Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/70302
|
| Title: | 從實踐中體現： 匯聚而生一個多元文化「Hackerspace」社群
Embodied in Practice: The Emergence of a Multicultural Hackerspace Community |
| Authors: | 高敏功
Kao, Eli |
| Contributors: | 孫式文
Sun, Se Wen
高敏功
Kao, Eli |
| Keywords: | 駭客
創客空間
社群
科技
開放原始碼
學習方法
教育
多元文化
跨文化溝通
紮根理論
社會程序
台灣
hacker
hackerspace
community
technology
open source
learning
education
multicultural
intercultural communication
grounded theory
social processes
Taiwan |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Issue Date: | 2014-10-01 13:39:03 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 從實踐中體現： 匯聚而生一個多元文化「Hackerspace」社群
Hackerspaces are open and public workshops where participants pro-actively engage with technology in a social context. From origins in 1990s Germany, the global propagation of hackerspaces has been grassroots, decentralized, and extra-institutional. How does a new hackerspace emerge? What are some key social processes at work within a hackerspace and how are they conditioned by a multilingual, multicultural setting? What roles do values and ideology play? The present study addresses these questions through immersion in the social world of a hackerspace in Taipei, Taiwan. Participant observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. The results emphasize that initial organizing depends on catalysts and relevant prior experience may be crucial. Local conditions in the form of a multicultural, multilingual environment are shown to affect social processes, sometimes as a source of friction. Ideological and political concerns do not seem salient to Taipei Hackerspace participants generally, though values implicit in practices present alternatives to institutional conventions. In addition, four primary processes are proposed: “Project-ing,” Sharing, “Making it one’s own,” and Negotiating. Finally, support is given to the concept of a transferable hackerspace model that is adapted to local conditions. The values and principles observed—sharing and openness norms, “do-ocracy”, ad hoc organizing, resistance to rules and hierarchy—can be traced to various influences in hackerspaces’ historical development, particularly the open source movement, and serve to optimize hacking potential while fostering a heterogeneous community network. |
| Reference: | Aldiabat, K., & Le Navenec, C.-L. (2011). Clarification of the Blurred Boundaries between Grounded Theory and Ethnography: Differences and Similarities. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 2.
Altman, M. (2011). Oral histories. Noisebridge.net. Retrieved December 21, 2013, from https://http://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Oral_histories
Altman, M. (2012). Hacking at the crossroad: US military funding of hackerspaces. Journal of Peer Production, 1(2).
Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2009). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research: Sage.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism: Verso.
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization: U of Minnesota Press.
Arduino. (2013). Arduino.cc. Retrieved March 2, 2013, from http://arduino.cc/
Becker, H. S., & Geer, B. (1957). Participant observation and interviewing: A comparison. Human Organization, 16(3), 28-32.
Benkler, Y. (2002). Coase`s Penguin, or, Linux and "The Nature of the Firm". Yale Law Journal, 369-446.
Benkler, Y., & Nissenbaum, H. (2006). Commons-based peer production and virtue. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(4), 394-419.
Bennet, D. (2010). Proceedings from the "Innovation, Education and the Maker Movement" Workshop: New York Hall of Science.
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A realist theory of science: Routledge.
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2011). Grounded theory: A practical guide: Sage Publications.
Blackshaw, T. (2009). Key concepts in community studies: SAGE Publications.
Blumer, H. (1954). What is wrong with social theory? American Sociological Review, 3-10.
Blumer, H. (1980). Mead and Blumer: The convergent methodological perspectives of social behaviorism and symbolic interactionism. American Sociological Review, 409-419.
Blumer, H. (1986). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method: University of California Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1998). Practical reason: On the theory of action: Stanford University Press.
Bowen, G. A. (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International journal of qualitative methods, 5(3).
Bowyer, A. (2011, December 5, 2012). RepRap and Open Source. Reprap.org. Retrieved Spetember 8, 2013, from http://reprap.org/wiki/Neutering_a_RepRap
Brown III, W., Yen, P.-Y., Rojas, M., & Schnall, R. (2013). Assessment of the Health IT Usability Evaluation Model (Health-ITUEM) for evaluating mobile health (mHealth) technology. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 46(6), 1080-1087. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2013.08.001
Brugh, W. (2012). DARPA funding for hackers, hackerspaces, and education: A good thing? Hackers on Planet Earth Number 9: Hackers on Planet Earth.
