政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/77323
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113303/144284 (79%)
造访人次 : 50808938      在线人数 : 687
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77323


    题名: 沒人陪伴的兒童移民：由貧窮與安全檢視尼加拉瓜及宏都拉斯之案例
    Unaccompanied Child Migration: An analysis of Poverty and Violence in Nicaragua and Honduras.
    作者: 莫以恩
    Martinez, Elaine
    贡献者: 盧業中
    Lu, Yeh Chung
    莫以恩
    Martinez, Elaine
    关键词: 移民孩童
    尼加拉瓜
    洪都拉斯
    移民
    貧困
    暴力
    美國
    child migration
    poverty
    violence
    Nicaragua
    Honduras
    US.
    Migration
    日期: 2015
    上传时间: 2015-08-03 13:45:23 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本碩士論文是以來自尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯移民至美國的兒童為研究案例，除了解釋現今主要移民的現象之外，本論文也從歷史和社會背景的角度去分析。本研究主要著重在於尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯兩國的驅逐因素，並且同時也探究美國為何成為主要的移民目的地。國家這些年採取的政策會影響當地移民的情形，另外還有貧窮和暴力更是造成孩童移民的主因。本研究認為家族重聚是造成人口外移至美國的主因。此外，來自中美洲北部三角地帶的孩童移民發生頻率特別高，然而，這樣的狀態並不能當作是影響這三個國家單一的因素，相反的，這個問題應該被視為廣大社會變遷中，涉及並足以影響整體的一個部份。
    Abstract

    This Master thesis studies the case of Children from Nicaragua and Honduras migrating unaccompanied to the U.S. Rather than simply describing the primary characteristics of the current migration trends between these countries and the US, it also assesses the historical and social context within which they have been initiated. This implied the incorporation of a historicized and multi scaled analytical perspective that has been adopted throughout the research. The study therefore focuses more on the expelling factors in both Nicaragua and Honduras and somehow – but in a lesser extent- explores the attracting factors of the U.S. It has also been important to analyze in some detail the policies the countries have adopted throughout the years that may in fact have contributing to migration in the past and may be affecting the current child migration dynamics that has now erupted in the region. After pointing out how some major factors such as poverty and violence has somewhat contributed to the current child migration crisis, the research emphasizes that family reunification remains the major driving factor of out migration towards the U.S. that needs to be addressed. Additionally, the research stresses that child migration from the northern triangle of Central America to the U.S. is occurring in a high volume, nevertheless, this dynamic should not be considered as a single issue affecting these three countries. Instead, the issue should be seen as part of a wider process of social change that involves and affect the region as a whole.
    參考文獻: Alonso, J. A. (2011). International Migration and Development: A review in light of the crisis. CDP Background Paper, SeriesNo.11(E). Available from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2011_11e.pdf
    ACNUR. (2015, January 29). Niños Deportados Enfrentan Peligros Mortales al Regresar a Honduras. Retrieved May 27, 2015, from La Agencia de la ONU para los Refugiados: http://www.acnur.org/t3/noticias/noticia/ninos-deportados-enfrentan-peligros-mortales-al-regresar-a-honduras/
    Aragon, W. (2013, June 26). Pandilleros Hacen Contacto con la MS. Retrieved April 5, 2015, from Hoy: http://www.hoy.com.ni/2013/06/26/pandilleros-hacen-contactos-con-la-ms/
    Atwood, J. B. (2003). The Link Between Poverty and Violent Conflict. New England Journal of Public Policy, 19 (1), 159-165.
    Bastia, T. (2005) ‘Child Trafficking or Teenage Migration? Bolivian Migrants in Argentina’, International Migration, 43 (4): 57-80.
    Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic Theory and International Migration. International Migration Review, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 457-485.
    Briones, H. J. (2013). Perfil Migratorio de Nicaragua 2012. (IOM, Ed.) Retrieved February 2015, from International Organization for Migration: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=42&products_id=958
    Bruneau, T. C. (2014). Pandillas and Security in Central America. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 49, No.2, pp. 152-172.
    Castles, S., & Miller M. J. (2009). Theories of Migration, Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 4th ed. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.
    Cáritas, Pastoral Social. (2003). Sueños Truncados: La migración de hondureños hacia Estados Unidos. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras.
