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    题名: 內隱及外顯知識相對性之研究--認知基模觀點
    A Study of the Relativity of Tacit Knowledge and Explicit Knowledge: the Perspectives of Cognitive Schema
    作者: 陳世倫
    Chen, Shi Lun
    贡献者: 吳豐祥
    Wu, Feng Shang
    陳世倫
    Chen, Shi Lun
    关键词: 內隱知識
    外顯知識
    知識相對性
    工業設計
    個人因素
    認知基模
    Tacit knowledge
    Explicit knowledge
    The relativity of knowledge
    Industrial design
    Personal factors
    Cognitive schema
    日期: 2013
    上传时间: 2014-10-01 13:47:09 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 中文摘要
    「知識」在二十一世紀扮演了關鍵角色(Drucker, 2000)。除了傳統的資本、土地、勞力等生產要素的投入，企業必須進行知識管理以建構企業本身的核心知識以創造競爭優勢。而在知識管理中，內隱知識對企業的知識建構上扮演關鍵的角色，內隱知識不斷讓企業創新，內隱知識也是維持員工或企業組織生產力與工作能力之競爭優勢的主要因子(Smith & Parr, 2000)。另外一方面，知識管理領域的學者，也藉由內隱性知識與外顯性知識的概念與差別，發展出知識管理與經營的相關模式（例如：Nonaka, 1994; Hansen, Nohria &Tierney, 1999等）。若進一步審視，則吾人可以理解到這些研究者大都把知識視為絕對的概念，也就是說知識內隱性/外顯性的高低，對每一個人都是一樣的。
    然而，本研究認為前述的假設在很多情況下可能是不恰當的，例如，有些被認為是內隱性高的知識，對某些人來說或許僅是外顯性知識而已。因此，本研究提出「知識相對性」的概念，強調「內隱知識在不同個人[知識管理者]之間是存在差異的」，藉由認知心理學領域的認知基模之觀點來探討個人因素(人格特質、專業背景及認知「基模」[個人所經驗與累積的知識系統]等)是否影響到內隱/外顯知識認知上的差異，並提出假設進行驗證。本研究所採用的研究方法是以量化分析為主，質化分析為輔，研究對象為學生。研究內容上選擇「工業設計」為知識標的，主要考量這個領域有其專業性，同時，對一般人來說又不會太艱澀與難接近。本研究先請一位工業設計學者錄製一段有關工業設計與新產品開發的錄影帶（同時含有「較難」（較內隱）與「較易」（較外顯）的設計知識）。進行施測時先播放給受試者（包括有工業設計背景與非工設背景者）看，接著再請受試者填答問卷。另外，為了使研究內容更加完整並增加對於受試者認知上的瞭解，本研究也進行了專家的訪談與部分受試者的焦點訪談。
    本研究在問卷調查上共回收191份問卷，在最後確認後總計得到有效問卷147份，有效問卷回收率為77%。整合量化與質化的分析結果後，本研究初步得到了以下的結論：
    1.高認知基模的人對內隱知識理解程度比低認知基模的人高。
    2.個人因素(專業背景、認知基模)之差異性對外顯知識的認知無顯著差異。
    3.擅於社交的人格特質對於外顯知識有較高的認知能力。
    4.設計背景相較於非設計背景的人對內隱知識的認知無顯著差異。
    5.人格特質對內隱知識的認知沒有顯著關聯。
    6.設計專家比設計背景與非設計背景的人擁有更多設計的內隱知識；設計背景的人比非設計背景的人擁有更多設計的內隱知識。

    本研究最後並提出理論上的貢獻、實務上與後續研究上的建議。

    關鍵字：內隱知識、外顯知識、知識相對性、工業設計、個人因素、認知基模
    Abstract
    "Knowledge" plays a key role in the twenty-first century (Drucker, 2000). In addition to traditional capital, land, labor and other production factors, companies must effectively manage their business knowledge in order to build core competences. Furthermore, tacit knowledge is one of the key elements for enterprises to improve organizational productivity and to create competitive advantage (Smith & Parr, 2000). On the other hand, many scholars and researchers try to establish the knowledge management models based on the levels and differences of knowledge tacitness and explicitmess. If we look those models in details, we can find that most of the KM researchers conceptualize knowledge attributes in terms of “absolute” way, i.e., in their minds, the degree of knowledge tacitness is the same to everyone.
    Nevertheless, the study argues that the aforementioned assumptions might not be correct in many cases. For example, some recognized tacit knowledge might be simply viewed as explicit one, from the viewpoints of some experts. Therefore, this research proposes a concept of “the relativity of knowledge” and emphasizes “the level of knowledge tacitness might be various from different people’s minds”. Based on the perspectives of cognitive schema in psychology, this study explores whether the personal factors (personality traits, professional background and cognitive schema) will affects the cognitive differences in tacit and explicit knowledge and draws several hypotheses for further verification through quantitative and qualitative analysis. The investigation selects college students as experimental subjects. The field of industrial design is chosen because it is embeded with professionalism. Menwhile, it is also accessible to most of people without design background. The study firstly invite a professor of industrial design to make a video tape about industrial design and new product development, with content including both “more difficult” (tacit) and “easier” (explicit) design knowledge. The participants are asked to watch the 23-minute tape first and then to complete the questionnair.
    With a total number of 191 questionnaires collected, this study eventually obtains 147 valid questionnaires. The effective response rate is 77%. Through the integration of quantitative and qualitative analysis, the preliminary conclusions of this study are drawn as follows:
    1.The people with higher cognitive schema could understand tacit knowledge better than those with lower one.
    2.The differences of personal factors (professional background, cognitive schema) do not show significant differences in cognition of explicit knowledge.
    3.The people with better social personality traits show higher cognitive abilities in explicit knowledge than those with worse ones.
    4.In the cognition of tacit knowledge, no significant differences between design background and non-design background persons could be found.
    5.The personality trait is not significantly associated with the cognition of tacit knowledge.
    6.Design experts own more tacit knowledge than those non-experts with design background and non-design background; In turn, those non-experts with design background own more tacit knowledge than those with non-design background.

    The study finally addresses the contribution of this research in academia and the suggestions to practitioners and follow-on researchers.

    Keywords: Tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, the relativity of knowledge, industrial design, personal factors, cognitive schema
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