Buechley, L., & Hill, B. M. . (2010). LilyPad in the wild: how hardware`s long tail is supporting new engineering and design communities. Paper presented at the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, Aarhus, Denmark.
Callon, M. (1999). Some elements of a sociology of translation. In M. Biagioli (Ed.), The science studies reader (pp. 67): Psychology Press.
Callon, M., Law, J., & Rip, A. (1986). Mapping the dynamics of science and technology: Springer.
Carlton, A., & Cooper, C. (2011). The DIY trunk show craftifesto: The power is in your hands! DIYtrunkshow.com. Retrieved May 23, 2013, from http://diytrunkshow.com/about/
Cavalcanti, G. (2013). Is it a hackerspace, makerspace, TechShop, or FabLab? Make Magazine. Retrieved September 10, 2013, from http://makezine.com/2013/05/22/the-difference-between-hackerspaces-makerspaces-techshops-and-fablabs/
CERN. (2013). CERN OHL Version 1.2. CERN. Retrieved November 4, 2013, from http://www.ohwr.org/documents/294
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis: Pine Forge Press.
Chen, K. K. (2009). Enabling creative chaos: The organization behind the Burning Man event: University of Chicago Press.
Coleman, G. (2012). Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking: Princeton University Press.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory: Sage.
Coyne, I. T. (1997). Sampling in qualitative research: Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(3), 623-630.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention: HarperCollins Publishers.
Czarniawska, B. (2004). On time, space, and action nets. Organization, 11(6), 773-791.
Czarniawska, B. (2009). Emerging institutions: pyramids or anthills? Organization Studies, 30(4), 423-441.
DeLanda, M. (2001). The politics of software. Dissent, 48(4), 96-99.
DeLanda, M. (2006). A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity: Continuum.
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, P. F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia: University of Minnesota Press.
Design Patterns. (n.d.). Hackerspaces.org. Retrieved May 30, 2013, from http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/Design_Patterns
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists: Routledge.
Dissanayake, E. (1995). The Pleasure and meaning of making. American Craft, 55(2), 6.
Do-ocracy. (2013). Noisebridge.net. Retrieved July 21, 2014, from https://http://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Do-ocracy
Doctorow, C. (2006). Printcrime. Nature, 439(7073), 242-242.
Dojo Startups. (n.d.). Hacker Dojo., 2013, from http://www.hackerdojo.com/InvestinStartups
Dougherty, D. (2012). DARPA Mentor award to bring making to education. Retrieved from http://makezine.com/2012/01/19/darpa-mentor-award-to-bring-making-to-education/
Dunbar-Hester, C. (2012). Soldering toward media democracy: Technical practice as symbolic value in radio activism. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 36(2), 149-169.
Fab Lab FAQ. (2013). MIT Center for Bits and Atoms. Retrieved August 15, 2013, from http://fab.cba.mit.edu/about/faq/
Farr, N. (2009). Respect the past, examine the present, build the future. Hackerspaces.org. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http://blog.hackerspaces.org/2009/08/25/Respect-the-Past-Examine-the-Present-Build-the-Future/
Florida, R. (2003). Cities and the creative class. City & Community, 2(1), 3-19.
Foundation, A. S. (2012). How the ASF works: project management and collaboration. Apache Software Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2014, from http://apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html - decision-making
Gans, H. J. (1999). Participant observation in the era of “ethnography”. Journal of contemporary ethnography, 28(5), 540-548.
Gasson, S. (2004). Rigor in grounded theory research The handbook of information systems research (pp. 79-102).
Gauntlett, D. (2011). Making is connecting: The social meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0 (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure and contradictions in social analysis: University of California Press.
Goe, W. R., & Noonan, S. (2007). The sociology of community. In C. D. Bryant & D. L. Peck (Eds.), 21st Century Sociology (pp. 10). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Greer, B. (2011). What is craftivism, anyway? Retrieved May 23, 2013, from http://craftivism.com/what.html
Grenzfurthner, J., & Schneider, F. A. (2009). Hacking the spaces. monochrom.at. Retrieved from http://www.monochrom.at/hacking-the-spaces/
Groth, A. (2013). Zappos is going holacratic: no job titles, no managers, no hierarchy. Quartz. Retrieved from http://qz.com/161210/zappos-is-going-holacratic-no-job-titles-no-managers-no-hierarchy/
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 163-194.
