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    題名: 全球主要碳市場發展之經驗及對臺灣碳交易之啟示
    Experiences from the Evolution of Major Carbon Markets and Their Implications for Carbon Transactions in Taiwan
    作者: 林家賢
    Lin, Chia Hsien
    貢獻者: 張興華
    Chang, Hsing Hua
    林家賢
    Lin, Chia Hsien
    關鍵詞: 碳交易
    碳市場
    京都議定書
    總量管制與排放交易
    歐盟排放交易體系
    芝加哥氣候交易所
    中國碳試點
    溫室氣體減量及管理法
    carbon transactions
    carbon market
    Kyoto Protocol
    Cap and Trade
    EU ETS
    CCX
    Chinese ETS pilots
    Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Management Act
    日期: 2015
    上傳時間: 2015-08-03 13:21:28 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 隨著全球溫室氣體排放量的增長，氣候變遷帶來的衝擊益加嚴重，京都議定書的三種彈性減量機制為人類對抗氣候變遷帶來了新的契機，「碳交易」及「碳市場」於焉而生。為與國際的潮流接軌，立法院於2015年6月15日三讀通過了《溫室氣體減量及管理法》，嗣經總統於同年7月1日公布施行，我國將可藉由「總量管制與排放交易」(Cap and Trade)的實施，建立一個強制性的碳市場。本論文以市場規模最大的歐盟及中、美兩大排碳國為例，探討它們碳市場發展的經驗，並將重點聚焦在其歷史背景、制度面的設計、碳交易的情形及執行減量的成效上，希望從中找出我國碳交易可以學習與借鑑的地方。

    歐、美及中國的碳市場各在不同的背景之下產生，歐盟及中國以強制性市場為主，美國則以自願性市場為主。本論文發現，歐盟排放交易體系(EU ETS)及中國的7個碳試點，其發展有賴明確的溫室氣體減量目標與碳交易的強制規定作為基礎，此正是美國碳市場所缺乏的。芝加哥氣候交易所(CCX)本質上其實類似歐盟及中國的碳市場，它們最大的差別在於：前者可由企業自行決定加入與否，後兩者則強制達一定排放量的企業加入。CCX失敗的例子，恰恰說明了缺乏國家明確方向的指引，單靠企業憑良心加入的自願性市場，發展仍然有限。

    最後，本論文提出對我國碳交易後續規劃方向的7項建議，以及後續論文研究方向的3項建議。
    With the rapid growth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, impacts of climate change become more serious. To reduce GHG emissions, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. Various carbon markets have been structured at the domestic or international level, especially since the introduction of three flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.

    To demonstrate Taiwan’s commitment to combating climate change in line with the global trend, the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Management Act was promulgated by the president on 1 July 2015. It provides a legal basis for establishing a cap and trade system, and a compliance carbon market will be structured in Taiwan. In this paper, we consider the world’s three major carbon markets, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and the Chinese seven official ETS pilots. This study seeks to provide some suggestions for future carbon transactions in Taiwan from their evolution experiences. The discussions developed in this study will focus on their historical backgrounds, system designs, allowance transactions, and emission reductions achievement.

    By comparing their evolution experiences, we find critical success factors behind carbon markets. Finally, suggestions for Taiwan’s government and future researches are presented.
    參考文獻: 一、中文部分
    (一)專書
    曲新生等27人(2012)，2012年能源產業技術白皮書，臺北：經濟部能源局

    (二)期刊、會議論文與研究報告
    1.上海環境能源交易所(2013)，碳市場快訊2013年第4期總第4期
    2.__________________(2014a)，碳市場快訊2014年10月總第44期
    3.__________________(2014b)，碳市場快訊2014年12月總第53期
    4.__________________(2015)，碳市場快訊2015年1月總第54期
    5.中華經濟研究院(2009)，碳排放交易機制建置之研究，行政院經濟建設委員會委託研究計畫
    6.北京中創碳投科技有限公司(2015)，中國碳交易試點首年履約及交易情況，中國碳市場2014年度報告
    7.宋國誠(2009)，中國大陸氣候變遷對策─中國走向「低碳經濟」時代，2009年度國際及中國大陸情勢發展評估報告，頁1-8
    8.康文尚、賴宇松(2008)，歐盟溫室氣體排放交易制度，科技發展政策報導(2008年7月)，頁51-73
    9.許峻賓(2007)，清潔發展機制（CDM）的成立背景，能源報導(2007年12月)，頁5-7
    10.郭博堯(2001)，背景分析－京都議定書的爭議與妥協，國政研究報告永續(研)090-024號
    11.______(2005)，美國溫室氣體管制政策走向，國政研究報告永續(研)094-005號
    12.蕭代基、洪志銘、羅時芳(2010)，碳稅與碳交易之比較與搭配，台電工程月刊，頁59-66
    13.羅時芳(2009)，全球碳市場趨勢及對我國金融產業之啟示，證券櫃檯(2009年6月)，第141期，頁91-103

