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| Title: | 論訴訟費用移轉變革對非專利實施實體之影響
The Impact of Fee-Shifting Changes on Non-Practicing Entities |
| Authors: | 郭怡萱
Kuo, I Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 馮震宇
郭怡萱
Kuo, I Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 非專利實施實體
美國專利法第285條
訴訟費用之移轉
non-practicing entities
35 U.S.C. Section 285
fee-shifting |
| Date: | 2014 |
| Issue Date: | 2015-02-03 10:34:50 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 美國專利制度為鼓勵創新發明、促進技術進步，賦予權利人有限期間之專利權，以排除他人未經同意而為製造、使用、銷售、銷售之要約、或進口。由於專利權人並未被要求積極實施專利權，市場上因而興起所謂非專利實施實體（Non-Practicing Entity）之商業模式，該等實體以訴訟威脅企業付出為數龐大的權利金或損害賠償金額，達成極大化專利投資報酬之目的。然而，非專利實施實體大量興訟的結果，不僅導致越來越多的企業疲於應付訴訟而影響正常營運，更阻礙技術與產業之創新、增加社會成本，對美國經濟體系產生嚴重之變化與影響。
2011年的美國發明法案雖然對專利制度做出大幅修正，提供許多法律機制回應非專利實施實體之商業模式，非專利實施實體卻仍持續利用其訴訟成本之優勢從專利制度中獲得超額之利益。是故，美國專利法第285條關於訴訟費用移轉之機制逐漸受到重視，該條文賦予法院於例外情況下，得裁定由敗訴當事人負擔勝訴當事人合理之律師費用。2014年5月，美國聯邦最高法院改變過去從嚴適用費用移轉規定之訴訟實務，於Octane Fitness v. ICON Health & Fitness Inc.判決放寬美國專利法第285條之例外情況判斷標準，賦予地方法院更多裁量權以認定事實，並於Highmark v. Allcare Health Management Systems判決確立美國專利法第285條之實行範圍，賦予前述事實認定更多尊重。
有鑑於費用移轉之機制已具體落實於司法判決之中，未來被控侵權人面臨專利侵權訴訟的威脅時，將有更大的談判籌碼與空間，因此非專利實施實體濫用訴訟之情形勢必產生變化。為了解訴訟費用移轉之機制變革對非專利實施實體訴訟之影響，以提供本國專利實施公司面對非專利實施實體訴訟騷擾時之參考，本文將從分析非專利實施實體之興起原因與商業模式著手，觀察非專利實施實體之訴訟情況與其衍生之爭議所在，並就美國聯邦最高法院之Octane Fitness v. ICON Health & Fitness Inc.與Highmark v. Allcare Health Management Systems兩件判決進行評析，比較訴訟費用移轉變革前後之相關訴訟實務，以及其對非專利實施實體濫用訴訟之影響。
To encourage innovations and facilitate technology developments, the U.S. patent system grants an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time to exclude others from making, using, offering to sell, selling or importing any patented invention. Because an inventor or assignee does not need to actively enforce its patent, a business model called non-practicing entity (NPE) begins to rise in the marketplace. These entities extract amounts of loyalties and damages by patent litigations, in order to maximize returns on patent investment. However, the abuse of litigation distracts business operations, interferes technological and industrial innovations, raises social costs, and severely damages the U.S. economic system.
Although America Invents Act in 2011 makes a great amendment on the patent system and provides many legal provisions to target on NPEs, NPEs still use their cost advantages to make profits from the patent system. Thus, attorney fee-shifting under 35 U.S.C. Section 285 gets more and more attentions. According to Section 285, the court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party. Especially in May 2014, Supreme Court changes legal practice in the pass, giving district courts more discretion on finding exceptional cases in Octane Fitness v. ICON Health & Fitness Inc. and holding that all aspects of a district court’s exceptional-case determination under Section 285 should be reviewed for abuse of discretion in Highmark v. Allcare Health Management Systems.
As the court opens the gate of fee-shifting, accused infringers may have more room to negotiate with NPEs when facing their threats, which makes influence on the abuse of litigation for sure. To gain a better understanding of fee-shifting changes on NPEs, this research will start with analyzing the rise of NPEs and their business models, observing their litigations and related disputes. Besides, this research will put effort on discussing Octane Fitness v. ICON Health & Fitness Inc. and Highmark v. Allcare Health Management Systems, comparing related practices before and after the fee-shifting changes, and analyzing the related impacts on NPEs. |
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一、中文部分
〈2010年全球非揮發性記憶體（NVM）市場產值 將超過 690億美元〉，科技產業資訊室，http://cdnet.stpi.narl.org.tw/techroom/market/eeic/eeic116.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年01月22日）。
〈Intellect Wireless控告Sharp與HP等電腦及通訊業者〉，科技產業資訊室，http://cdnet.stpi.org.tw/techroom/pclass/2010/pclass_10_A283.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年10月21日）。
David，〈專利流氓剋星，科技巨頭共組AST聯盟啟示〉，科技產業資訊室，http://cdnet.stpi.narl.org.tw/techroom/pclass/2008/pclass_08_A044.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年05月03日）。
王進喜，〈律師費的轉移方式：誰來為訴訟買單？〉，http://lawyering.fyfz.cn/b/84194（最後瀏覽日：2014年08月07日）。
李文強、王維位，〈美國的商業方法專利分析〉，中華智慧資產經營管理協會，2009年10月，http://www.ipama-age.org/analysis/patent%20business%20method.html（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月28日）。
張明海，〈專利地痞的真相〉，美國專利體系文摘，2012年06月，http://mhchang.blog.ntu.edu.tw/2012/06/21/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%97%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8/（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月23日）。
陳世傑，〈美國國會提出SHIELD法案 圍堵專利蟑螂橫行〉，資策會科技法律研究中心，https://stli.iii.org.tw/ContentPage.aspx?i=5968（最後瀏覽日：2014年08月07日）。