    Chavez, L., & Menjivar, C. (2010). Children Without Boarders: A Mapping of the literature on Unaccompanied Migrant children to the United States. Migraciones Internatcionales, Vol. 5, No.3, pp. 71-111.
    Cajina, R. (2013, January). Seguridad en Nicaragua: ¿la excepción en Centroamérica? Retrieved April 17, 2015, from Inter-American Dialogue: http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8990_Security_Nicaragua_Span_web.pdf
    Carranza, J. V.; Chang, J. (2002). Informes nacionales sobre migración internacional en países de Centroamérica - Honduras. Taller de capacitación para el análisis de información censal sobre migración internacional en América Central. CEPAL.
    Dalrymple, J. K. (2006). Seeking Asylum Alone: Using the best Interest of the Child Principle to Protect Unaccompanied Minors, Boston Collage Third World Law Journal, vol. 26, No.1, pp. 131-168.
    De Haan, A., & Yaqub, S. (2008). Migration and Poverty: Linkages, Knowledge Gaps and Policy Implications. Conference Paper. Stockholm: “Social Policy and Migration in Developing Countries” 22-23.
    De Haas, H. (2010) Migration and Development: a theoretical perspective. University of Oxford.

    Ehrenpreis, D. (2006). What is poverty? Concepts and measures.United Nations Development Programme.
    El Nuevo Diario. (2010). Ex pandilleros deciden adoptar una nueva vida. Retrieved May 17, 2015, from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/nacionales/75391-ex-pandilleros-deciden-adoptar-nueva-vida/
    Esalvador.com. (2014). Pandillas hondureñas controlan hasta las escuelas. Retrieved May 17, 2015, from http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=47860&idArt=9302575
    Escante, M. (2014). Las Maras de Honduras Matan a Niños que no se Unen a la Banda. Retrieved May 17, 2015, from ABC.es: http://www.abc.es/internacional/20140510/abci-maras-honduras-matan-ninos-201405092000.html
    Fonseca Flores, M. A. (2012). Migración Internacional Reciente de Honduras. Latin America Journals Online, 9-22.
    Forsyth, T. (2004). Encyclopedia of International Development. Taylor & Francis.
    Forselledo, A. G. (2006, October). Una Aproximacion al Perfil de las Pandillas Violentas. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from UNESU: http://unesu.info/ddnn.asu/EL%20PERFIL%20DE%20LA%20PANDILLA1.pdf
    Franco, C. (2008). The MS-13 and 18th Street Gangs: Emerging Transnational Gang Threats? (CRS Report No.RL34233).
    Gibson, C. J., & Emily, L. (2015). Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-1990. Retrieved April 03, 2015, from U.S Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/twps0029.html
    Government of Nicaragua. (2001). A Strengthened Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy. Retrieved April, 19, 2005 from International Monetary Fund: http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2001/nic/01/
    Gobierno de la Republica de Honduras. (2015). Informe Estadistico de las Personas Repatriadas/Retornadas a Honduras Periodo 15 de Abril 2015. Tegucigalpa: Centro Nacional de Informacion del Sector Social.
    Goodhand, J. (2001). Violent conflict, Poverty and Chronic Poverty. Retrieved March 20, 2015 from Chronic Poverty Research Centre: http://www.chronicpoverty.org/publications/details/violent-conflict-poverty-and-chronic-poverty
    Gutierrez-Rivera, L. (2013). Territories of Violence: State, Marginal Youth, and Public Security in Honduras. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Haspels N., & Suriyasarn B. (2003). Promotion of Gender Equality In Action against Child Labour and Trafficking. A Practical Guide for Organizations. International Labor Organization.
    Hashim, I. (2006) The Positives and Negatives of Children’s Independent Migration: Assessing the Evidence and the Debates, Working Paper T16, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalization and Poverty, University of Sussex.
    Haan, W. D. (2008). Violence as an Essentially Contested Concept.
    Hagopian, F., & Mainwaring, S. P. (2005). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks. Cambridge University Press.
    Hernández Cruz, R. (2004). National report on the results of the child labour survey in Honduras. International Labor Organization.
    Hooghe, M., Vanhoutte, B., Hardyns, W., & Bircan, T. (2011). Unemployment, Inequality, Poverty and Crime: Spatial Distribution Patterns of Criminal Acts in Belgium, 2001-2006. British Journal of Criminology , 51, 1-20.