The "hacker ethic". (2007). Interesting hacks to fascinate people: The MIT gallery of hacks. Retrieved May 20, 2013, from http://hacks.mit.edu/Hacks/misc/ethics.html
Hackerethik. (n.d.). Chaos Computer Club. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://ccc.de/en/hackerethik
Hackerspaces: the beginning. (2011). B. Pettis, A. Schneeweisz & J. Ohlig (Eds.), Retrieved from http://blog.hackerspaces.org/2011/08/31/hackerspaces-the-beginning-the-book/
Hackerspaces.org. (2013). Hackerspaces.org Retrieved February 27, 2013, from http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/
Hacks on the Great Dome (Bldg. 10). (n.d.). Interesting Hacks To Fascinate People: The MIT Gallery of Hacks. Retrieved November 4, 2013, from http://hacks.mit.edu/Hacks/by_location/great_dome.html
Hall, W. A., & Callery, P. (2001). Enhancing the rigor of grounded theory: Incorporating reflexivity and relationality. Qualitative Health Research, 11(2), 257-272.
Harry, B., Sturges, K. M., & Klingner, J. K. (2005). Mapping the process: An exemplar of process and challenge in grounded theory analysis. Educational Researcher, 34(2), 3-13.
Heath, H., & Cowley, S. (2004). Developing a grounded theory approach: A comparison of Glaser and Strauss. International journal of nursing studies, 41(2), 141-150.
Hemmi, A., & Graham, I. (2013). Hacker science versus closed science: Building environmental monitoring infrastructure. Information, Communication & Society(ahead-of-print), 1-13.
Hernes, T. (2007). Understanding organization as process: Theory for a tangled world: Routledge.
Hertz, G. (2011). Arduino microcontrollers and the Queen`s Hamlet: Utilitarian and hedonized DIY practices in contemporary electronic culture. Paper presented at the Integration through Computation: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA), Calgary/Banff, Canada.
Hodder, I. (2003). The interpretation of documents and material culture. Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials, 2, 155-175.
Hoeken, Z. (2009). MakerBot industries full speed ahead! Retrieved from http://www.nycresistor.com/2009/03/16/makerbot-industries-full-speed-ahead/
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture`s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations: SAGE Publications.
Homo faber. (2012). In M. Morris (Ed.), Concise dictionary of social and cultural anthropology (pp. 121): John Wiley & Sons.
Homo faber. (2013). In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homo faber
Kalish, J. (2011, December 10, 2011). Libraries make room for `high-tech` hackerspaces. NPR. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://www.npr.org/2011/12/10/143401182/libraries-make-room-for-high-tech-hackerspaces
Kellogg, S. (2012). The Rise of DIY Scientists: Is It Time for Regulation? Washington Lawyer, 26.
Kera, D. (2011a). Entrepreneurs, squatters and low-tech artisans: DIYbio and hackerspace models. Paper presented at the The 17th International Symposium on Electronic Art, Istanbul, Turkey. http://isea2011.sabanciuniv.edu/paper/entrepreneurs-squatters-and-low-tech-artisans-diybio-and-hackerspace-models-citizen-science-be
Kera, D. (2011b). Grassroots R&D, prototype cultures and DIY innovation: Global flows of data, kits and protocols. In A. Ferscha (Ed.), Pervasive adaptation: the next generation pervasive computing research agenda: Inst. for Pervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler Univ.
Kera, D. (2012). Hackerspaces and DIYbio in Asia: Connecting science and community with open data, kits and protocols. Journal of Peer Production, 1(2).
Koerber, A., & McMichael, L. (2008). Qualitative sampling methods: A primer for technical communicators. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 22(4), 454-473.
Koestler, A. (1967). The ghost in the machine: Macmillan.
Kolb, S. (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 3(1), 83-86.
Kostakis, V., Niaros, V., & Giotitsas, C. (2014). Production and governance in hackerspaces: A manifestation of commons-based peer production in the physical realm? International Journal of Cultural Studies, 1367877913519310.
Kozminsky, L., Nathan, N., & Kozminsky, E. (2008). Using concept mapping to construct new knowledge while analyzing research data: The case of the grounded theory method. Paper presented at the Concept mapping: Connecting educators: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping.
Kripe, Z. (2011, Autumn/Winter). The Making of Southeast Asian Silicon Valleys. The Newsletter (International Institute of Asian Studies), 2.
Kuznetsov, S., & Paulos, E. (2010). Rise of the expert amateur: DIY projects, communities, and cultures. Paper presented at the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Reykjavik, Iceland. http://www.yourhost.is/en/nordichi-2010/conference-programme-wednesday.html
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (1996). On actor-network theory: A few clarifications. Soziale Welt, 369-381.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory: Oxford University Press.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, F. (2012). Critical realism, grounded theory, and theory construction in heterodox economics. Munich Personal RePEc Archive(MPRA Paper No. 40341).
