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Title: | 權利化的隱私──反思現代國家法律下的個人隱私 While “Privacy” Transformed into a Kind of Right: Reflections on the Personal Privacy in the Modern Positive Law |
Authors: | 余瑞陞 Yu, Ruei Sheng |
Contributors: | 陳起行 Chen, Chi Shing 余瑞陞 Yu, Ruei Sheng |
Keywords: | 財產 領域 意志 自主 治理性 公領域 身體 現象學 正義 境域性倫理 property domain will autonomy governmentality public realm body phenomenology justice ethics in context |
Date: | 2013 |
Issue Date: | 2014-11-03 10:12:26 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 於梳理國內隱私權觀念之發展時,我發現當隱私成為一種權利,其視野相當程度受到國家法律釋義學的框架侷限,所指涉的「個人隱私」存有規範的盲點,因此往往不能夠切合一般人日常生活中對於個人隱私的想像。基於此一命題,本文擱置了法律釋義學的視角,嘗試另從歷史與哲學的觀點進行辯證,探討以下問題:什麼是「隱私權」?若「隱私權」與「隱私」不同,「隱私」又是什麼?我們在觀念上該如何看待國家法律與隱私倫理的關係? 本文從介紹美國日益膨脹的隱私權法制發展出發,指出現代國家實定法的隱私權概念在評價現實社會中具體的個人隱私爭議時,前理解上其實不脫「領域性」與「自主性」這兩種基本特徵的指引。然而從葛藍登的研究可知,「領域性」與「自主性」恐是近代個人權利觀的屬性,並非隱私的本體特徵。傅柯的研究也啟示我們,僵化的「隱私權」只看得見個人在現實糾紛中的「財產」損害與「意志」妨害,至於其他直觀而難以言喻的隱私偏好則都被國家法律排除,甚至遭到國家高權的反向壓制。 若「隱私權」不等同於真正的個人隱私,那麼隱私是什麼?本文以哈伯瑪斯、鄂蘭、俄斯勒與柯恩有關隱私的研究論述為素材,嘗試自現象學的觀點勾勒隱私的圖像:隱私是自我體現在他者視域中的不顯現,是調節自我指涉的意義保留;其並非由國家授予個人的支配權利,而是自我與他者共同維持人際關係平衡的默契。隱私素樸地發生在兩個人日常生活裡的具體互動中,是由人們在彼此應對進退間共同確認的正義關係。 基於前開立論,我們如何在理論上妥適安排隱私正義與國家法制的倫理關係?我發現,千百年來國家主權意志太過膨脹,扭曲了分配正義與矯正正義的原始意涵,亦忽視了當初亞里斯多德即曾主張過一種超越主體意志的境域性正義。正因為境域性正義在國家法律中的缺席,使得隱私這種著重自我與他者共同維持人際關係平衡的默契偏好一旦受到侵犯,往往無法透過國家法律獲得充分的平反。本文以為,國家意志主導的法律權利不該反客為主地扭曲生活世界自然成形的境域性倫理秩序。國家法律理應提供一個不受不當外力規訓壓迫的對話平台,在這對話平台引導當事人重回具體生活背景或環境的人際關係,協助當事人對話、確認與平反特定生活境域中的隱私正義。 In this thesis, I reflect on private rights in the modern positive law. I try to discuss three topics about privacy in the view of history and philosophy: Is the reference of “private right” equivalent to “privacy”? If not, what is “privacy”? And how do we value the relation between positive law and ethics of privacy in concept? In Chapter 2, I criticize the concept of “private right” in modern positive law. I introduce the history of “private right” in United States in first, and point out that the “private right” in reality is always directed by two primary characters on pre-understanding level: the character of “domain” and “autonomy.” However, according to Glendon’s study of legal right, the character of “domain” and “autonomy” may not be parts of the essence of “privacy,” but belong to “right.” In other words, the “private right” is not equivalent to “privacy” in our intuition. Furthermore, Foucault’s study of governmentality also reminds us that the private “right” restricted by the angle of “domain” and “autonomy” could not consider all kinds of personal preference about privacy but the loss of “property” and the violation of one’s “will” in real conflict. What is worse, other personal preference about privacy may be repressed and excluded by positive law and state authority. Reviewing Habermas, Arendt, Rössler and Cohen’s study of privacy, I try to redraw the picture of privacy with the view of phenomenology in Chapter 3. I argue that privacy is absent of self-embodiment in others’ horizon, and the absent is to regulate self-reference from others’ interpretation for self-preservation. Therefore, “privacy” is not equivalent to “private right” which is entitled by state and controlled by the subject himself/herself. Privacy is a kind of justice about the tacit agreement to maintain the balance of relationship between self and others in our everyday real life. Finally, how do we evaluate the ethical relation between the positive law of state and the justice about privacy? In Chapter 4, I reinterpret the history of concept about justice and state. I elucidate that the will of sovereignty has not only twisted the original meaning of distributive and corrective justice, but also ignored the