    International Fund for Agricultural Development. (2011). Enabling Poor Rural People to Overcome Poverty in Honduras. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Retrieved May 03, 2015 from IFAD: http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pl/factsheet/honduras_e.pdf
    International Labor Organization. (2012). ILO Global Estimate on Forced Labour: Results and Methodology. Geneva.
    ILO. (2013). Marking progress against child labour: Global estimates and trends 2000-2012. Geneva: International Labour Office.
    IOM. (2004). Glossary on Migration. Retrieved March 20, 2015 from IOM: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/IML_1_EN.pdf
    IOM. (2014, August). International Organization for Migration. Retrieved February 13, 2015, from IOM: https://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/americas/central-and-north-america-and-th/nicaragua.default.html?displayTab=contact-us
    Jiménez Álvarez, M. (2004). Análisis transnacional de los procesos migratorios de los menores de origen marroquí. Paper presented at IV Congreso de la Inmigración, Gerona, Spain.
    Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes . (2013). Annual Report. Retrieved April 17, 2015 from INCB: https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2013/Spanish/AR_2013_S.pdf
    Johnston, J., & Lefebvre, S. (2013, November). Honduras Since the Coup: Economic and Social Outcomes. Center for Economic and Policy Research.
    Kandel, W. A. (2014). Unaccompanied Alien Children: Potential Factors Contributing to Recent Immigration (CRS Report No.R43628).
    Kanics, J., Senovilla-Hernández, D. Touzenis, K. Eds. (2010). Migrating alone: Unaccompanied and separated children’s migration to Europe. UNESCO.
    Kinloch Tijerino, F. (2006). Historia de Nicaragua. Nicaragua. IHNCA-UCA.
    La Prensa. (2013, August 15). Congreso hondureño debate creación de policía militar. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from http://www.laprensagrafica.com/congreso-hondureno-debate-creacion-de-policia-militar
    Leiden, W. R., & Neal, D. L. (1990). Highlights of the U.S. Immigration Act of 1990. Fordham International Law Journal, 14 (1).
    Massey, D. S. Arango, J., Graeme H., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Edward, J. (1993). Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 431-466.
    Meza , M. J. (2012). Puzzling Independency in Child Migration: A Child Rights Approach to Internal Migration in Ghana.International Institute of Social Studies.
    Meza, V. (2011). Honduras: Retos y desafíos de la reconstrucción democrática. Centro! de! Documentación! de! Honduras.
    Mencía, T. A. (2006). Las Maras en la Sombra. Retrieved May 17, 2015, from Washington Office on Latin America: http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/downloadable/Citizen%20Security/past/diagnostico_honduras.pdf
    Merril, T. Ed. (1993). Retrieved April 10, 2015, from Nicaragua: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress: http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/25.htm
    Ministerio del Trabajo. (2005). Encuesta de Trabajo infantil realizada en el año 2005. Retrieved May 20, 2015, from Ministerio del Trabajo: http://www.mitrab.gob.ni/documentos/informes-estadisticos/infantil.pdf/view
    Ministry of Education. (2008). Ministry of Education. Managua.
    Muggah, R. (2012). Researching The Urban Dilemma: Urbanization, Poverty and Violence.
    National Gang Intelligence Center. (2011, October). The Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from 2011 National Gang threat assessment: https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment
    OIM & Others. (2011). Investigacion Flujos migratorios laborales intrarregionales: Situación actual, retos y oportunidades en Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Informe de honduras. San Jose: OIM, OIT, CECC SICA, Red de Observatorios del Mercado Laboral, OLACD, AECID.
    OIM, UNICEF, & OIT, O. I. (2013). Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Migrantes de America Central y Mexico. Costa Rica: Organizacion Internacional para las Migraciones.
    Organizacion Internatcional para las Migraciones; Save the Children; Red Nicaraguense de la Sociedad Civil para las Migraciones. (2012). Situacion de niños, niñas y adolescente que viajan no acompañados por la Region Centroamericana. Estudio Nicaragua 2010. (1 ed.). Managua, Nicaragua: Save The Children.
    Orgocka, A. (2012), Vulnerable yet Agentic: Independent Cchild Migrants and Ppportunity Structures. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1002/cad 20007.
    Pedraza, S. (1991). Women and Migration: The Social Consecuence of Gender. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 17, pp. 303-325.
