013: 89 -93 . Nabaneh, 2012. "The Power of Women`s Political Participation in ECOWAS." ECHO Bilingual Quarterly Newsletter, 2012. Nabaneh, Satang. `Women`s Political Participation and Representation in The Gambia: One Step Forward or Two Back?`. Study, Banjul : Commisioned by TANGO, 2014. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. 2012 Population and Housing Census Report on the Provisional Results. Population Census Draft Report, Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2012. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. National Gender Statistics Report 2013. National Gender Statistics Report , Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda & Gender Monitoring Office, 2013. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Rwanda Fourth Population and Housing Census Thematic Report: Gender. Rwanda Fourth Population and Housing Census, Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2012. Njie, Ousman. Foroyaa Newspaper. March 20, 2013. http://www.gambia.dk/forums/topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=13063 (accessed May 20, 2015). Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomina E., and Susan Franceschet. "Democratization and State Feminism: Gender Politics in Africa and Latin America." Development and Change, 2002: 439 - 466. Organization of African Unity. "African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights ." African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981). Nairobi: Organization of African Unity, November 27, 1981. Osborn, Tracy L. How Women Represent Women: Political Parties, Gender, and Representation in the State Legislatures. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2012. Pande, Rohini, and Deanna Ford. Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2012. Paola, Maria D., Vincenzo Scoppa, and Rosetta Lombardo. "Can Gender Quotas Break Down Negative Stereotypes? Evidence From Changes in Electoral Rules ." Journal of Public Economics, 2010: 344 - 353. Population Reference Bureau. 2014 World Population Data Sheet. World Population Report, North West, Washinghton D.C : Population Reference Bureau, 2014. Powley, Elizabeth. "Rwanda: Women Hold Up Half the Parliament." In Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, by Julie Ballington and Azza Karam, 154-63. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005. Powley, Elizabeth. Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcomes Affecting Children and Families. The State of the World`s Children 2007: Background PAper, New York: United Nations Children`s Fund, 2006. Powley, Elizabeth. Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda`s Transition. Women Waging Peace Policy Commission Series, New York: Hunt Alternatives Fund , 2003, 1 -11. Rehfeld, Andrew. "Towards a General Theory of Political Representation." Journal of Politics 68, no. 1 (December 2005): 1 - 21. Republic of The Gambia: State House. March 16, 2015. http://www.statehouse.gm/cabinet.html (accessed March 26, 2015). Reyntjens, Filip. "Constructing the Truth, Dealing with Dissent, Domesticating the World: Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda." African Affairs, 2010: 1–34. Saine, Abdoulaye, Ebrima Ceesay, and Ebrima Sall. State and Society in The Gambia since Independence, 1965 - 2012. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press, 2013. Saine, Abdoulaye. "The Gambia’s “Elected Autocrat Poverty, Peripherality, and Political Instability,” 1994–2006." Armed Forces and Society, January 2008: 1- 25. Sallah, Tijan M. "Economic and Politics in The Gambia." Journal of Modern African Studies, 1990: 621 -648. Sawer, Marian. "Parliamentary Representation of Women: From Discourses of Justice to Strategies of Accountability." International Political Science Review 21, no. 4 (October 2000): 361 -380. Schwartz, Helle. "Women`s Representation in the Rwandan Parliament: An Analysis of Variations in the Representation of Women`s Interest Caused by Gender and Quotas ." Master`s Thesis. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, 2004. Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. "The Incumbency Disadvantage and Women`s Election to Legislative Office." Electoral Studies, 2005: 227 - 244. Shvedova, Nadezhda. "Obstacles to Women`s Participation in Parliament." In Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, by Julie Ballington and Azza Karam, 33 - 50. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005. Sillah, Amie, Fatoumatta, Jawara, Fatoumatta, Jahumpa-Ceesay, and Aminata, Secka. Women in Politics . Cond. Isatou Bittaye. Comp. City Limits Radio. 2012. Steady, Filomina C. Women and Leadership in West Africa: Mothering the nation and humanizing the state. First. