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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/69284


    Title: 標準必要專利權利金爭議之探討
    A Study on Standard Essential Patents and the Reasonable Royalties
    Authors: 陳俐妤
    Chen, Li Yu
    Contributors: 馮震宇
    陳俐妤
    Chen, Li Yu
    Keywords: 標準必要專利（SEPs）
    F/RAND承諾
    合理權利金
    標準制定組織（SSOs）
    專利聯盟
    假設性雙邊協商
    Standard Essential Patents (SEPs)
    F/RAND commitment
    Reasonable Royalty
    Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs)
    Patent Pool
    Hypothetical Bilateral Negotiation
    Date: 2013
    Issue Date: 2014-08-25 15:32:52 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 所謂產業標準，除以其集體制定的特質引發競爭法討論之外，其中牽涉的專利技術更成為智慧財產權法與競爭法交集的重點所在，因為專利權所對應的私有、排他的概念在本質上即可能與講求普遍實施的產業標準發生衝突，進而有害市場競爭，且此種隱憂於標準必要專利（Standard Essential Patents, SEPs）之場合更形凸顯。正因如此，實務上標準制定組織（Standard Setting Organizations, SSOs）紛紛制定智財權政策（IP Policy），要求專利被納入標準的專利權人承諾按照「RAND」或「FRAND」的原則進行授權，亦即要求專利權人將標準所必要的專利技術以公平（Fair）、合理（Reasonable）、非歧視（Non-Discriminatory）的授權方式開放予欲採行標準的廣大利用人。
    然而觀諸近年來一件又一件環繞RAND或FRAND而來的爭執，例如Apple、Microsoft與Motorola這些重量級廠商之間的專利戰爭，以及瑞昱、友訊等台灣業者於美國國際貿易委員會（ITC）或地方法院所涉入的司法爭訟，卻會發現起初用以化解矛盾的機制如今反成為問題的濫觴，縱使不是作繭自縛，這種授權承諾在實務運作上也已經陷入困境。尤其，不論RAND或FRAND，其制度設計之初乃著眼於專利權人與標準利用人間技術授權的順暢，但到頭來如何將基於此一制度而來的授權承諾具體化為標準必要專利之權利金，卻是難解的謎團。
    職是之故，面對現行實務的運作困難，本文先對上述現象予以釐清之外，更聚焦有關RAND或FRAND權利金具體爭執的案件，綜述目前此類紛爭之解決模式，除從司法判決分析法院對於標準必要專利權利金決定方法的架構，並分別從程序面向與實體面向進一步檢視，探討專利聯盟與仲裁等紛爭解決管道之可行性，以及具體計算權利金之判斷重心，以尋求困境之突破。文末則提出具體結論與建議，期能藉有效的權利金判斷方式訴諸專利權人與標準利用人之平衡，將標準必要專利導回其運作常軌，業者於此國際趨勢下也能為妥善之因應與佈局，以最終發揮專利法與競爭法共同追求的增進消費者福利的最高宗旨。
    Industrial development relies heavily on widely adopted technology standards due to their deep influence across the marketplace. Yet the so-called standards, which frequently invoke anti-trust issues in view of their collaborative setting process, further become a touchstone to the overlapping areas of anti-trust law and patent law because of those proprietary patented technologies involved in. Among the market concerns over potential conflict between the exclusive nature of patent rights and the disseminative feature of standards, the availability of standard essential patents (SEPs) can be deemed most controversial.
    Accordingly, many Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) require owners of those SEPs to commit to offer licenses on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (F/RAND) terms, aiming to make it possible for manufacturers to gain access to those patented technologies and therefore implement the standard. However, recent lawsuits such as those filed between Apple, Microsoft and Motorola in the U.S. courts may demonstrate the deficiency and ineffectiveness of the existing policy. Even Taiwanese companies have raised questions with respect to, inter alia, the interpretation of the F/RAND commitments in terms of reasonable royalty rates, in some court cases as well. It is obvious that the F/RAND commitment required to address controversy has itself become one of the most disputed issues in the circumstances of SEPs licensing.
    This thesis therefore not only discusses the issues mentioned above but also focuses on a couple of lawsuits associated with the practical interpretation of the F/RAND commitments. In addition to the analysis of the current problem-solving model and its subsequent cruxes, the following content proceeds to explore some possible methodologies in respect of both procedural and substantial fields in order to break the gridlock. Finally, conclusion and suggestion are proposed with the intention of providing effective and proper royalty determination of F/RAND-encumbered SEPs to balance patent owners and technology implementers in standard setting activities; hence justifying the mutual objective of anti-trust law and patent law, i.e. promoting consumer benefit.
    Reference: 壹、中文文獻