Lessig, L. (2002). Introduction. Free software, free society: selected essays of Richard M. Stallman (pp. 9-11). Boston, MA: Free Software Foundation.
Levy, S. (2010). Hackers: Heroes of the computer revolution. Sebastopol, CA: O`Reilly Media.
Lewins, A., & Silver, C. (2006). Choosing a CAQDAS package: A working paper. Surrey, UK: Surrey University Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Networking Project.
Lichstein, H. (1963, November 20). Telephone hackers active, The Tech.
Lifehacker. (2013). Lifehacker.com. Retrieved May 30, 2013
Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.): SAGE Publications.
Lindtner, S. (2013). Making subjectivities: How China`s DIY makers remake industrial production, innovation & the self. Paper presented at the Eleventh Chinese Internet Research Conference (CIRC11), Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford.
Lindtner, S., & Li, D. (2012). Created in China: The makings of China`s hackerspace community. Interactions, 19(6), 18-22.
Maillioux, T. (2011). What happens when you turn a middle school library into a hackerspace? Retrieved from http://blog.ponoko.com/2011/11/10/what-happens-when-you-turn-a-middle-school-library-into-a-hackerspace/
The MakerBot/Thingiverse move to the Dark Side (Updated). (2012). Retrieved from http://blog.hackerspaces.org/2012/09/23/the-makerbotthingiverse-move-to-the-dark-side/
Marion Suiseeya, K. R., & Caplow, S. (2013). In pursuit of procedural justice: Lessons from an analysis of 56 forest carbon project designs. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 968-979.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.): Sage Publications.
Maxigas. (2012). Hacklabs and hackerspaces: Tracing two genealogies. Journal of Peer Production, 1(2).
Maxwell, J. A. (2009). Designing a qualitative study. In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), The Sage handbook of applied social research methods: SAGE Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). A realist approach for qualitative research: SAGE Publications.
McLennan, J. F. (2011, Fall). Local economies for a global future. Trim Tab, 1, 24-35.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook: SAGE Publications.
Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2008). The development of constructivist grounded theory. International journal of qualitative methods, 5(1), 25-35.
Moilanen, J. (2012). Emerging hackerspaces: Peer-production generation. In I. Hammouda, et al. (Ed.), Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability (pp. 94-111): Springer.
Mulvenna, M. (Producer). (2013, December 31). Pop-up Living Labs: Experiments in Co-creating Service Design with Diverse Stakeholders in Hackerspace Communities. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/mauricemulvenna/popup-living-labs-experiments-in-cocreating-service-design-with-diverse-stakeholders-in-hackerspace-communities
Ng, W.-Y. (2006). Rational sharing and its limits. First Monday, 11(6).
Noisebridge vision. (2014). Noisebridge.net. Retrieved June 20, 2014, from https://http://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge_Vision
NYCResistor. (2013). NYCResistor.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://www.nycresistor.com/
O`Hara, K., Alani, H., & Shadbolt, N. (2003). Identifying communities of practice: Analysing ontologies as networks to support community recognition. Advanced Knowledge Technologies: Selected Papers, 12. Retrieved from http://www.aktors.org
O`Leary, A. (2012, October 5). Worries over defense department money for ‘hackerspaces’, The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/06/us/worries-over-defense-dept-money-for-hackerspaces.html
O`Reilly, T. (2006). The legacy of the Whole Earth Catalog. Retrieved from http://radar.oreilly.com/2006/10/the-legacy-of-the-whole-earth.html
O`Toole, P., & Were, P. (2008). Observing places: using space and material culture in qualitative research. Qualitative research, 8(5), 616-634.
Ohlig, J., & Weiler, L. (2007). Building a hacker space. Paper presented at the 24th Chaos Communication Congress, Berlin, Germany. http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Welcome%21/index.html
Oldenburg, R. (1998). The great good place: Cafés, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair Salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community: Marlowe.
Oliver, C. (2012). Critical realist grounded theory: A new approach for social work research. British Journal of Social Work, 42(2), 371-387.
Open Source License Data. (2013). Black Duck Software. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://osrc.blackducksoftware.com/data/licenses/index.php
OSHW. (2012). Open source hardware definition. OSHW. Retrieved January 29, 2013, from http://freedomdefined.org/OSHW
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health services research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189.