祈明輝，〈Leahy-Smith 美國發明法案為美國專利體系帶來重大變革〉，頁3-4，2011年10月，三達智慧財產權事務所，http://www.sundial.com.tw/service4file/201110vol601.pdf（最後瀏覽日：2014年07月29日）。
馮震宇，〈專利訴訟費用負擔大逆轉 對抗NPE新利器浮現？〉，科技產業資訊室，http://cdnet.stpi.narl.org.tw/techroom/pclass/2014/pclass_14_A164.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年06月04日）。
徐仰賢，〈美國專利訴訟外之新選項—多方複審程序（IPR）介紹暨實務分析〉，科技產業資訊室，http://cdnet.stpi.narl.org.tw/techroom/pclass/2013/pclass_13_A185.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月17日）。
郭史蒂夫，〈專利法修正草案是否會改變美國法律實務？〉，2014年04月02日，北美智權報，http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Industry_Economy/publish-217.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年08月15日）。
黃蘭閔，〈2013年美國專利法修法回顧〉，北美智權報，2014年1月21日，http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Laws/US-87.htm#1（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月17日）。
葉雲卿，〈美國專利訴訟系列介紹－陪審團在專利訴訟的角色〉，北美智權報，2012年12月，http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Infringement_Case/publish-37.htm#1（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月21日）。
葉雲卿，〈專利訴訟系列－淺談專利訴訟費用與費用管理〉，北美智權報，2013年03月， http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Infringement_Case/publish-47.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年04月22日）。
二、外文部分
American Innovators for Patent Reform, Proposed SHIELD Act Is Anti-Innovation and Pro-Monopoly, http://www.aminn.org/proposed-shield-act-antiinnovation-and-promonopoly (last visited: Aug. 13, 2014)
Dennis Crouch, Supreme Court versus Patent Law, April 3, 2014, LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140403210921-2503830-supreme-court-versus-patent-law (last visited May 5, 2014)
Stacey L. Cohen & Devin A. Kothari, How Highmark and Octane Will Affect Patent Litigants, April 30, 2014, Law360, http://www.law360.com/articles/533413/how-highmark-and-octane-will-affect-patent-litigants (last visited: Aug. 18, 2014)
Eli Dourado, How Patent Privateers Have Eroded Mutually Assured Destruction in the Computer Industry, The Umlaut, http://theumlaut.com/2013/10/02/patent-privateers/ (last visited: April 30, 2014)
Adi Kamdar & Daniel Nazer, Deep Dive: Software Patents and the Rise of Patent Trolls, Feb. 28, 2013, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/02/deep-dive-software-patents-and-rise-patent-trolls (last visited: April 27, 2014)
Brian Kahin, Software Patents: Separating Rhetoric from Facts, May 2013, Science Progress, http://scienceprogress.org/2013/05/software-patents-separating-rhetoric-from-facts/ (last visited: April 28, 2014)
Hogan Lovells, DOJ and FTC consider NPE antitrust issues, LEXOLOGY, Oct. 12, 2012, http://ehoganlovells.com/cv/11ff3f03de63c2f1d35c4d19144090c8e7ac5902 (last visited: April 29, 2014)
Scott A. McKeown, AIA Post Grant Proceedings Begin to Impact NPE Assertions, Patents Post-Grant, Dec. 27, 2012, http://www.patentspostgrant.com/lang/en/2012/12/aia-patentability-proceedings-shut-down-npe#sthash.t4Jny49X.dpuf (last visited: Aug. 1, 2014)
Richard A. Posner, Why There Are Too Many Patents in America, The Atlantic, July 12, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/07/why-there-are-too-many-patents-in-america/259725/#bio (last visited April 28, 2014)
Katherine Rautenberg, Lawyers Weigh In On Obama `Patent Troll` Initiatives, June 5, 2013, Law360, http://www.law360.com/articles/447832/lawyers-weigh-in-on-obama-patent-troll-initiatives (last visited: May 18, 2014)
Randall R. Rader, Colleen V. Chien, and David Hricik, Make Patent Trolls Pay in Court (June 4, 2013), New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/make-patent-trolls-pay-in-court.html?_r=0 (last visited: Jan. 19, 2014)
Jeff Wild, The Real Inventor of the Term “Patent Troll” Revealed, IAM, Aug. 22, 2008, http://www.iam-magazine.com/blog/detail.aspx?g=cff2afd3-c24e-42e5-aa68-a4b4e7524177 (last visited: April 29, 2014)
National Restaurant Association, Zeroing in on patent trolls, Dec. 18, 2013, http://www.restaurant.org/News-Research/News/Zeroing-in-on-patent-trolls (last visited: May 5, 2014)
Venable LLP, Octane and Highmark: Supreme Court Decisions Give District Courts Greater Discretion to Award Fees, http://www.venable.com/octane-and-highmark-supreme-court-decisions-give-district-courts-greater-discretion-to-award-fees-05-29-2014/ (last visited: Aug. 18, 2014)
AST: http://www.alliedsecuritytrust.com
IV: http://www.intellectualventures.com
Patent Freedom: https://www.patentfreedom.com
RPX Corporation website: http://www.rpxcorp.com
Rambus: http://www.rambus.com
Tessera: http://www.tessera.com |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
101361011
103 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101361011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文
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| 101101.pdf | 2220Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1302 | View/Open |
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