    一、專書

    • 周延鵬，《智慧財產權全球行銷獲利聖經》，天下雜誌，2010年1月第一版。
    • 馮震宇，《鳥瞰21世紀智慧財產：從創新研發到保護運用》，元照出版，2011年5月初版。
    • 馮震宇，《智慧財產權發展趨勢與重要問題研究》，元照出版，2011年1月第二版。
    • 劉孔中，《智慧財產權運用與競爭秩序》，經濟部智慧財產局，2008年3月第三版。

    二、論文與研究報告

    • 中華經濟研究院（台灣WTO中心），〈國家標準涉及智慧財產權之研究〉執行成果報告書，97 年度國際經貿事務研究及培訓中心計畫子計畫一：專題研究（6），2008年12月。
    • 國家實驗研究院，〈全球專利訴訟案件分析〉，通訊產業專利趨勢與專利訴訟分析研究計畫，經濟部智慧財產局一O二年度委託研究計畫，中華民國 102 年 12 月 31 日。
    • 周相攸，〈技術標準中關鍵專利之專利權限制——以關鍵設施理論與誠信原則為中心〉，國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士學位論文，2010年9月。
    • 洪誠孝、陳柏青、林佳穎、王偉仲，〈中國數位電影標準發展之研究〉，政大智財所大陸論文發表，2009年12月。
    • 徐弘光，〈台灣專利聯盟（Patent Pool）的可行性探討——以國際產業標準的營運模式為例〉，國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士學位論文，2006年6月。
    • 陳貞妤，〈技術標準制定與相關專利實施之競爭法問題探討〉，國立政治大學智慧財產研究所碩士學位論文，2008年1月。
    • 馮震宇，〈從美國專利發明法變革探討對未來專利訴訟之影響（1/3）〉，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，2013年5月。
    • 馮震宇，〈從美國專利發明法變革探討對未來專利訴訟之影響（2/3）〉，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，2014年5月。
    • 劉孔中，《競爭法與智慧財產權法的衝突與調和》。
    • 顏利真，〈標準必要專利之競爭法議題探討––以FRAND授權案件為中心〉，國立臺灣大學科際整合法律學研究所碩士學位論文，2013年6月。
    • 羅紫庭，〈論專利授權契約之法律爭議——以產業標準之關鍵專利為核心〉，國立臺北大學法律學系碩士學位論文，2013年7月。

    三、期刊文章

    • 李素華，〈專利權行使與公平交易法——以近用技術標準之關鍵專利為中心〉，公平交易季刊，第 16 卷第 2 期，2008年4月。
    • 李淑蓮，〈標準關鍵專利授權金之計算 ：何謂合理？——Part II台灣廠商的困境〉，北美智權報：http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Industry_Economy/publish-220.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年5月28日）。
    • 和育東，〈「專利叢林」問題與美國專利政策的轉折〉，2008年1月，《知識產權》第一期：http://article.chinalawinfo.com/Article_Detail.asp?ArticleID=68735（最後瀏覽日：2014年5月27日）。
    • 范曉玲，〈獨占與兼容：產業標準與專利池之反壟斷審查——從飛利浦案所涉聯合行為談起〉，萬國法律雜誌第145期，2006年2月。
    • 張春飛，〈Wi-Fi技術的原理及未來發展趨勢〉，數字社區與智能家居，2008年11期。
    • 馮震宇，〈運用智財策略強化競爭力〉，EMBA世界經理文摘，第334期，頁116-121。
    • 馮震宇，〈美國專利救濟制度改革複審救濟程序效益顯現〉，科技產業資訊室：http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/post/Read.aspx?PostID=9730（最後瀏覽日：2014年6月4日）。
    • 葉雲卿，〈標準專利取得禁制令之限制——分析Google 標準專利與FTC的裁定〉，北美智權報：http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Infringement_Case/publish-53.htm（最後瀏覽日：2014年5月 2日）。
    • 劉孔中，〈專利庫——經濟取向分析下之法制比較與調和〉，政大智慧財產評論，第10卷第1期，2012年6月。