Pettigrew, S. F. (2000). Ethnography and grounded theory: A happy marriage? Advances in Consumer Research, 27, 256-260.
Pettis, B. (2007). Hackers on a Plane - Defcon. Retrieved from http://www.brepettis.com/blog/2007/8/8/hackers-on-a-plane-defcon.html
Pettis, B. (2012). Fixing Misinformation with Information. Retrieved from http://www.makerbot.com/blog/2012/09/20/fixing-misinformation-with-information/
Powell, A. (2012). Democratizing production through open source knowledge: From open software to open hardware. Media, Culture & Society, 34(6), 691-708. doi: 10.1177/0163443712449497
PS: One is now a do-ocracy. (2009). Pumping Station: One. Retrieved July 20, 2014, from http://pumpingstationone.org/2009/10/psone-is-now-a-do-ocracy/
Puddephatt, A. J., & Charmaz, K. C. (2006). An interview with Kathy Charmaz: On constructing grounded theory. Qualitative sociology review, 2(3).
Ratto, M. (2011). Critical Making: conceptual and material studies in technology and social life. The Information Society, 27(4), 252-260.
Rich, N. (2010). The American Wikileaks hacker. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201
Robson, G. (2004). The origins of phreaking. Blacklisted! 411, 6.
Ruf, C., & Back, A. (2013). Adoption of online videos in organizations: A multi-case comparison. Paper presented at the 26th Bled eConference: eInnovations:
Challenges and Impacts for Individuals, Organizations and Society, Bled, Slovenia.
Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry. Handbook of qualitative research (Vol. 2, pp. 189-213).
Söderberg, J. (2011). Free space optics in the Czech wireless community: Shedding some light on the role of normativity for user-initiated innovations. Science, Technology & Human Values, 36(4), 423-450.
Söderberg, J., & Daoud, A. (2012). Atoms want to be free too! Expanding the critique of intellectual property to physical goods. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(1), 66-76.
Stallman, R. M. (2002a). Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman. Boston, MA: Free Software Foundation.
Stallman, R. M. (2002b). On hacking. Retrieved from http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html
Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, translations, and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley`s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387-420.
Storey, A. (2012). SAFECAST. Focus Forward Films: Focus Forward Films.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research (Vol. 15): Sage publications Newbury Park, CA.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. Handbook of qualitative research, 273-285.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, USA.
Sun, C. (2014, February 9). Entrepreneur is a mover and maker: Justin Wang Shenglin, South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1424291/entrepreneur-mover-and-maker-justin-wang-shenglin
Taylor, C. (2004). Modern social imaginaries: Duke University Press.
Tuomi, I. (2001). Internet, innovation, and open source: Actors in the network. First Monday, 6(1).
Tweney, D. (2009). DIY freaks flock to hackerspaces worldwide. Wired Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/03/hackerspaces/
Urquhart, C. (2001). An encounter with grounded theory: Tackling the practical and philosophical issues Qualitative research in IS: Issues and trends (pp. 104-140): Idea Group Publishing.
Verhoeven, I., Metze, T., & van de Wijdeven, T. (2014). Do-ocracy’s democratic anchorage. Paper presented at the 42nd ECPR Joint Sessions, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
Walker, D., & Myrick, F. (2006). Grounded theory: An exploration of process and procedure. Qualitative Health Research, 16(4), 547-559.
Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-systems analysis: An introduction: Duke University Press.
Wang, T., & Kaye, J. (2011). Inventive leisure practices: Understanding hacking communities as sites of sharing and innovation. Paper presented at the CHI 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada. http://chi2011.org/program/byAuthor.html
Weitzman, E. A. (2000). Software and qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 803-820.
Wellman, B., Boase, J., & Chen, W. (2002). The networked nature of community: Online and offline. It & Society, 1(1), 151-165.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, E. (2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization, 7(2), 225-246.
Wenger, E. (2010). Communities of practice and social learning systems: The career of a concept. Social learning systems and communities of practice (pp. 179-198): Springer.
Williams, A., Gibb, A., & Weekly, D. (2012, March/April). Research with a hacker ethos: What DIY means for tangible interaction research. Interactions, 19, 14-19.
Wittgenstein, L. (1965). The blue and brown books: HarperCollins.
Yagoda, B. (2014, March 7). A Short History of "Hack". The New Yorker. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
98461021
102 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0984610212 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 021201.pdf | 11150Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 760 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