    (三)博、碩士學位論文
    1.宋建緯(2011)，碳價波動影響因素之探討─以歐洲能源交易所碳交易為例，國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文
    2.康文尚(2012)，歐盟溫室氣體排放交易制度研究─兼評我國溫室氣體排放交易制度之建置，國立東華大學自然資源與環境學系博士論文
    3.廖晏婕(2012)，能源價格對碳權價格波動性之影響-CARR模型與GARCH模型之比較，中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文
    4.蕭伊婷(2008)，能源價格對於碳權價格之影響，國立政治大學金融研究所碩士論文

    (四)網路資源
    1.行政院環境保護署(2012)，國際碳市場現況，取自：http://estc10.estc.tw/ghgrule/market/market_2.asp (2015年4月18日瀏覽)
    2.________________________(2014)，什麼是溫室效應，取自：http://estc10.estc.tw/ghgrule/QA/QA_list.asp?id=4 (2015年4月18日瀏覽)
    3.________________________(2014)，法規建置，取自：http://www.epa.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=10051&ctNode=31351&mp=epa (2015年4月18日瀏覽)
    4.________________________(2015)，「溫室氣體減量及管理法」架構與條文介紹，取自：http://estc10.estc.tw/ghgrule/KnowRule/rule-2.asp (2015年7月10日瀏覽)

    (五)其他(法規、官方文件等)
    1.中華人民共和國外交部(2014)，中美氣候變化聯合聲明，取自：http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t1210034.shtml
    2.中華人民共和國科學技術部(2006)，科技部等六部委聯合發布《氣候變化國家評估報告》，取自：http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/jqjnjp/jnjptpxw/200708/t20070803_51991.htm
    3.中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會(2007)，中國應對氣候變化國家方案，取自：http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File189.pdf
    4.____________________________(2011)，關於開展碳排放權交易試點工作的通知，取自：http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201201/t20120113_456506.html
    5.____________________________(2012)，溫室氣體自願減排交易管理暫行辦法，取自：http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CDM/UpFile/File2894.pdf
    6.____________________________(2014)，國家應對氣候變化規劃(2014-2020年)，取自：http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/gzdt/201411/W020141104591413713551.pdf
    7.____________________________(2014)，碳排放權交易管理暫行辦法，取自：http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfg/201412/t20141212_652007.html
    8.中華人民共和國國務院(2011)，“十二五”控制溫室氣體排放工作方案，取自：http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-01/13/content_2043645.htm
    9.____________________(2011)，中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展第十二個五年規劃綱要，取自：http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/fzgggz/fzgh/ghwb/gjjh/201109/P020110919592208575015.pdf
    10.中華民國總統府(2015)，溫室氣體減量及管理法，取自：http://www.president.gov.tw/PORTALS/0/BULLETINS/PAPER/PDF/7200-3.pdf
    11.吳聰敏(2014)，第7章-外部成本與外部利益，國立臺灣大學經濟學原理教材，取自：http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntut019/ecomicro/bm-Externality.pdf
    12.經濟部能源局(2014)，我國燃料燃燒二氧化碳排放統計，取自：http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ecw/business/content/wHandMenuFile.ashx?menu_id=363
    13.聯合國(1992)，聯合國氣候變化框架公約(中文版)，取自：http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/convchin.pdf
    14.______(1998)，聯合國氣候變化框架公約京都議定書(中文版)，取自：http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpchinese.pdf
    15.______(2012)，對京都議定書的多哈修正(中文版)，取自：https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_chinese.pdf



    二、英文部分
    (一)專書
    1.Pigou, A.C.(1920), The Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan
    2.World Bank(2006), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2006, Washington D.C.
    3.__________(2007), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007, Washington D.C.
    4.__________(2008), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2008, Washington D.C.
    5.__________(2009), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2009, Washington D.C.
    6.__________(2010), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010, Washington D.C.
    7.__________(2011), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2011, Washington D.C.
    8.__________(2012), State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2012, Washington D.C.
    9.__________(2013), Mapping Carbon Pricing Initiatives: Developments and Prospects, Washington D.C.
    10.__________(2014), State and Trends of Carbon Pricing, Washington D.C.