    貳、外文文獻

    一、研究報告

    • U.S. Dep`t of Justice & Fed. Trade Comm`n, Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition (2007). Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/antitrust-enforcement-and-intellectual-property-rights-promoting-innovation-and-competition-report.s.department-justice-and-federal-trade-commission/p040101promotinginnovationandcompetitionrpt0704.pdf.
    • National Research Council, Patent Challenges for Standard-Setting in the Global Economy: Lessons from Information and Communication Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013, available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18510.

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    • Benjamin A. Tulis, Final-Offer “Baseball” Arbitration: Contexts, Mechanics & Applications (January 15, 2013). Seton Hall Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law: Vol. 20, Iss. 1, Article 3, available at: http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=sports_entertainment.
    • U.S. Dep’t of Justice & U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, Policy Statement on Remedies for Standards- Essential Patents Subject to Voluntary F/RAND Commitments (January 8, 2013), available at: http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/guidelines/290994.pdf.
    • Romesh Vaitilingam, Standard-essential patents: The question of FRAND licensing and its impact on standard-setting, competition and innovation (December 2013). Toulouse Network for Information Technology, Newsletter, Issue 11. Available at: http://www.idei.fr/tnit/newsletter_1312.pdf.
    • Beth Winegarner, Apple Prevails Over Golden Bridge In Cellphone SEP Trial, LAW 360: http://www.law360.com/articles/548570/apple-prevails-over-golden-bridge-in-cellphone-sep-trial (lase visited: June 18, 2014)
    • Brian T. Yeh, Availability of Injunctive Relief for Standard-Essential Patent Holders (September 7, 2012 ), CRS Report for Congress 7-5700. Available at: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/CRS_SEP_Report_9-2012.pdf.
    • DUAN Yuzhen, SONG Wei, PENG Xiaobao, ZHOU Haibin and LEI lei, Patent pool analysis based on technical standards: A case study of indigenous alliances in China (February 2013 ). International Journal of Business and Social Research (IJBSR), Volume -3, No.-2, available at: http://thejournalofbusiness.org/index.php/site/article/viewFile/70/69.
    • Bo Zeng, Lucent v. Gateway: Putting the Reasonable Back into Reasonable Royalties (February 2014). Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Volume 26, Issue 1, Article 12. Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1875&context=btlj.