justice in surroundings or context such as domestic justice or political justice which Aristotle claimed in “The Nicomachean Ethics.” Without this kind of justice about context, positive law of state alone is not sufficient to protect and remedy the privacy one ought to have. In my opinion, what state should be is to provide litigants a platform for conversation which avoids any inappropriate discipline from outsiders. Then, in this platform, positive law could induce litigants to return to their relationship in concrete surroundings or background of their life, and assist them to rebuild the justice of privacy in a specific context of life. |
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三、專文 1.尤英夫(1968)。〈隱私權及其他:從北投陪浴女郎刊登裸體照片說起〉,《報學》,3卷,10期,50-51頁。 2.王澤鑑(1975)。〈人格權之保護與非財產損害賠償──兼論民法修改問題〉,《軍法專刊》,21卷,4期,24-32頁。 3.石世豪(2002)。〈偷拍性愛光碟案有如雪球愈滾愈大──媒體競爭下的隱私權保障及其漏洞〉,《月旦法學》,81期,167-177頁。 4.朱柏松(1984a)。〈資料保護之研究──近代隱私權概念之形成與發展〉,《法學叢刊》,114期,75-88頁;115期,94-104頁。 5.朱柏松(1984b)。〈資訊社會與隱私權的保護〉,《中國論壇》,18卷,7期,20-23頁。 6.朱柏松(1989)。〈隱私權概念之衍變及其損害防止之立法之動向〉,《法學叢刊》,134期,89-101頁。 7.李鴻禧(1984)。〈資訊‧憲法‧隱私權──資訊化社會與人權問題之探討〉,《中國論壇》,18卷,7期,9-19頁。 8.林水鎮(1984)。〈論人格權之保護及其改進意見〉,《法律評論》,50卷,12期,12-17頁。 9.吳恕(1972)。〈隱私權與大眾傳播之研究〉,《報學》,4卷,9期,2-12頁。 10.施啟揚(1974)。〈從個別人格權到一般人格權──西德戰後對人格權的加強保護及非財產上損害賠償的改進〉,《台大法學論叢》,4卷,133-150頁。 11.翁玉榮(1968)。〈人格權保護之起源及其發展趨勢之研究〉,《中興法學》,3期,79-85頁。 12.莊庭瑞(2003)。〈個人資料保護在台灣:誰的事務?〉,《國家政策季刊》,2卷,1期,53-70頁。 13.陳民(1962)。〈論人格權〉,《法律評論》,28卷,8期,13-17頁;28卷9期,12-14頁。 14.陳聰富(2004)。〈情緒悲痛與損害賠償〉,《因果關係與損害賠償》。臺北:元照,257-295頁。 15.楊敦和(1974)。〈論「隱私權」〉,《法律評論》,40卷,9期,13-19頁;40卷,10期,6-16頁。 16.蔡章麟(1965)。〈人格權、著作權、出版權〉,《法令月刊》,16卷,2期,6-9頁。 17.劉志鵬(1981)。〈情報化社會與隱私權之保障〉,《中國論壇》,13卷,6期,28-31頁。 18.劉志鵬(1984)。〈資訊巨流中的「知之權利」〉,《中國論壇》,18卷,7期,24-27頁。 19.劉清波(1966)。〈人格權受侵害之私力救濟〉,《法學叢刊》,11卷1期,59-69頁;11卷,2期,77-92頁。 20.魏明光(1975)。〈隱私權與新聞自由〉,《報學》,5卷,4期,50-52頁。 21.Bloustein, Edward J. (1964).“Privacy as An Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser,” New York University Law Review, vol.39: p.962-1007. 22.Friedman, Lawrence M. (1971).“The Idea of Right as a Social and Legal Concept,” Journal of Social Issues, vol.27, is.2: p.189-198. 23.Jackson, Ben (2005).“The Conceptual History of Social Justice,” Political Studies Review vol.3: p.356-373. 24.Mourad, Roger (2003).“After Foucault: A New Form of Right,” Philosophy & Social Criticism, vol.29, no.4: p.451-481. 25.Nissenbaum, Helen (2004).“Privacy as Contextual Integrity,” Washington Law Review, vol.79, no.1: p.101-139. 26.Ortiz, Daniel R. (1989).“Privacy, Autonomy, and Consent,” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, vol.12: P.91-97. 27.Prosser, William L. (1960).“Privacy,” California Law Review, vol.48, no.3: p.383-423. 28.Tavani, Herman T. (2007).“Philosophical Theories of Privacy: Implication For An Adequate Online Privacy Policy,” METAPHILOSOPHY, vol.38, no.1: p.1-22. 29.Warren, Samuel D. & Louis D. Brandeis (1890).“The Right to Privacy,” Harvard Law Review, vol.4, no.5: p.193-220. 30.Whitman, James Q. (2004).“The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity versus Liberty,” Yale Law Journal, vol.113, is.6: p.1151-1222. 31.Winthrop, Delba (1978).“Aristotle and Theories of Justice,” The American Political Science Review vol.72 no.4: p.1201-1216.
四、學位論文 1.林建中(1999)。《隱私權概念之再思考──關於定義、概念範圍與權利形成方法》,國立臺灣大學法律研究所。 2.高宇成(2006)。《隱私(權)議題中化約主義與功能主義之探究》,國立中央大學哲學研究所。 3.詹文凱(1998)。《隱私權之研究》,國立臺灣大學法律研究所。 4.劉國華(1985)。《美國侵權行為法上隱私權之研究》,國立中興大學法律研究所。 5.藍培青(1997)。《隱私權在美國演進歷程之研究》,淡江大學美國研究所。
五、網路資料庫 1.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 網址:http://plato.stanford.edu/ |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 法律學研究所 96651001 102 |
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