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Sultana, Abeda. "Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis." The Arts Faculty Journal, July 2010-June 2011: 1 - 18. Teorell, Jan. "Political Participation and Three Theories of Democracy: A Research Inventory and Agenda." European Journal of Political Research , 2006: 787 - 810. Thabane, Tebello. "Bridging the Gap Between De Jure and De Facto Parliamentary Representation of Women in Africa: Lessons from Rwanda and South Africa." Masters Thesis. Kampala: Makarere University, October 31, 2006. The Gambia Information site. The Gambia Information site. 2009. http://www.accessgambia.com/information/muslims-islam.html (accessed October 21, 2014). The News. News: African News. June 4, 2015. http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/06/04/mauritius-appoints-first-female-president/ (accessed June 21, 2015). The Point Newspaper. Africa: Gambia: The Point Newspaper. June 10, 2009. http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/speaker-fjc-minister-balla-gaye-sacked (accessed May 26, 2014). The Point Newspaper. News. December 19, 2013. http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/udp-treasurer-amadou-sanneh-two-others-jailed-5-years (accessed April 19, 2015). Thomas, Sue, and Clyde Wilcox, . Women and Elective Office: Past, Present and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Tremblay, Manon. "Introduction." In Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas, by Manon Tremblay, 1 - 23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Tripp, Aili M., and Alice Kang. "The Global Impact of Quotas: On the Fast Track to Increased Female Legislative Representation." Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 3 (2008): 338 - 361. Tripp, Aili Mari. The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences. Quota Report Series, Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2004, 72. Tripp, Aili. "Home: Democracy in Africa." Democracy in Africa website. December 9, 2013. http://democracyinafrica.org/women-politics-africa-today/ (accessed May 21, 2014). UN Women. "Agreed conclusions, Enhanced participation of women in development: an enabling environment for achieving gender equality and the advancement of women, taking into account, inter alia, the fields of education, health and work." 50th Commission on the Status of Women. New York: United Nations, 2006. 1 - 14. United Nations "Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women." CEDAW. New York: United Nations , December 18, 1979. United Nations "Convention on the Political Rights of Women." Convention on the Political Rights of Women. New York: United Nations, March 31, 1953. United Nations . Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. New York: United Nations, 1995. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2014. Human Development Report, New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2014. United Nations Development Programme; National Democratic Institute . Empowering Women for Stronger Political Parties: A Guide to Promote Women`s Political Participation. New York: United Nations, 2012. United Nations Division for Advacement of Women, UN. Online discussion on Women, political participation and decision-making in Africa. Online Discussion, New York: UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2007, 7. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: African Women`s Report: Measuring Gender Equality in Africa: Experiences and Lessons from the African Gender and Development Index. Publication, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2009. United Nations. Human Development Report 2013, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. Explanatory note on 2013 HDR composite indices, New York: United Nations, 2013. United States Department of State . The Gambia 2012 Human Rights Report. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, North West, Washington D.C: United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2012. Welch, Claude E. Jr. Protecting Human Rights in Africa: Strategies and Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations. Philadelphia, Pennysylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Welch, Susan. "Women as Political Animinal? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Political Participation Differences." American Journal of Political Science, 1977: 711 - 730. World Bank. The World Bank Data. 2015. http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda (accessed April 7, 2015). World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report. Insight Report, Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2014. World Population Statistics. World: World Population Statistics. Febraury 11, 2014. http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/category/world/ (accessed May 21, 2014). Yoon, Mi Y. "More Women in the Tanzanian Legislature: Do Numbes Matter?" Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 2011: 83 - 98.
Description:	國立政治大學國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS) 102862016
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1028620161
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[International Master`s Program in International Studies] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
016101.pdf	828Kb	Adobe PDF2	965	View/Open

社群 sharing

Loading...