    三、司法判決暨其他政府決定

    • Apple Inc. v. Motorola, Inc., Nos. 2012–1548, 2012–1549. --- F.3d ----, 2014 WL 1646435, C.A.Fed. (Ill.) (April 25, 2014)
    • Apple, Inc. v. Motorola Mobility, Inc., No. 3:11-cv-00178. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2012 WL 7989412, W.D.Wis. (November 08, 2012)
    • Apple, Inc. v. Motorola Mobility, Inc., No. 3:11-cv-00178. 886 F.Supp.2d 1061, W.D.Wis. (August 10, 2012)
    • Apple Inc. v. Motorola Inc., No. 1:11-cv-08540. 869 F.Supp.2d 901, N.D.Ill. (June 22, 2012)
    • eBay Inc. v. MercExchange L.L.C., No. 05–130. 547 U.S. 388, 126 S.Ct. 1837, U.S. (May 15, 2006)
    • Ericsson Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., No. 6:10-cv-473. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2013 WL 4046225, E.D.Tex. (August 06, 2013)
    • Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., Civ. A. No. 99-195. 318 F. Supp. 1116, S.D.N.Y. (May 28, 1970)
    • Golden Bridge Technology v. Apple Inc., Case No. 5:12–cv–04882–PSG. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2014 WL 2194501, N.D.Cal. (May 18, 2014)
    • GPNE Corp. v. Apple, Inc., Case No. 12-CV-02885-LHK. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2014 WL 1494247, N.D.Cal. (April 16, 2014)
    • In re Innovatio IP Ventures, LLC Patent Litigation, No. 1:11-cv-09308. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2013 WL 5593609, N.D.Ill. (October 03, 2013)
    • In re Innovatio IP Ventures, LLC Patent Litigation, No. 1:11-cv-09308. 956 F.Supp.2d 925, N.D.Ill. (July 26, 2013)
    • InterDigital Communications, Inc. v. ZTE Corp., NO. 1:13-CV-00010-RGA, 1:13-CV-00009-RGA. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2014 WL 2206218, D.Del. (May 28, 2014)
    • In the Matter of Certain Electronic Devices, Including Wireless Communication Devices, Portable Music and Data Processing Devices, and Tablet Computers, UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Washington, D.C., Inv. No. 337-TA-794. (June 4, 2013)
    • In the Matter of Motorola Mobility LLC, a limited liability company, and Google Inc., a corporation, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Docket No. C-4410. (July 23, 2013)
    • Lucent Technologies v. Gateway Inc., Nos. 2008–1485, 2008–1487, 2008–1495. 580 F.3d 1301, C.A.Fed. (Cal.) (September 11, 2009)
    • Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., No. C10-1823JLR. Slip Copy, 2013 WL 6000017, W.D.Wash. (November 12, 2013)
    • Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., No. C10-1823JLR. Slip Copy, 2013 WL 5373179, W.D.Wash. (September 24, 2013)
    • Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., No. C10-1823JLR. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2013 WL 2111217, W.D.Wash. (April 25, 2013)
    • Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., No. 2014–1089. --- Fed.Appx. ----, 2014 WL 1760369, C.A.Fed. (Wash.) (May 05, 2014)
    • Realtek Semiconductor Corporation v. LSI Corporation, No. C-12-03451-RMW. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2014 WL 2738216, N.D.Cal. (June 16, 2014)
    • Realtek Semiconductor Corporation v. LSI Corporation, No. C-12-03451-RMW. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2013 WL 4778140, N.D.Cal. (September 06, 2013)
    • RE: Disapproval of the US. International Trade Commission’s Determination In the Matter of Certain Electronic Devices, Including Wireless Communication Devices, Portable Music and Data Processing Devices, and Tablet Computers, Investigation No. 337-TA-794, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTIVE. (August 3, 2013)
    • Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. v. International Trade Com`n, No. 2013–1519. --- Fed.Appx. ----, 2014 WL 1910429, C.A.Fed. (May 14, 2014)
    • WhitServe LLC v. Computer Packages Inc., Case Nos. 2011-1206, 1261, Fed. Cir. Aug. 7, 2012.
    • Whitserve, LLC v. Computer Packages, Inc., Nos. 2011–1206, 2011–1261. 694 F.3d 10, C.A.Fed. (Conn.) (August 07, 2012)

    參、網路資料

    一、中文部分

    科技產業資訊室，專利情報：
    http://cdnet.stpi.narl.org.tw/techroom/pclass/main_pclass.htm
    AVS工作組：http://www.avs.org.cn/

    二、外文部分

    3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/
    DOJ: http://www.justice.gov/
    EISI: http://www.etsi.org/
    FTC: http://www.ftc.gov/
    IEEE: http://standards.ieee.org/
    ISO: http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm
    ITU: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Pages/default.aspx
    JAMS, ADR Glossary: http://www.jamsadr.com/adr-glossary/
    PATENT FREEDOM: https://www.patentfreedom.com/
    USITC: http://www.usitc.gov/
    USPTO: http://www.uspto.gov/
    VITA: http://www.vita.com/
    WIPO: http://www.wipo.int/portal/en/index.html
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
    101361004
    102
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101361004
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Graduate Institute of TIPM] Theses

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