    Peterson, L. S. (1986). Central American Migration: Past and Present, Issue 25 of CIR staff paper Vol. 3. Center for International Research, U.S. Bureau of the Census.

    Perez, W. (2010). La Prensa. Retrieved April 2015, from http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/07/nacionales/36925-2010-como-el-ano-del-mitch
    Poverty and Crime: Breaking the Vicious Cycle. (2013). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from Poverties.Org: http://www.poverties.org/poverty-and-crime.html
    Policía Nacional de Nicaragua. (2011). Sistematización del modelo policial comunitario proactivo de Nicaragua (1 ed.). Managua: Policía Nacional de Nicaragua.
    Portes, A. (1997). Immigration theory for a new century: Some Problems and Opportunities. International Migration Review, Vol. 31. No. 4, pp. 799-825.
    Portes, A. (2004). A cross atlantic dialogue: the progress of research and theory in the study of international migration. International Migration Review, Vol. 38. No. 3, pp. 828-851.
    Punch, S. (2007). Migration Projects: Children on the Move for Work and Education. Conference Paper. London: Workshop on Independent Child Migrants: Policy Debates and Dilemmas.
    Ribando Seelke, C. (2014). Gangs in Central America (CRS Report No. RL34112).
    Robert. J., S. S. (1997). Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of efficacy. Science , 277:918-924.
    Rios, V. (2014). Security Issues and Immigration Flows: Drug-Violence Refugees, the New Mexican Immigrants. Latin American Research Review Vol. 49, No.3.
    Rocha, J. L., & Rodgers, D. (2008). Managua: Impresiones Helios.
    Sales, R. (2007). “Explaining Migration” Understanding Imigration and Refugee Policy: Contradictions and Continuities . Bristol:Policy. pp. 45-67.
    Segovia, A. (2004). Centroamérica después del café: el fin del modelo agroexportador tradicional y el surgimiento de un nuevo modelo. Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales , 1 (2).
    Tilly, C. (2003). The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridege University Press.
    Todaro, M. P. (1969). A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 138-148.
    UNESCO. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/
    UNDP. (2006). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano, Honduras 2006. Hacia la expansión de la ciudadanía. Tegucigalpa: United Nations Development Program.
    UNDP. (2013). Regional Human Development Report 2013-2014. Citizen Security with a Human Face: Evidence and Proposals for Latin America. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York.
    UNICEF. (2012). Situacion de Maras y Pandillas en Honduras.
    United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
    United Nations. (2000). Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
    United Nations. (2014, July). Millennium Development Goals Indicator. Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx
    United Nations Development Programme. (2011). Human Development Report. New York.
    United Nations Development Programme. (1997). Human Development Report. Oxford University Press.
    UNODC. (2013). The Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
    United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2013), Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Age and Sex. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/migration/migrationreport2013/Full_Document_final.pdf
    U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2014). Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Protection. http://www.unhcrwashington.org/sites/default/files/1_UAC_Children%20On%20the%20Run_Executive%20Summary.pdf. Accessed October, 2014.
    Urquiola, M., & Calderón, V. (2004, October). Apples and oranges: Educational enrollment and attainment across countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
    United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2006). Central America and Mexico Gangs Assessment. Washington, DCC: USAID.
    U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Southwest Border Unaccompanied Alien Children (FY 2014). http://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children-2014. Accessed October 2014.
    U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforement. (2003, March 10). ICE Arrests 375 Gang Members and Associates in Two-Week Enforcement Action. Retrieved May 07, 2015, from Homeland Security Digital Library: https://www.hsdl.org/?search&page=1&all=gangs&searchfield=title&collection=limited&submitted=Search&tabsection=Speeches+and+press+releases&fct&publisher=United+States.+Department+of+Homeland+Security.+Press+Office&language=en
    Wadswort, R. D. (2003). Poverty and violence. In W. H. (Eds.), International Handbook of Violence Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers .
    World Bank. (n.d.). World Databank. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from Personal remittances, received (% of GDP): data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS
    World Food Programme. (2013). Country Programme Nicaragua 200434 (2013–2018).
    World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health.
    Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
    Zinecker, H. (2012). El bajo índice de violencia en Nicaragua: ¿Mito o realidad? Resultados empíricos, causalidades y enseñanzas. Hessische Stiftung Friedens.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    Master of International Studies, English Cheng (IMPIS)
    102862007
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102862007
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    200701.pdf2279KbAdobe PDF2425检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