    (二)期刊、會議論文與研究報告
    1.Alberola, E. and Chevallier, J.(2009), European Carbon Prices and Banking Restrictions: Evidence from Phase I (2005-2007), The Energy Journal, 30(3), 51-80.
    2.Alberola, E., Chevallier, J. and Chèze, B.(2008a), Price Drivers and Structural Breaks in European Carbon Prices 2005-07, Energy Policy, 36(2), 787-797.
    3.___________________________________(2008b), The EU Emissions Trading Scheme: the Effects of Industrial Production and CO2 Emissions on Carbon Prices, International Economics, 116, 93-126.
    4.___________________________________(2009), The EU ETS: CO2 prices drivers during the learning experience(2005-2007), HAL-SHS #00389916.
    5.Burniaux, J-M., Chateau, J., Dellink, R., Duval, R. and Jamet, S.(2009), The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner, OECD Working Paper.
    6.Chevallier, J.(2010), The European carbon market(2005-2007): banking, pricing and risk-hedging strategies, HAL-SHS #00458787.
    7.Chevallier, J., Ielpo, F. and Mercier, L.(2009), Risk Aversion and Institutional Information Disclosure on the European Carbon Market: A Case-Study of the 2006 Compliance Event, Energy Policy, 37(1), 15-28.
    8.Coase, R. H.(1960), The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.
    9.Declercq, B., Delarue, E. and D’haeseleer, W.(2011), Impact of the economic recession on the European power sector`s CO2 emissions, Energy Policy, 39, 1677-1686.
    10.Ecosystem Marketplace(2014), Executive Summary, Sharing the Stage-State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2014.
    11.Ellerman, A. Denny and Barbara K. Buchner(2008), Over-allocation or Abatement : A Preliminary Analysis of the EU ETS based on the 2005-06 Emissions Data, Environmental and Resource Economics, 41.
    12.Ellis, J. and Kamel, S.(2007), Overcoming Barriers to Clean Development Mechanism Projects, OECD Papers, OECD Publishing, 7(1).
    13.Hintermann, B.(2010), Allowance price drivers in the first phase of the EU ETS, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 59(1), 43-56.
    14.IPCC(2013), Summary for Policymakers, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis(Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report)
    15.Kurkowski, Susan J.(2006), Distributing the right to pollute in the European Union: Efficiency, equity, and the environment, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 14, 698-733.
    16.Mansanet-Bataller, M. and Pardo, A.(2009), Impacts of regulatory announcements on CO2 prices, The Journal of Energy Markets, 2(2), 1-33.
    17.Mansanet-Bataller, M., Chevallier, J., Hervé-Mignucci, M. and Alberola, E.(2011), EUA and sCER Phase II Price Drivers: Unveiling the reasons for the existence of the EUA- sCER spread, Energy Policy, 39(3), 1056-1069.
    18.Mansanet-Bataller, M., Pardo, A. and Valor, E.(2007), CO2 Prices, Energy and Weather, The Energy Journal, 28(3), 73-92.
    19.Reilly, J. M., and Paltsev, S.(2005), An analysis of the European emission trading scheme, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Report No. 127.
    20.Sijm, J.P.M., Bakker, S.J.A., Chen, Y., Harmsen, H.W. and Lise, W.(2005), CO2 Price dynamics: The implications of EU emissions trading for the price of electricity, The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore), ECN-C-05--081.
    21.Wara, Michael W.(2008), Measuring the Clean Development Mechanism`s Performance and Potential, UCLA Law Review, 55(6), 1759-1803.

    (三)網路資源
    1.European Commission(2007), Emissions trading: EU-wide cap for 2008-2012 set at 2.08 billion allowances after assessment of national plans for Bulgaria. Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-07-1614_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    2.___________________(2008), Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/faq_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    3.___________________(n.d.), 2030 framework for climate and energy policies. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/2030/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    4.___________________(n.d.), A `cap and trade` system. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    5.___________________(n.d.), Allowances and caps. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/cap/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    6.___________________(n.d.), EU ETS 2005-2012. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/pre2013/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    7.___________________(n.d.), Free allocation based on benchmarks. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/cap/allocation/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    8.___________________(n.d.), The 2020 climate and energy package. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    9.IPCC(2007), FAQ 3.1: “How are Temperatures on Earth Changing?”, Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-3-1.html. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    10.UNFCCC(n.d.), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Retrieved from: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    11.________(n.d.), Joint Implementation (JI). Retrieved from: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/joint_implementation/items/1674.php. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    12.________(n.d.), Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved from: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. Accessed 28 February 2015.
    13.________(n.d.), Parties & Observers. Retrieved from: http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php. Accessed 28 February 2015.

    (四)其他(官方文件、報告書等)
    1.CCX(2011), CCX Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.theice.com/publicdocs/ccx/CCX_Fact_Sheet.pdf
    2.European Commission(2005), EU Emission Trading─An open scheme promoting global innovation to combat climate change. Retrieved from: http://www.pedz.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/gdu/05/emission_trading2_en.pdf
    3.___________________(2013), The EU Emissions Trading System(EU ETS). Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/docs/factsheet_ets_en.pdf
    4.___________________(2014), Technical Paper Kyoto Ambition Mechanism Report. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/docs/eu_submission_20140430_technical_annex_en.pdf
    5.IEA(2014), Energy Indicators, Key World Energy Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf
    6.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(2003), Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Designing and Operating a Cap and Trade Program for Pollution Control. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cap-trade/docs/tools.pdf
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    金融研究所
    98352002
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098352002
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[金融學系] 學位論文

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